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Third Edition Chapter 1: Early Civilization: 10,000—1,150 BCE I. The Defining Civilization,of Defining Western Beginnings Civilization, Civilization 10,000-1150 B.C.E. II. Mesopotamia: Kingdoms, Empires, and Conquests III. Egypt: The Empire of the Nile A. The Food-Producing Revolution Defining Civilization, Defining 1) Paleolithic Age, 200,000-100,000 years ago Western Civilization a) Homo sapiens b) Cave art 2) Hunter-gatherers a) Domestication Defining Civilization, Defining Western Civilization B. First food-Producing Communities 1) Levantine Corridor (Fertile Crescent) a) Abu Hureya 2) Zagros Mountains 3) Anatolia a) Çatal Hüyük - Obsidian trade C. Transformations in Europe Defining Civilization, Defining Agricultural communities – 6000 B.C.E. Western Civilization Farming communities – 2500 B.C.E. 1) 2) 3) Technological shifts a) Metallurgy and Plow - Megaliths A. Sumerian Kingdoms Mesopotamia: Kingdoms, Empires, 1) 13-35 major cities by 2500 B.C.E. and Conquests a) Uruk - 50,000 people/redistributive economies 2) Religion and political life intertwined 3) End of Sumerian city-states 2340 B.C.E. B. Akkadian EmpireKingdoms, of Sargon the Great Mesopotamia: Empires, 1) Sargon, 2340-2305 B.C.E. and Conquests a) Standing army - Composite bow b) Anarchy – 2250 B.C.E. C. Ur III Dynasty and Rise of Assyria Mesopotamia: Kingdoms, Empires, 1) Ur-Nammu, 2112-2095 B.C.E. and Conquests a) Administrative bureaucracy D. Assyria and Babylonia Mesopotamia: Kingdoms, Empires, 1) Assyria and Conquests a) Ashur b) Trading network 2) Babylon a) Hammurabi, 1792-1750 B.C.E. E. Cultural Continuities: Transmission of Mesopotamia: Kingdoms, Empires, Mesopotamian Cultures and Conquests 1) Mesopotamian World View a) Religion - Polytheistic/Ziggurat 2) Science - Divination/Deduction 3) Development of Writing - Cuneiform - “Epic of Gilgamesh” “Law Code of Hammurabi” A. Egypt Egypt’s Rise to Empire – The Empire 1) The Old Kingdom a) Unification, 3500-3000 B.C.E. 2) Kings 3) Pyramids a) Hieroglyphics of the Nile B. Egypt The Middle Kingdom, 2040-1720 B.C.E. – The Empire of the Nile 1) Mentuhotep II, r. 2060-2010 B.C.E. C.Egypt Encounters with Other Civilizations – The Empire of the 1) Nubia (Sudan) a) Gold and ivory 2) Canaan 3) Hyksos dynasty, 1650-1540 B.C.E. Nile D.Egypt The New–Kingdom: The Egyptian Empire The Empire of the Nilein the Bronze Age 1) King Ahmose I, r. 1550-1525 B.C.E. a) Pharaoh 2) Thutmose I, r. 1504-1492 B.C.E. 3) Thutmose II, r. 1491-1479 B.C.E. a) “God’s Wife of Amun” b) Hatshepsut A. Gilgamesh (Mesopotamia) & Isis & Osiris: As Leaders/Exemplars 1) 2) 3) 4) Mesopotamian & Egyptian Epic/Myths Role of Gods, humans, semi-divine beings (see introduction, pp. xxxvii and after) Gilgamesh--1/3rd man, 2/3rds god--father Lugalbanda, mother--Ninsun, goddess Gender roles: men and women, divine/mortal beings Humans and nature: a) b) c) 5) 6) Relationship of gods to nature: nature functions to feed/sustain the gods Relationship of humans to nature: humans work, produce food and goods to sustain gods Role of magic, supernatural: to interpret dreams, omens, through which the gods speak Humans and gods: gods control forces which determine human fate Central role of immortality in stories B. Role in History and Literature: 1) Gilgamesh -cuneiform tablets, found in ruins of royal library of Ninevah (near Mosul, Iraq), from Assyrian Empire ruled by King Ashurbanipal - 2) Written in Akkadian—Babylonian Gradual transformation of story: “Surpassing All Kings…” to “He Who Saw the Deep” Isis and Osiris: earliest versions dates from 2500 BCE, a) b) c) inscriptions on Palermo Stone, Pyramid texts (also inscribed on sarcophagi & pyramids for use of pharaoh only) Central importance of Isis/Osiris festivals in Egypt, rituals Connection to Greek & Roman mythology, cults D.Egypt The New–Kingdom: The Egyptian Empire The Empire of the Nilein the Bronze Age 4) Amarna Period a) Monotheism 5) 1150 B.C.E. collapse