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EOCEP Review USHC-10.1 • Summarize key events in United States foreign policy from the end of the Reagan administration to the present, including changes to Middle East policy, the impact of United States involvement in the Persian Gulf, and the rise of global terrorism. Ally of Israel Peace Broker between • Israel • P.L.O. – Palestinian Liberation Organization Main reason for interest in Middle East Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988 • U. S. sends navy to Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz to protect shipment of Kuwaiti oil Iran-Contra Affair • • • Exec Branch sells weapons to Iran in exchange for release of Am. Hostages (held by Hezbollah) Some profits diverted to anti-Sandanista (Contras) of Nicaragua (illegal to directly fund) Secretary of Defense Weinberger convicted – pardoned by H.W. Bush Operation Desert Storm - 1991 • • • • Iraq invades Kuwait 1990 We go in to protect them and oil – 1991 Also known as first Persian Gulf War Under H.W. W.M.D.s • Clinton and U.N. 1998 suspect Iraq of same • 4 day bombing Iraq War - 2003 • Excuse to start WMDs • Get Saddam Hussein out of power • We are still there Eastern Europe – Yugoslavia splits up U.S. Involvement • N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organizatio) • Serbians perform “ethnic cleansing” of Bosnian Muslims • Serbodan Miliosevic – Serbian leader • Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo – then part of Serbia – also treated very badly • U.S. sends troops to end ethnic fighting Terrorism and the U.S. • Prior to 1970 domestic – Ku Klux Klan, anti-war protestors, • Changes as we become more involved in Middle East Some Events • 1983 – Capitol building bombed – response to U.S. invasion of Grenada • 1993 – Islamists set off bomb in World Trade Towers • 9/11/2001 – WTC – attacked – 2 planes – Another strikes Pentagon – Fourth crashes in PA “War on Terrorism” • October 2001 – go after al-Qaeda in Afghanistan • Department of Homeland Security established Recession • Drop in economic activity lasting about six months • Disparity between production and consumption • Govt will step in to keep from getting too bad Govt Help • Tax Cuts • Interest rate adjustments National Debt • Government borrows more for programs than it takes in (taxes) • Under H.W. – tax cuts, economic downturn, and military spending pushed it to historic levels • Under Clinton was actually reduced Organized Labor • • • • • American Federation of Labor (AFL) Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Decline in membership since 1950s Foreign competition = lower wages Less strikes – more negotiations – job security Economic Disparity • 2007 Fair Labor Standards Act • Gradually increase minimum wage to $7.25 an hour (July 2009) Decline of Industry WHY??? • U.S. companies decide to invest in foreign factories • Not U.S. factories • Cost of doing business cheaper = more profit for them • Growth of service industries during this time NAFTA • • • • North American Free Trade Agreeement 1992 signed – effective 1994 Eliminate trade barriers U.S. Can, Mex Result? Small effect on economic growth – we have lost jobs Social and Cultural Changes – 1950s Consumerism Domesticity “baby boom” • 20% increase in population • Leave city go to suburbs (possible Levitt builders) • Inexpensive homes and GI bill Role of Women • Stay home focus on family • If went to college – got married – then family • In college – get married drop out • 40% of women were in workplace – secretarie – teachers, nurses • Paid less than men • Dissatisfaction with gives rise to women’s movement of 1960s Religion • Rise in religious affiliation (63%) • Ben Hur – The Robe • More went to church than did not • This even though rise in consumerism National Interstate and Defense Highway Act Leads to • • • • • • More travel Suburbanization Love affair with cars Motels Family vacations – in car (incidentally decline of national railway system and public transportation) The American Dream Not available to all • • • • • 20% in poverty Sharecroppers in south – poor African Ams continue migration to north White flight More segregation Education • G.I. bill – direct payment to vets to attend college • Revamp public education – stress reading, math, science • National Defense Education Act – Result of Sputnik – Feared Soviets would dominate technology Cold War Policies • 1945-1991 • Struggle between U.S. & Soviet Union • Propaganda and support conflicts between democracies and communist govts Truman Doctrine • Containment of Communism • Use finances to build economies • Thus promote capitalism – not communism Marshall Plan • After WWII • European Recovery Plan • Technical and economic assistance to rebuild Europe NATO – 1949 fear of communist attack Warsaw Pact – 1955 result W. Germany joins NATO The Berlin Blockade • 1948 Western zones of Germany joined • USSR sees as threat to East • Response block western entrance to Berlin (deep in communist territory) Berlin Airlift Berlin Wall Remembering E. German refugee killed by border guards The Korean War • • • • • • • Korea divided after WWII Soviet and U.S. 38th parallel line 1950 – North invades South 1st conflict of Cold War War lasts 3 years No peace treaty ever signed McCarthyism • Senator Joseph McCarthy – WI • Campaign against communists • House UnAmerican Affairs Committee • Accuse people of communist affiliation • Blacklists • Jailed, no passports, ruined careers The Middle East • • • • • • Palestine – after WWI controlled by Brits Jews move to area – conflict increases By 1936 over 1/3 Jewish 1948 – U.N. creates state of Israel Holocaust draws U.S. support for same Arab countries try to end - lose Suez Canal Crisis - 1956 • • • • Egypt nationalizes canal Britain,France, and Israel not happy Orchestrate a conflict – invade Egypt U.S. and Soviets broker peace deal P.L.O. • • • • • Palestinian Liberation Organization 1964 – Take Palestine back from Israel Yasser Arafat 1967 – 6 day war – Israel wins gets more land • Camp David Accords 1977(Jimmy Carter) – return land to Egypt (Begin and Sadat) Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion • • • • Cuba – Communist 1959 and Fidel Castro Cubans in U.S. wanted him out Invade with U.S. support in 1961 Lose – embarrass admin (Kennedy) Cuban Missile Crisis • 1962 – Soviets install missiles on Cuba – that can reach the U.S. • U.S. response blockade of Cuba Vietnam Conflict (War) Vietnam – a brief history • Prior to WWII French colony • WWII – Japanese controlled • After – French want it back – but Vietnamese had other plans • U.S. supports French and Vietnamese in South - Soviets and Chinese support North Communists • Divided in half Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • 1964 • U.S. alleged naval ships attacked by North Vietnam • Johnson sends U.S. planes against attackers • Congress passes resolution that in effect gives pres a blank check to pursue the war • That the Congress approves and supports the determination of the President, as Commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. • Sec. 3. This resolution shall expire when the President shall determine that the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or otherwise, except that it may be terminated earlier by concurrent resolution of the Congress. Domino Theory • If one country in S.E. Asia falls to Communism all will • So we need to keep Vietnam democratic – at all costs Tet Offensive • 1968 all out attack by the North • Turning point in war • North loses – but war comes into U.S. living rooms big time • War protests grow – forcing govt to rethink • 1975 war ends Protests Kent State - 1970 New Frontier • • • • • Kennedy Raise minimum wage Peace Corps Alliance for Progress (South America) Pushes space program forward Great Society • • • • • LBJ (Johnson) More money for public education Civil rights legislation War on poverty Medicare and medicaid Richard Nixon • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) • Protect parks and wildlife • OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) • National speed limit to 55 (1973) Détente • Easing of bad feelings between U.S. and Soviets • Nixon normalizes relations between U.S. and China • Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty • Carter Doctrine – no foreign power should control Persian Gulf (oil) • 1981 – Iranian Hostage Crisis Some Background • FDR – Fair Employment Practices Commission – forbade discrimination in workplace – during wartime – peacetime went away • Truman desegregates military after WWII Civil Rights Movement • Goal end segregation • Plessy v Ferguson – 1896 – separate but equal OK • 1954 Brown v Board of Ed – overturns Plessy decision – its not OK • So to next level – not OK in ed. not OK anywhere - sit ins, marches, etc. to protest Central High School, Little Rock, AR 1962 – James Meredith University of Mississippi Montgomery Bus Boycott March on Washington 1963 http://www.mlkonline.net/sounds/dream2.ram • Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended legal discrimination based on race • Voting Rights Act of 1965 poll taxes out – literacy test out The Women’s Movement • Inspired by Civil Rights movement (as was anti-war movement of Vietnam era) Betty Friedan Feminine Mystique - define “problem that has no name” - more to life than marriage and children Gloria Steinem • Ms magazine • Awareness of women’s issues • NOW – National Organization for Women • End institutional discrimination in workplace • Awareness of stereotypes of women ERA Equal Rights Amendment • • • • First proposed 1920s End discrimination based on gender Passed Senate but not ¾ of states So no federal law – but some states have Roe v Wade - 1973 • Supreme Court decision about abortion • Ruled 14th amendment guaranteed privacy • Medical decisions are private decisions Other Movements • Native American • Americans with disabilities • Mexican American farm workers – leader Cesar Chavez Migration