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COSTA’S Signal Words & Definitions
LEVEL ONE:
 Define - to set forth the meaning of
 Describe - to represent or give an account in words
 Identify - to establish the identity of
 List - a simple series of words or numbers
 Name - to mention or identify by name
 Observe - to see or sense esp. through careful attention
 Recite - to repeat verbatim
 Scan - to examine closely
LEVEL TWO:
 Analyze - to make an analysis of , an examination of a thing to know its
parts
 Compare - to examine for likenesses and differences
 Contrast - to show differences when compared
 Group - to cluster
 Infer - to derive as a conclusion from facts or premises
 Sequence - chronological order of events
 Synthesize - the combination of parts or elements into a whole
LEVEL THREE:
 Apply - to put to practical use
 Evaluate - appraise, value
 Hypothesize - to adopt as an hypothesis/assumption
 Imagine - to form a mental picture of something not present; guess
 Judge - to form an estimate or evaluation about something. deduce
 Predict - to declare in advance
 Speculate - to think or wonder about a subject
EXAMPLES OF COSTA’S LEVELS OF QUESTIONS
Level One questions cause students to recall information. This level of question causes
students to input the data into short-term memory, but if they don’t use it in some
meaningful way, they may soon forget.
Level Two questions enable students to process information. They expect students to
make sense of information they have gathered and retrieved from long-and short-term
memory.
Level Three questions require students to go beyond the concepts or principles they have
learned and to use these in novel or hypothetical situations.
LEVEL ONE
(complete, count,
match, name,
define, observe,
recite, describe, list,
identify, recall)
What is a gene?
What is a
chromosome?
LEVEL TWO
(analyze, categorize,
explain, classify,
compare, contrast,
infer, organize,
sequence)
Compare and
contrast genes and
chromosomes.
Spanish
Conjugate the
Spanish verb “ser”
in the present tense.
Mathematics
Evaluate this
expression:
3x^2if x=4.
Elaborate on the
similarities and
differences of the
preterit and past
tenses in the
Spanish language.
When, if ever, can
x^2’2x?
History
Which amendment
in the Constitution
gives citizens the
right to bear arms?
TOPIC
Science
From Becky Breedlove, AVID Region 9
Compare and
contract societal
conditions in the US
that impacted the
inclusion of the
second amendment
in the US
Constitution with
conditions today.
LEVEL THREE
(imagine, plan,
evaluate, judge,
predict, extrapolate,
invent, speculate,
generalize)
Use what you know
about genes and
chromosomes to
predict a trait in a
child.
“Invent” a new
Spanish regular “ar”
ending verb. Use it
in 6 sentences, using
different tenses and
persons.
Prove whether or
not the operation
[Y] is commutative
given that
a[Y]b=a^2-b
If there were a
Constitutional
amendment that
prohibited
ownership of
weapons by citizens,
how might
American society be
affected?