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Civil War and Reconstruction Preview
1. How was slavery a political, economic & social issue leading up to Civil War?
2. Describe the differences between the North and the South.
3. What were the elements of the Compromise of 1850 and were they successful in
calming the tensions of slavery in the new western territories?
4. How did following influence views slavery and sectionalism: Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, Underground Railroad, Cannibals All, & the Dred Scott Case
5. What was popular sovereignty and how did it affect the issue of slavery.
6. What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act propose and how did it lead to Bleeding
Kansas?
7. What led people to support the Republican Party? Who was the first elected
Republican President?
8. Describe two events that John Brown took part in his efforts to abolish slavery.
9. How did the election of 1860 influence the Southern states to secede?
10. What was the significance of the Fort Sumter’s surrender?
11. What were the advantages and disadvantages for both the Union and the
Confederacy during the Civil War?
12. Why did Robert E. Lee turn down Lincoln’s request to lead the Union army?
Who did Lincoln finally appoint?
13. Why did Lincoln suspend the writ of habeas corpus?
14. What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the Union? What
impact did it have on the Confederacy?
15. Why was the Battle of Vicksburg a significant victory for the Union?
16. Explain Lincoln’s point in the Gettysburg Address.
17. Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant?
18. How did the Lincoln Assassination affect Reconstruction?
19. Explain the importance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.
20. How did the plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and the Radical Republicans for
Reconstruction differ?
21. What led to the impeachment of Pres. Andrew Johnson?
22. What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag?
23. What impact did sharecropping and tenant farming have on southern farmers?
24. Why did the Ku Klux Klan form?
25. Describe how following aspects of the Reconstructed in the South hurt the civil
rights of African Americans: Jim Crow Laws, black codes, grandfather clause,
poll taxes, and literacy tests.
People to know:
Abraham Lincoln
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Andrew Johnson
George McClellan
Charles Sumner
Radical Republicans
Henry Clay
Jefferson Davis
John Wilkes Booth
Stephen Douglas
William Tecumseh Sherman
the Know Nothings
Phillip Sheridan
Daniel Webster
Robert E. Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
John Brown
John Calhoun
Ch. Just. Roger Taney
William Seward
George Meade
Rutherford B. Hayes
John C. Breckinridge
free soil party
George Pickett
54th Massachusetts Reg.
Frederick Douglass
Harriet Tubman
Unit 3: The Civil War and Reconstruction
The Coming of the Civil War
During the early 1800’s, the North and the South showed true sign of sectionalism as the
nation began to grow during the Industrial Revolution. The tariff had already divided the
industrial North and the agricultural South while the issue of slavery began to become
more important as the US expanded westward. By 1861, the southern states would
secede leading to a four year conflict known as the Civil War.
Slavery becomes an issue
* (Social) Was Slavery moral or immoral?
* (Economic) What economic factors allowed slavery to remain in the South?
* (Political) How will the US decide the slave status of its new western territories?
1. Was slavery moral or immoral?
Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 which was a fictional
story about the lives of slaves who escape slavery through the
Underground Railroad. It depicts a shocking picture of a
slaves life.
Significance of the Book: Its impact convinced northerners that slavery was wrong
leading many to call for abolition. Southerners felt the book
falsely dramatized the treatment of slaves
John Brown – was a radical abolitionist who believed in abolition strongly. He chose
to lead a slave rebellion in Kansas (Bleeding Kansas) and attempted to
raid a federal weapons warehouse to rebel against the south and free
slaves. He was caught and later executed.
2. What economic factors allowed slavery to remain in the South?
 The agricultural needs in the South (cotton) helped to keep slavery around.
 Surprisingly the North had plenty of farms and in some cases produced more farm
products like corn, wheat and tobacco than the South.
 Where was the difference??? COTTON
3. How will the US decide its slave or non-slave status of new Western Territories?
 New territories included the Texas Annexation, the Oregon Territory (1846), and
the Mexican Cession (1848).
Ideas for solution…
 Missouri Compromise (36’ 30 line)
 Popular sovereignty (let the people of the state vote to be slave or free)
Attempts to settle…
 Compromise of 1850 – California enters Union as a free state / New Mexico and
 Utah through popular sovereignty / No more slave trade in Wash. DC / Fugitive
Slave
 Law of 1850 ordered runaway slaves to be returned
Three Senators Views
John Calhoun from______________________________
Views:
Daniel Webster from______________________________
Views:
________________________________________________________________________
Henry Clay from_________________________________
Views
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)– proposed by Stephen Douglas to repeal the Missouri
Compromise and allow for popular sovereignty (allowing a vote of the people in the
state) to decide both Kansas and Nebraska’s slave status when entering the Union.
- Led to Northerners and Southerners (Border Ruffians) traveling to these areas to vote.
- Bleeding Kansas (1856) – Violence led by John Brown (killed 5) caused summer of
violence between Northern and Southern supporters. (over 200 dead in clashes)
Dred Scott v. Sanford – Scott (a slave) sued for freedom after moving from Missouri to
the free state of Illinois. The Supreme Court under chief Justice
Roger Taney ruled that Scott was not a citizen therefore could
not sue. Scott did not get his freedom as a result of the case.
John Brown’s Raid- (1859) Brown and several supporters raided a federal weapons
warehouse in Harper’s Ferry Virginia to lead a revolt against
slavery in the South. He was captured by Robert E. Lee and
sentenced to death.
Rise of the Republican Party
 The Republican Party formed in 1854 with a platform to stop the spread of slavery
in t the West.
 Abraham Lincoln arose as a Republican leader and ran for senate against Stephen
Douglas (the two would spar off into very famous debates).
 Douglas would defeat Lincoln for Senate (1858) but Lincoln would later defeat
Douglas in the election of 1860.
Differences Between the North and South
Directions: Fill in the chart below to effectively understand how the North and South
differed by the mid 1800’s. Also include people and events from the period.
North
South
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Political
Differences
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Economic
Differences
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Social
Differences
Lincoln’s Actions During the Civil War
Question: Did President Lincoln overstep the boundaries of the
Presidency by suspending a writ of habeas corpus during the
Civil War?
Yes
Conclusion:
List 10 facts about the North during the Civil War:
List 10 facts about the South during the Civil War:
No
The Civil War
1861-1865
After the election of 1860, the southern states followed South Carolina and seceded from
the United States. The South soon became known as the Confederate States of America
and were led by President Jefferson Davis. In order to reunite the South back with the
Union (the North) the North would have to defeat the South in a four year civil war.
Why did the South secede? The election of 1860 was between Abraham Lincoln
(Republican) and a Democratic split between Stephen Douglas and John Breckenridge.
Also joining the race was John Bell for the Constitutional Union Party.
 Votes split leaving Lincoln a majority of electoral votes and the winner
 The south viewed Lincoln as an abolitionist President
 South Carolina seceded first followed by other southern states (some which at first
opposed secession).
 Virginia was one toughest blows to the Union when they seceded after Fort Sumter
was taken.
Two Nations
The United States of America
a.k.a. The Union
President Abraham Lincoln
General Ulysses S. Grant
The Confederate States of America
a.k.a. The Confederacy
President Jefferson Davis
General Robert E. Lee
Advantages
More Men, Money & Manufacturing
More Railroads
Strategies
Naval blockade, control Mississippi R.
Fighting defensive war
Better military leaders
Knowledge of land
Fort Sumter, South Carolina April 12, 1861: (The opening shots of the Civil War)
- After refusing to give up their federal fort in SC, the northern forces were attacked
by Confederates. Fort Sumter was won by the Confederacy.
- Lincoln had no choice but to retaliate with force and the Civil War begins.
Major Events of the Civil War
Battle of Manassas or 1st Battle of Bull Run- first battle of Civil War (CSA won)
Merrimack and Monitor- Navy battles of the ironclad ships.
Battle of Antietem- neither sided won but great losses forced Lee’s troops back.
Emancipation Proclamation- Pres. Lincoln order to free all slave on Jan. 1, 1863
Battle of Shiloh- bloody battle where Union forces won in Tennessee.
Battle of Vicksburg- Grants attempt to fully control Mississippi River led to total war
Battle of Gettysburg- Lee’s army forced to in Pennsylvania after Pickett’s where
Confederates under George Pickett were beaten.
Gettysburg Address- Short speech by Lincoln to honor those lost in the war which helped
to redefine the US and the purpose of the war. (November
19,1863)
Election of 1864- Lincoln wins reelection against Gen. George McClellan.
Appomattox Court House- Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 ending the
Civil War.
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
As the Civil War ended plans were already in place to help rebuild the South and reunite
the Union. On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated and plans to
“reconstruct” the South became a power struggle between new President Andrew
Johnson and a Congress dominated by Radical Republicans. The result would be a
time period marked with both success and failure in the struggle for equality.
Three Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan- (10% Plan)- When 10% of voters swore an oath to the Union, they could
return to the US if they adopted the 13th Amendment.
 Former Confederate soldiers would be pardoned.
Congressional Plan – (Wade Davis Bill) required a majority of voters to take an oath to
the Union. (Lincoln would not sign it.)
 Freedmen’s Bureau-established to help former slaves adjust
to freedom by giving food, clothes, & supplies (Lincoln and
Congress both in support).
***APRIL 14,1865: LINCOLN IS ASSASSINATED at Ford’s Theater in Washington
DC by John Wilkes Booth while seeing the play Our American Cousin.
Andrew Johnson (Vice Pres.) now becomes the 17th President. Johnson was a Southern
Democrat who Lincoln placed on his ticket as a sign of reconciliation with Southerners.
Johnson’s Plan – Called for a majority to swear an oath to the Union, BUT gave out
13,000 pardons to former Confederates that outraged Congress.
 Congress and Johnson did agree on an end to slavery, but Johnson would not go much
further to ensure civil rights.
Radical Republicans and Radical Reconstruction
Radical Republicans- in Congress opposed Johnson’s ideas and wanted more civil rights.
13th Amendment- (1865) ended slavery in the US.
14th Amendment- (1868) gave African Americans citizenship and equal protection under
the law (due process).
15th Amendment- (1870) gave voting rights to males of all races over 21.
Theses civil rights amendments were opposed by Johnson, and a power struggled ensued
between Johnson and Radical Republicans in Congress.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867- created 5 military districts in the South to be governed by
northern generals. It forced Southerners to agree to 14th Amendment.
Johnson’s impeachment – Congress impeached Johnson on a minor offense (Tenure of
Office Act), but was not removed from office by one vote. Precedent was set that a
President wouldn’t be removed from office based upon disagreements and minor offenses
- Johnson’s power after impeachment was greatly reduced, leaving the people to
want a newly elected President at the end of the term.
- Ulysses S. Grant was elected the 18th President (1868).
Reconstruction in the South
Although much had been done for the civil rights of African Americans, the efforts of the
Radical Republicans would soon be undermined by violent clashes and unjust laws.
Carpetbaggers- nickname to white northerners who traveled South thought to be taking
advantage of the political situation in the South.
Scalawags- nickname for southern whites who sided with the northern view of
Reconstruction.
Advancement for the Freedmen
 Sixteen African American won Congress seats in states like Louisiana, Mississippi and
South Carolina.
 Hiram Revels was the 1st African American Senator from Mississippi, followed by
Blanche Bruce
Southern Whites Fight Back (Conservative southerners opposed changes in the South)
These are all ways of the South that hurt African Americans
Ku Klux Klan- white social club started in 1866 which set out to terrorize and prevent
African Americans from exercising their new freedoms and voting.
Sharecropping – African Americans & poor white farmers that worked on a someone’s
farm for a small share of the crops as payment. (it was viewed as an
alternative to slavery)
Tenant Farming- farmers that paid cash to farm a portion of a plantation owner’s farm.
Poll Taxes- fee required to vote that made it hard for the poor to vote.
Literacy Tests- reading test that needed to be completed in order to vote.
Grandfather Clause – exemption to the literacy test if your grandfather had voted before
1867. This allowed many illiterate whites to still vote, but not
African Americans (b/c 15th Amendment went into effect in1870)
Jim Crow Laws – local laws that allowed segregation to be legal in places like school,
restaurants, hospitals, hotels, train, etc.
Black Codes- local laws in the South that required blacks to have curfews and
chaperones around town.
Compromise of 1877- Rutherford B. Hayes was allowed to win a highly disputed
Presidential election over Samuel Tilden if Hayes promised Southern Democrats to pull
all remaining federal troops out of the South.
 By the 1870’s the rise of big business and industry became the focus of the nation.
 Reconstruction began to fade from the minds of the Republicans in Congress who had
helped African Americans to gain great steps toward equality.
 As the focus of the nation had changed, African Americans remained unable to achieve
equality in the South. Many migrated North to cities’ but many also stayed in the
South.
 The successes of Reconstruction (13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, the reuniting of the
nation, and new opportunities for equality) were overshadowed by the South’s
reluctance to change and the North abandonment of Reconstruction.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Homer Plessy’s challenge to segregated train cars was based
upon the 14th Amendment (equal protection under law). The Supreme Court ruled that
“separate can be equal” setting the stage for over 58 more years of legalized segregation
until Brown v. Topeka Bd. of Ed.(1954) overturns “separate but equal” precedent.
 These failures wouldn’t be changed until the 1950’s & 1960’s Civil Rights Movement
African American Civil Rights (1900-1970)
At the turn of the 20th Century, African Americans had still not received the equality that was
desired during the Reconstruction period. With two world wars and a depression, little was
accomplished in the movement until the Cold War period.
Early Efforts of the 20th Century (Before World War II)
Booker T. Washington – African American leader who felt that equality would be at a slow
pace and not until after Af-Americans received educations to be involved politically
W.E.B. Du Bois-African American activist who felt that Af. Am. should discrimination
immediately and not wait as B.T. Washington had suggested.
NAACP- (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) formed in 1909 by
WEB Du Bois, Jane Addams, and Lincoln Steffans to fight discrimination.
Harlem Renaissance- cultural revival of African American arts in the 1920’s.
FDR’s Black Cabinet- President Roosevelt advisory committee of Af. American leaders to
keep him in touch with Af. Am. issues.
CORE - (Congress of Racial Equality) formed in 1942 to worked towards equality.
Jackie Robinson- 1st African American to enter Major League Baseball from the Negro
Leagues which set the precedent for others to follow.
Civil Rights in the Postwar Era
Desegregating the Military-Harry Truman issued an executive order as Commander-inChief to end segregated troops in the US military after World War II.
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education – (1954) Supreme Court case that finally banned
segregated schools by overturning the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal” decision
allowing Jim Crow Laws to exist (14th Amendment – equal protection).
Little Rock, Arkansas – refusing to desegregate the high school, the National Guard was
brought into Little Rock to oversee the safety of nine black students who wished to attend
Rosa Parks – helped to inspire the Montgomery Bus Boycotts after being arrested in 1955
for refusing to give up her seat to a white male.
Montgomery Bus Boycotts- Alabama bus boycott (381 days) organized in protest of Jim
Crow laws on public buses and organized by Martin Luther King Jr. who adapted the
protest method of civil disobedience (non-violent protest) from Gandhi and Thoreau.
SCLC – (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) founded in 1957 by Martin Luther
King Jr. to encourage nonviolent passive resistance efforts and marches.
SNCC – (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) founded in 1960 as a younger
persons non-violent protest group (supported sit-ins, boycotts and marches).
Freedom Riders- buses loaded with protesters that would travel in southern states to protest
segregation. They faced violence form the KKK and buses were bombed
Birmingham Protests- Martin Luther King was jailed and later released after protests turned
violent when police dogs and fire hoses were used on protesters in 1963. King wrote his
Letter from Birmingham Jail to justify the protests to white clergymen.
Medgar Evers – a leader in the Mississippi NAACP who was assassinated in 1963 for
attempting to organize protests to follow those in Birmingham.
University of Alabama – in 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace refused to allow two
black students to the college. Students were let in after pressure from JFK / military.
March On Washington- 1963 march in Wash DC where King gave his “I Have a Dream”
speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Over 200,000 attended.
Freedom Summer - Summer of 1964 where blacks attempted to register to vote throughout
Mississippi.(James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, & Michael Schwerner killed).
Black Panthers- radical “black power” that would advocate the use of violence if needed.
Led by Stokely Carmichael, Bobby Seals and Angela Davis.
Malcolm X- Militant Muslim leader assassinated in 1965 in NYC.
Progress Made Towards Equality
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – banned discrimination in hiring practices and ended Jim
Crow Laws (segregation) in public places.
24th Amendment (1964) – banned poll taxes (from Reconstruction)
Voting Rights Act of 1965 – ended literacy tests (from Reconstruction)
Affirmative Action – program in which businesses and schools that receive federal funds
are encouraged to recruit minorities and women in their application
processes (to make up for years of past discrimination).
 This progress is heavily debated today and referred to by critics as
reverse discrimination.
Edward Brooke – In 1966, became the first black Senator since Reconstruction.
Thurgood Marshall – In 1967, became the first African American Supreme Court
Justice (he was also the lawyer for the Brown’s in the Topeka
Board of Ed. Case.
Murders during the Civil Rights Movement
Emmett Till – 14 year old boy who was murdered by two white men in Mississippi for
saying “By Baby” to a white woman in a store (1955).
Medger Evers – NAACP leader murdered in his driveway in Jackson, Mississippi after
attempting to organize boycotts (1963)
John F. Kennedy – Assassinated in Dallas, Texas by Lee Harvey Oswald on November
22, 1963.
th
16 Street Baptist Church – Four girls (Addie Mae Collins, Denise McNair, Cynthia
Wesley, and Carole Robertson) were killed after KKK
members bombed the Birmingham church where the girls
attended Sunday school (1963).
Freedom Summer Murders – CORE members James Cheney, Andrew Goodman, and
Michael Schwerner were killed for trying to help register
African American voters in Mississippi (1964).
Malcolm X – Assassinated in NYC in 1965 by member of the Muslim movement.
Jimmie Lee Jackson – After a night march organization in Marion, Alabama, Jackson
was killed by an Alabama State Trooper. Jackson was trying to
protect his mother and grandfather who were being attacked by
police (1965).
Martin Luther King Jr. – Assassinated on April 4, 1968 from a hotel balcony.
Robert F. Kennedy – Assassinated in the summer of 1968 after giving a campaign
speech while running for President.
*** Combined with the Vietnam War, the assassinations and the civil rights movement
display why the 1960’s is called a decade of turmoil.
Conclusion:
By the 1970’s the US finally began to show progress in its attempts to rid the nation of
discrimination. However, the civil rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s is proof
that the US did not completely solve the problems left over from the Reconstruction
Period 100 years earlier. How far has the nation come since the efforts of the civil rights
movement?
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Directions: Using the both the Reconstruction notes and the Civil Rights 1900-1970
notes, complete the “T-chart” to compare and contrast the struggle for civil rights for
African Americans.
19th Century (1800’s)
20th Century (1900’s)