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1450-1750
The World Shrinks
Six things to Remember
Americas are included in world trade for the
first time.
Improvements in shipping and gunpowder
technology continues
Populations are in transition
New social structures/labor systems emerge
based on race and gender
Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe
but reinforced in China
Empires are both land-based and cross
oceanic
The Bookends
1450- Beginning of European Atlantic
empires
1450-Beginning of Global trade
1492- End of Islam in Europe
1433- end of Chinese treasure ship
expeditions
1750- beginning of industrialization
1750-western hemisphere colonization
peaks
Details- Going Global
Trade is extended through all parts of
the world.
Europe finally gains access to Asian
trade routes and attempts to control
them through choke points- fail
Europe uses American raw materialsespecially silver- to trade with Asia
Columbian Exchange
Global artistic influences led to
new European industries.
Trade &
Manufacturing
Chinese silks and Indian
cottons led to building of
English and French textile
factories.
Ottoman and Persian
ceramics led to Holland’s
Delft stoneware industry.
Chinese influence led English
manufacturers to try to make
“china” after they found the right
clay.
Details- Technology
Spread of shipping technology to
Europe as a result of the crusades and
experiments by Henry the Navigator
Improvements in gunpowder
technology- muskets and cannons.
Details- Demography
Disease killed millions of native Americans
Africans were forcibly transported to the new
world for work in plantation agriculture
Populations grew as new calorie-rich foods
were brought from the new world
Populations migrated to harsher climates as
food crops became available
Populations migrated from the old world to
the new world
Details- Social and Gender
structures
Americas- encomienda system
Muslim areas (Ottomans, Mughals)
Women in the harems wielded
considerable power behind the scenes
China- power struggle between the
Eunuchs and the Scholar Gentry
Details- Cultural and Intellectual
Expressions
Europe- Renaissance and reformation
reduces the power of the Catholic
church and challenges old beliefs
China ends contact with the outside
world as neo-Confucianism dominates.
Details- Structure and Function
of State
Empire remains the predominant political
structure. It is a coercive tribute system
European states such as Spain and Portugal,
but also France, England and the Dutch
perfect overseas empires by claiming territory
in the western hemisphere
Quing, Russia, Mughals, Ottomans and
Safavids are powerful land-based empires.
Trade- Can’t live without it!
Global trade is THE thing this time period!
Core-periphery theory:
Core states are manufacturing states.
Periphery states provide raw materials.
Semi-periphery supply both.
Three core zones:
China
India
West
Africa – shift from Trans-Saharan Arab/Local trade to TransAtlantic trade dominated by Europeans
Ottomans getting kicked out of Global trade – fight back by
trying to extend into Mediterranean – stopped at Lepanto
Changes and Continuities
Change: The Americas are added to world
trade network
Change: Europe becomes a Maritime area
Continuity: Trade is really important
Continuity: Religions continue to adapt to
new times, but very important
Continuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases as
people come into contact with each other.
Inca Empire 1438-1525
Andes Mountains
Highly centralized
government
Diverse ethnic groups
Extensive irrigation
State religion/ancestor cult
Architectural achievements
Destroyed by civil war
(caused by political vacuum
left with death of leader by
European germs); then
Pizarro
Inca Empire
Rope suspension bridges
Metallurgy – copper and
bronze
No use of wheel
Capac Nan = roads allowed
for tax, labor, and courier
system
Terrace Farming
Quipu
Aztec Empire 13251520
Tenochtitlan “Foundation of Heaven”
By 1519, Metropolis of 150.000-five
square miles
Island location - chinampas
Tribute empire based on agriculture
Scientific contributions – calendar;
pyramids
Montezuma II – peak
Cortes destroys by horse, guns,
germs, and using Aztec neighbors
Major European Developments
Transition out of feudalism
Renaissance
Humanism
Decline in power of Catholic Church
Art & Architecture
C/C Art in the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance
Medieval entirely
religious
Flat and stiff
Renaissance both
religious and secular
Realistic
Sponsored by
growing bourgeoisie
(Medici – Lorenzo
for Brunelleschi’s
dome, DaVinci,
Raphel, etc)
Major European
Developments
Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther—1517 95 Thesis
(sale of indulgences)
John Calvin
King Henry VIII
Counter Revolution—Council of Trent
End investiture
Jesuits established
Index of Banned Books
Inquisition (Isabella – Reconquista of Spain)
Protestant Reformation
Previous skirmishes were about papal
political authority
Luther’s was about theological and the
pope’s religious role
Paved the way for revolutions in politics
(end divine right, rise of Enlightenment
– 1700s) and science (rise of Scientific
Revolution – 1550s)
Major European Developments
Scientific Revolution
Copernicus
Galileo
Scientific Method - Bacon
Deism
Major European Developments
Enlightenment
Role of the mankind in relation to the
government
Greatly influenced the framers of the US
Constitution
Challenge divine right
Social contract
Enlightenment
Thomas Hobbes—people were naturally
evilneed absolute monarchy as long as
benevolent (social contract)
John Locke — 1688 (English Bill of Rights)
optimistic view of mankind; born free
w/inalienable rights; govt should rule in the
interest of people; bad government should be
replaced (Two Treaties of Government)
Enlightenment
Jean Jacques Rousseau—all men equal and
society should represent the general will
(majority rule)
Montesquieu —separation of powers
Voltaire—freedom speech and religious
toleration
Adam Smith – 1776 Wealth of Nations,
laissez-faire economics
Enlightened despots—Joseph II of Austria,
Frederick II of Prussia and the Russians
Major European Developments
Exploration & Expansion
Prince Henry the Navigator
Vasco de Gama
Christopher Columbus
Treaty of Tordesillas
Conquistadors—Cortes (1521)
and Pizzaro
Exploration &
Expansion
Technology required:
Sternpost rudder (Chinese)
Lateen sails
Astrolabe (Arab)
Magnetic Compass (Chinese)
Three-Masted Caravels
C/C Expansion in the Americas v.
Empire Building Elsewhere
Romans, Mongols, Muslims—either
allowed existing cultural traditions or
converted to their way of doing things
America the population was wiped out
+ moved in a large # of new people
Exploration & Expansion
Encomienda System—American Feudalism
Social hierarchy
• Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos
• viceroys
African Slave Trade (Bart. de las Casas) —
Middle Passage most to Brazil and Caribbean
for SUGAR plantations
Columbian Exchange (N. American casava,
potato and yam will lead to rising population
in Europe, Africa and China)
Demographic
Shifts
Aztecs and Incas wiped out (Guns, Germs,
and Steel)
Huge cities were depopulated
Europeans moved by the hundreds of
thousands
Millions of Africans were forced to migrate
Middle Class gets rich with trade
Commercial Revolution - Medici
Joint stock company
Banking & investing
Monopoly on a trade good or area
Middle class $$
Mercantilism
Favorable balance of trade
Stamp Tax imposed to insure favorable
No factories built in colonies
Europe
Spain
Ferdinand & Isabella (exploration, reconquista)
Philip II—Spanish Inquisition & Armada (Europe’s
largest empire)
England
Henry VIII— Act of Supremacy
Elizabeth—arts (Shakespeare), more religious tolerance,
virgin queen, fight with Phillip II
James I—English translation of Bible, Puritans leave to New
World, Great Britain created (unified Ireland, Scotland, and
England)
Charles IOliver Cromwell (commonwealth)Charles II
James II – Catholic heir will lead to Glorious Revolution
(ends with bloodless coup by William and Mary with English
Bill of Rights in 1688)
Europe
France
Huguenots—French Protestants, Edict of Nantes
(allowing Protestants to hold office)
Absolutism - Louis XIV—Versailles; “Sun King”
L’etat ce moi
Germany (Holy Roman Empire—sort of) Divided
Thirty Years’ War 1618—Protestants vs.
Catholics; Peace of Westphalia
Monarchs claimed
absolute power.
States &
Empires
Philip II
Spain
1556-1598
Süleyman
Ottoman Empire
1520-1566
Elizabeth I
England
1558-1603
Xizong
Ming China
1620-1627
Louis XIV
France
1643-1715
Shah Abbas
Persia
1587-1629
Catherine the Great
Russia
1762-1796
Jahangir
India
1605-1627
Russia
Third Rome—Moscow
Ivan III declared free of Mongol rule
Ivan IV est absolute rule, czar; unite and expand; St.
Basils
Cossacks—peasants to settle frontiers
Time of Troubles
Michael Romanov 1613
Peter the Great—westernization & military
(created St. Petersburg as “window to the
west”, created Senat – not true democracy)
Catherine the Great—increased serfdom & gained
westward to the Med Sea
Ottoman Empire
1450-1922 – Gunpowder Empire
1453 Fall of Constantinople
Janissaries —enslaved Christian children
and turned them into fighting warriors
Main expansion under Selim I
Suleiman I (the Magnificent) didn’t
focus on war, but on art (Golden Age)
1500s
India
Babur claimed descend from Genghis
Khan; Muslim; defeated Delhi Sultanate
and established Mughal Empire
United entire subcontinent
Akbar—religious toleration —Golden Age
Shah Jahan—Taj Mahal
Religious toleration ended (Aurungzeb) &
Europeans arrived
Est ports in Goa, Bombay & Calcutta
China
Yuan—Mongols
Ming
Zheng He then isolation
Qing from Manchuria
Allowed European trade thru ports (Allowed some
Jesuits across borders – Matteo Ricci and Francis
Xavier)
When felt threatened expelled them; Canton
Absolutism of Kangxi
Japan
Shoguns still ruled; emperor a figure head
1542 traded with Europe to acquire guns
Christian missionaries
1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu est Tokugawa
Shogunate (Edo period)—strict rule; took
away power from daimyo; isolation, peace
and prosperity
Caste system (warrior, farmer, artisan,
merchant)
National Seclusion Act 1635
C/C India, China & Japan on
European Aggression
Japan reacted most decisively
China & India both allowed trade and
occupation of ports
China began to limit under the Manchus
India was less suspecting and will pay
dearly
What About the Non-European
Culture? Why was their interaction
with the West so varied?
China & Japan highly organized; fewer
Europeans there
Africa was fragmented, but not interested
in running over b/c could trade easily
Americas overwhelmed with disease and
technology
Ottoman Empire was limited b/c avoided
overland trade routes
What about the Global Economy?
Sailing diminished need for Asian overland
routes
Mercantilism required dependence on est of
imperialism married economic and political
developments
Joint-stock companies took major economic
motivation out of the hands of government;
more people had a stake in trade routes and
conquests
B/C the benefits of economic prosperity were
diffused among a larger group of individuals
the govt began to lose grip on control