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1450-1750 The World Shrinks Six things to Remember Americas are included in world trade for the first time. Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology continues Populations are in transition New social structures/labor systems emerge based on race and gender Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe but reinforced in China Empires are both land-based and cross oceanic The Bookends 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic empires 1450-Beginning of Global trade 1492- End of Islam in Europe 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship expeditions 1750- beginning of industrialization 1750-western hemisphere colonization peaks Details- Going Global Trade is extended through all parts of the world. Europe finally gains access to Asian trade routes and attempts to control them through choke points- fail Europe uses American raw materialsespecially silver- to trade with Asia Columbian Exchange Global artistic influences led to new European industries. Trade & Manufacturing Chinese silks and Indian cottons led to building of English and French textile factories. Ottoman and Persian ceramics led to Holland’s Delft stoneware industry. Chinese influence led English manufacturers to try to make “china” after they found the right clay. Details- Technology Spread of shipping technology to Europe as a result of the crusades and experiments by Henry the Navigator Improvements in gunpowder technology- muskets and cannons. Details- Demography Disease killed millions of native Americans Africans were forcibly transported to the new world for work in plantation agriculture Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods were brought from the new world Populations migrated to harsher climates as food crops became available Populations migrated from the old world to the new world Details- Social and Gender structures Americas- encomienda system Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals) Women in the harems wielded considerable power behind the scenes China- power struggle between the Eunuchs and the Scholar Gentry Details- Cultural and Intellectual Expressions Europe- Renaissance and reformation reduces the power of the Catholic church and challenges old beliefs China ends contact with the outside world as neo-Confucianism dominates. Details- Structure and Function of State Empire remains the predominant political structure. It is a coercive tribute system European states such as Spain and Portugal, but also France, England and the Dutch perfect overseas empires by claiming territory in the western hemisphere Quing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and Safavids are powerful land-based empires. Trade- Can’t live without it! Global trade is THE thing this time period! Core-periphery theory: Core states are manufacturing states. Periphery states provide raw materials. Semi-periphery supply both. Three core zones: China India West Africa – shift from Trans-Saharan Arab/Local trade to TransAtlantic trade dominated by Europeans Ottomans getting kicked out of Global trade – fight back by trying to extend into Mediterranean – stopped at Lepanto Changes and Continuities Change: The Americas are added to world trade network Change: Europe becomes a Maritime area Continuity: Trade is really important Continuity: Religions continue to adapt to new times, but very important Continuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases as people come into contact with each other. Inca Empire 1438-1525 Andes Mountains Highly centralized government Diverse ethnic groups Extensive irrigation State religion/ancestor cult Architectural achievements Destroyed by civil war (caused by political vacuum left with death of leader by European germs); then Pizarro Inca Empire Rope suspension bridges Metallurgy – copper and bronze No use of wheel Capac Nan = roads allowed for tax, labor, and courier system Terrace Farming Quipu Aztec Empire 13251520 Tenochtitlan “Foundation of Heaven” By 1519, Metropolis of 150.000-five square miles Island location - chinampas Tribute empire based on agriculture Scientific contributions – calendar; pyramids Montezuma II – peak Cortes destroys by horse, guns, germs, and using Aztec neighbors Major European Developments Transition out of feudalism Renaissance Humanism Decline in power of Catholic Church Art & Architecture C/C Art in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Medieval entirely religious Flat and stiff Renaissance both religious and secular Realistic Sponsored by growing bourgeoisie (Medici – Lorenzo for Brunelleschi’s dome, DaVinci, Raphel, etc) Major European Developments Gutenberg’s Printing Press Protestant Reformation Martin Luther—1517 95 Thesis (sale of indulgences) John Calvin King Henry VIII Counter Revolution—Council of Trent End investiture Jesuits established Index of Banned Books Inquisition (Isabella – Reconquista of Spain) Protestant Reformation Previous skirmishes were about papal political authority Luther’s was about theological and the pope’s religious role Paved the way for revolutions in politics (end divine right, rise of Enlightenment – 1700s) and science (rise of Scientific Revolution – 1550s) Major European Developments Scientific Revolution Copernicus Galileo Scientific Method - Bacon Deism Major European Developments Enlightenment Role of the mankind in relation to the government Greatly influenced the framers of the US Constitution Challenge divine right Social contract Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes—people were naturally evilneed absolute monarchy as long as benevolent (social contract) John Locke — 1688 (English Bill of Rights) optimistic view of mankind; born free w/inalienable rights; govt should rule in the interest of people; bad government should be replaced (Two Treaties of Government) Enlightenment Jean Jacques Rousseau—all men equal and society should represent the general will (majority rule) Montesquieu —separation of powers Voltaire—freedom speech and religious toleration Adam Smith – 1776 Wealth of Nations, laissez-faire economics Enlightened despots—Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia and the Russians Major European Developments Exploration & Expansion Prince Henry the Navigator Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus Treaty of Tordesillas Conquistadors—Cortes (1521) and Pizzaro Exploration & Expansion Technology required: Sternpost rudder (Chinese) Lateen sails Astrolabe (Arab) Magnetic Compass (Chinese) Three-Masted Caravels C/C Expansion in the Americas v. Empire Building Elsewhere Romans, Mongols, Muslims—either allowed existing cultural traditions or converted to their way of doing things America the population was wiped out + moved in a large # of new people Exploration & Expansion Encomienda System—American Feudalism Social hierarchy • Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos • viceroys African Slave Trade (Bart. de las Casas) — Middle Passage most to Brazil and Caribbean for SUGAR plantations Columbian Exchange (N. American casava, potato and yam will lead to rising population in Europe, Africa and China) Demographic Shifts Aztecs and Incas wiped out (Guns, Germs, and Steel) Huge cities were depopulated Europeans moved by the hundreds of thousands Millions of Africans were forced to migrate Middle Class gets rich with trade Commercial Revolution - Medici Joint stock company Banking & investing Monopoly on a trade good or area Middle class $$ Mercantilism Favorable balance of trade Stamp Tax imposed to insure favorable No factories built in colonies Europe Spain Ferdinand & Isabella (exploration, reconquista) Philip II—Spanish Inquisition & Armada (Europe’s largest empire) England Henry VIII— Act of Supremacy Elizabeth—arts (Shakespeare), more religious tolerance, virgin queen, fight with Phillip II James I—English translation of Bible, Puritans leave to New World, Great Britain created (unified Ireland, Scotland, and England) Charles IOliver Cromwell (commonwealth)Charles II James II – Catholic heir will lead to Glorious Revolution (ends with bloodless coup by William and Mary with English Bill of Rights in 1688) Europe France Huguenots—French Protestants, Edict of Nantes (allowing Protestants to hold office) Absolutism - Louis XIV—Versailles; “Sun King” L’etat ce moi Germany (Holy Roman Empire—sort of) Divided Thirty Years’ War 1618—Protestants vs. Catholics; Peace of Westphalia Monarchs claimed absolute power. States & Empires Philip II Spain 1556-1598 Süleyman Ottoman Empire 1520-1566 Elizabeth I England 1558-1603 Xizong Ming China 1620-1627 Louis XIV France 1643-1715 Shah Abbas Persia 1587-1629 Catherine the Great Russia 1762-1796 Jahangir India 1605-1627 Russia Third Rome—Moscow Ivan III declared free of Mongol rule Ivan IV est absolute rule, czar; unite and expand; St. Basils Cossacks—peasants to settle frontiers Time of Troubles Michael Romanov 1613 Peter the Great—westernization & military (created St. Petersburg as “window to the west”, created Senat – not true democracy) Catherine the Great—increased serfdom & gained westward to the Med Sea Ottoman Empire 1450-1922 – Gunpowder Empire 1453 Fall of Constantinople Janissaries —enslaved Christian children and turned them into fighting warriors Main expansion under Selim I Suleiman I (the Magnificent) didn’t focus on war, but on art (Golden Age) 1500s India Babur claimed descend from Genghis Khan; Muslim; defeated Delhi Sultanate and established Mughal Empire United entire subcontinent Akbar—religious toleration —Golden Age Shah Jahan—Taj Mahal Religious toleration ended (Aurungzeb) & Europeans arrived Est ports in Goa, Bombay & Calcutta China Yuan—Mongols Ming Zheng He then isolation Qing from Manchuria Allowed European trade thru ports (Allowed some Jesuits across borders – Matteo Ricci and Francis Xavier) When felt threatened expelled them; Canton Absolutism of Kangxi Japan Shoguns still ruled; emperor a figure head 1542 traded with Europe to acquire guns Christian missionaries 1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu est Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period)—strict rule; took away power from daimyo; isolation, peace and prosperity Caste system (warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant) National Seclusion Act 1635 C/C India, China & Japan on European Aggression Japan reacted most decisively China & India both allowed trade and occupation of ports China began to limit under the Manchus India was less suspecting and will pay dearly What About the Non-European Culture? Why was their interaction with the West so varied? China & Japan highly organized; fewer Europeans there Africa was fragmented, but not interested in running over b/c could trade easily Americas overwhelmed with disease and technology Ottoman Empire was limited b/c avoided overland trade routes What about the Global Economy? Sailing diminished need for Asian overland routes Mercantilism required dependence on est of imperialism married economic and political developments Joint-stock companies took major economic motivation out of the hands of government; more people had a stake in trade routes and conquests B/C the benefits of economic prosperity were diffused among a larger group of individuals the govt began to lose grip on control