Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Name_____________________________ Class #_____ Period_____ Date___________ Notes Outline: The Evidence for Evolution (10.2) “MUCH OF WHAT YOU HAVE READ SO FAR IN THIS BOOK WAS UNKNOWN TO DARWIN WHEN HE WROTE THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES. THE NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA AND RNA HAD NOT BEEN DISCOVERED. THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS WAS UNKNOWN. MENDEL’S GENETIC EXPERIMENTS WERE UNPUBLISHED. THESE AND OTHER DISCOVERIES HAVE SINCE CONTRIBUTED ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION.” I. Understanding the Fossil Record A. Introduction Since Darwin’s death, a great deal of new evidence accumulated supporting the theory of Evolution. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Fossils Are Any Traces of Dead Organisms II. Fossils are not only shells or old bones. Actually they are any traces of old organisms. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ For fossils to form, very special conditions are necessary _________________________________________________________________________________________________ How Fossils Are Dated A. Introduction (1940s) Scientists determine the age fossils by measuring the amt. of radioactive decay _________________________________________________________________________________________________ A radioactive atom contains an unstable combination of protons and neutrons, which will later become a more stable atom of another element. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Half-life: Describes how long it takes for ½ of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Because the rate of decay of radioactive element is constant, scientists can use the amount of radioactive element remaining in a rock or fossil to determine its age. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Radioactive Dating: Using the amt. of radioactive element in a fossil to determine its age _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Using radioactive dating, scientists have determined that the earth is about 4.5 billion years old. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Transitional Forms Link New Species to Old B/c new species form from existing species, Darwin predicted that transitional forms, intermediate stages b/w older and newer species, would be found in the fossil record. There are now many good examples of evolutionary transitions. __________________________________________________________________________________ Ex. The evolution of the modern horse Sections Completed _______________ Questions Answered ____________ Final Grade ___________ Name_____________________________ Class #_____ Period_____ Date___________ III. Comparing Organisms A. Introduction Comparing the way organisms are put together provides important evidence for evolution. __________________________________________________________________________________ Homologous Structures: _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ B. Vestigial Structures are Clues to Evolutionary Origins Structures without a function are found in living things __________________________________________________________________________________ Ex. Pelvis of a whale Vestigial Structures: ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ C. Developmental Patterns Show Evolutionary Relationships The similarity of early developmental forms suggests that the process of development has evolved. __________________________________________________________________________________ New instructions on how to grow have been added to old instructions inherited from ancestors. __________________________________________________________________________________ D. DNA and Proteins Contain Evidence for Evolution Although complete fossil histories for living organisms are rare, an organism’s history is written in the sequence of nucleotides making up its DNA. __________________________________________________________________________________ If species have changed over time, their genes also should have changed. __________________________________________________________________________________ Evolution predicts that genes will accumulate more alterations in their nucleotide sequences over time. __________________________________________________________________________________ Closely related species should show more similarities in nucleotide sequences than distantly species. __________________________________________________________________________________ Closely related species will show more similarities in the amino acid sequences in their proteins. __________________________________________________________________________________ Amino acid sequence in a protein reflects the nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for that protein. __________________________________________________________________________________ Ex. Cytochrome C b/w chimp and human are exactly identical ____________________________________________________________________________ In most cases, the evolutionary relationships indicated by DNA or protein sequences confirm those suggested by comparative anatomy and by developmental patterns. Sections Completed _______________ Questions Answered ____________ Final Grade ___________