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AHSGE Scrapbook Information Crusades: Holy wars between Catholics and Muslims Fought by the Catholics to regain control of the Holy Land Opened trade routes between Asia and Europe Led to a desire for Asian goods (spices & silks) Exposed Europe to the writings of Ancient Greece and Rome Renaissance: Began in Florence, Italy Major advancements in art, literature, and navigational technology New inventions will lead to the Age of Exploration Encouraged people to read the Bible with a critical eye Will lead to reforms in the Catholic Church Rise of Humanist Reformation: Started by Martin Luther – 1500s Purify the Catholic Church of things like selling indulgences Split the Catholic Church and Europe Creation of Protestant churches Will lead to people moving to the New World to escape religious persecution Will push Spain to settle parts of the American Southwest by setting up missions to convert Natives to Catholicism Columbian Exchange: Started by the arrival of Columbus in 1492 to the New World (the Americas) An exchange of animals, foods, cultures, and diseases Led to the destabilization of Native American cultures due to population loss from disease, warfare and conquests Led to the destabilization of West-African cultures due to the warfare promoted by the slave traders and the loss of natives to slave catchers Europe (Old World) to America (New World) Tea Sugar Coffee Horses Cattle Plants Disease – most devastating part of the exchange America (New World) to Europe (Old World) Potatoes Corn Tomatoes Chocolate Age of Exploration Conquistadors: Spanish conquerors of the New World Were motivated by God, Glory, & Gold Hernando Cortez – conquered the Aztecs in Mexico in 1519 Francisco Pizarro – conquered the Incas in Peru Hernando de Soto – explored modern day Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi in search of the “City of Gold” Founded St. Augustine, the first permanent European city in North America in 1565 English Colonization: Founded Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America in 1607 Would probably not have survived without the introduction of tobacco to the colony Established the Virginia House of Burgesses, the first legislative body in North America French and Indian War: 1754-1763 Also known as the Seven Year War England, the American colonists and their Native American allies fighting against the French and their Native American allies for control of the Ohio River Valley region The French will be defeated and will loss control of their lands in North America under the Treaty of Paris 1763 Will lead to conflict between the English and their American colonists due to the increased need for tax money to pay for the war, a larger military presence in the colonies and the desire of the British to limit westward expansion (Proclamation of 1763) The Great Awakening A general revival of evangelical Christianity in the American colonies Reached its peak in the early 1740s Spread through revivals throughout the colonies Contributed to a sense of American nationalism before the Revolution Jonathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God); colonial Congregational preacher (Puritan), theologian and missionary to Native Americans; known as the greatest and most profound of American theologians and revivalists George Whitefield- itinerant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in Great Britain and the American colonies First Continental Congress (1774) Organized by colonial leaders to respond to the Intolerable Acts Agreed to boycott all British goods and stop exporting colonial goods to Great Britain until the Acts were repealed Second Continental Congress (1775) Served as the governing body for the country during the Revolutionary War Authorized and signed the Declaration of Independence Members drafted the Articles of Confederation The Revolutionary War Causes: Taxes and legislation passed after the French and Indian War to raise money to pay for the war and the protection needed in the colonies afterward Stamp Act Quartering Act Tea Act Intolerable Act (Coercive and Quebec Acts) – passed by the British as retribution for the Boston Tea Party; closed the port of Boston, British suspended the government in Boston; quartering of British soldiers Taxation without representation Major Leaders Americans (Patriots) George Washington – leader of revolutionary troops Samuel Adams – leader of the “Sons of Liberty;” led the Boston Tea Party John Adams – representative from Massachusetts; 2nd president Thomas Jefferson – author of the Declaration of Independence; representative from Virginia Benjamin Franklin – representative from Pennsylvania; one of the oldest and most respected Founding Fathers England (Great Britain) George III – king of England during the Revolutionary War General Cornwallis General Howe Military Campaigns Lexington and Concord – “shot heard round the world” – skirmish between the Brits (redcoats) and the militia surrounding Boston – first battle of the war Battle of Bunker Hill (actually Breeds Hill) – Americans held the British advance off multiple times; eventually ran out of ammunition and were forced to retreat Battle of Saratoga – turning point of the war; American victory led to the creation of the a new nation that was independent of England The Magna Carta Signed in 1215 by King John – forced to acknowledge that the nobles had rights It didn’t protect the rights of the common man, but it did set the precedent that a king’s power was not absolute The Enlightenment – a period in the 1600 and 1700 that focused on using reason to explain all aspects of life: political, economic, religious, and social John Locke (1632 – 1704) English philosopher who believed that the government should derive it powers from the people whom it governed; natural rights; Compact Theory Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) French philosopher who wrote the Social Contract; believed that power came from the people, not a king; there should be an agreement between the people and the government to limit the rights and duties of each Baron Montesquieu Wrote the Spirit of the Laws in 1748; thought that the functions of government should be divided among three branches and that duties and powers should be carefully defined and separated so no one branch acquired too much power Declaration of Independence (1776) Major principles: all men are created equal, all people have certain unalienable rights, government only exists by the consent of the governed, government must be changed if it becomes unjust The document was written primarily be Thomas Jefferson and it become the ideals upon which the new nation was founded. The Articles of Confederation – 1781 These articles were the first national constitution. It created an alliance between 1 independent states with a unicameral Congress to make up the central government; were very weak. Gave Congress the Power to: Declare war and make peace Raise an army and navy Make foreign treaties and alliances Coin & borrow money Regulate weights and measurements Establish a post office Regulate Indian affairs Make amendments only with the unanimous vote of all states Prevented Congress from: Taxing Regulate foreign and domestic trade Settle disputes among states Collect state debts owed to central governments Enforcing any of its powers The United States Constitution – drafted in 1787 – ratified in 1789 Defines the 3 main branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial Legislative – bicameral (2 houses) Executive – President Judicial – Supreme Court and the lower courts Adopted by the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787. Replaced the Articles of Confederation and the governing document or framework for the American government. The first 10 amendments are called the Bill of Rights. These had to be added to encourage the Anti-Federalist (those opposed to the Constitution) to ratify it. These amendments state basic rights that every citizen has. 13th Amendment – abolished slavery 14th – guaranteed the rights of citizenship to former slaves 15th – gave black men the right to vote 18th – Prohibition Act – banned the use of alcohol 19th - gave women the right to vote Washington’s Farewell Address: warned against entangling alliances, corrupt political parties, and sectionalism Monroe Doctrine – Warned European nations that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open to colonization The War of 1812 (Mr. Madison’s War)(Second American Revolution) Fought between the U.S. and Britain Causes: Impressment of U.S. sailors Trade problems U.S. blames Brits for encouraging Native Americans to attack settlers Major battles: Battle of Horseshoe Bend - AL Battle of Fort McHenry – Star Spangled Banner Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson The Treaty of Ghent ended the war Important Documents: Missouri Compromise – (1820) Agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the Congress – involved the regulation of slavery in the Western Territories Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory (36/30) except within the proposed boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri Kansas_Nebraska Act – created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed settlers to use popular sovereignty to determine if they would be slave or free states Compromise of 1850 California admitted as a free state, slavery in the Mexican cession would be decided by popular sovereignty, abolished the slave trade in D.C., created a tougher Fugitive Slave Act, preannexation debt of Texas would be paid, Congress would have no jurisdiction over the interstate slave trade, slavery would not be abolished in D.C. Dred Scott Decision Decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported into the U.S. and held as slaves, or their descendants (whether or not they were slaves) could not be citizens of the U.S., the Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional The American Civil War (1861-1865) The election of Republican Abraham Lincoln moved the Southern states to secede from the United States and form the Confederate States of America. The first armed conflict occurred at Fort Sumter in South Carolina when forces from South Carolina attempted to seize the Federal arsenal. North’s War Strategy: Anaconda Plan – to force the South into submission by cutting it off from all support systems South’s War Strategy: War of Attrition – Never committing the South’s Army Kill as many Union soldiers as you can with as few losses as possible 1861 1862 1863 Fort Sumter Monitor v. Merrimack The Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg (July) 1863 Vicksburg 1864 Sherman’s March 1865 Appomattox 1863 The South fires on Fort Sumter, beginning the war Battle of 2 ironclad ships; neither ship could sink the other Lincoln freed the slaves in those states that had seceded from the Union Turning point in the Civil War Lee thought that by committing his troops, he could end the war with this battle Last time the South would be the aggressor on Northern soil Grant defeated Gen. Pemberton, giving the North complete control of the Mississippi River Gen. Sherman wanted to crush the South’s will to fight After having sacked Atlanta, Sherman destroyed a path 60 miles wide and some 300 miles ling on his “March to the Sea”; march across Georgia ended in Savannah; Sherman then began moving North Lee surrenders – the war is over Major players in the Civil War Union Abraham Lincoln – U.S. President U.S. Grant Gen. Sherman Gen. McClellan Confederacy Jefferson Davis – Confederate President Gen. Robert E. Lee Gen. Stonewall Jackson Results: South remains in the Union Reconstruction begins Slavery abolished – 13th Amendment Freed blacks recognized as citizens – 14th Amendment Black men gain the right to vote – 15th Amendment Reconstruction: Lincoln’s Plan: restore the Union quickly, gradually reduce the restrictions placed on the South, Union forces would leave the South; don’t punish the South harshly Johnson’s Plan: sympathetic to the South – wanted a mild form of reconstruction that allowed whites to keep their power and limit the power of the freed blacks Radical Republican Reconstruction: Angry over the death of Lincoln and the passage of the Black Codes by the Southern legislatures, the Republican Congress required the southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted to the Union, black citizens must be granted the right to vote and former Confederate officials could not hold public office Ended in 1877 with the withdrawal of Federal troops from the South and the election of Rutherford Hayes. The Gilded Age and The Progressive Era Industrialization Social and political movement that was in response to growing corruption of politicians and big business Leaders: Teddy Roosevelt – Trust Buster – Square Deal William Taft Woodrow Wilson – New Freedom Plan Robber barons were businessmen and bankers who dominated industry and amassed huge personal fortunes, typically as a direct result of pursuing various anti-competitive or unfair business practices Andrew Carnegie – founder of Carnegie Steel J.D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Cornelius Vanderbilt – Railroads and shipping J.P. Morgan – banking & finance Muckrakers (Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair)were a group of American investigative reporters, novelists, and critics from the late 1800s to early 1900s, who investigated and exposed societal issues such as conditions in slums and prisons, factories, insane asylums, sweatshops, mines, child labor and unsanitary conditions in food processing plants. WEB DuBois – Niagara Movement led to the organization of the NAACP BT Washington – founder of Tuskegee Institute The Atlanta Compromise Plessy vs. Ferguson – established “separate but equal” Legalized segregation World War I Causes Causes of U.S. involvement Triple Entente Triple Alliance Trench Warfare No Man’s Land Weapons Treaty of Versailles Racism Consequences of WWI The Jazz Age/Roaring 20’s Major people of the era: F. Scott Fitzgerald W.C. Handy Louis Armstrong Langston Hughes Ernest Hemingway Nationalism Imperialism Military Expansion Alliances The sinking of the Lusitania The Zimmerman Telegram German aggression at sea – unrestricted submarine warfare The Russian Revolution France Great Britain Russia Austria-Hungary Germany Each side’s army lived in trenches The area between the trenches of the opposing sides Poison gas Machine guns Tanks Airplanes Submarines First mechanized war Ended WWI U.S. did not sign the Treaty of Versailles After WWI, people were very selfindulgent – not open to diversity League of Nations – Part of Wilson’s 14 Points – U.S. did not join Lodge Reservations – Opposition to League of Nations End of the German, Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires Creation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Germans lost colonies to Allied nations Effects: growth of radios High poverty rate with some groups Rise of KKK Fear of Communism – Red Scare Sacco and Vanzetti Trials Atheism and Immigration The Harlem Renaissance – increased interest in African-American culture, large increase in number of African Americans in North because of the “Black Exodus” following the Civil War and the “Black Migration” of the early 1900s. The Great Depression – Oct. 1929 Businessmen making lots of money but not paying workers a lot Hard for farmers Overspeculation of stock market Banks failed when investors, losing faith, pulled all of their money out Farming economy collapsed Dust Bowl – dry winds in central U.S. – no rain Soup kitchens established to feed the poor and homeless Tent towns – Hoovervilles FDR elected in 1932 – New Deal programs designed to stimulate the economy ABC agencies such as TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority - cheap electricity and jobs to Ten. Valley Regions World War II Causes: German invasion of Poland and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria Reason for U.S. involvement – bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941) by the Japanese Countries involved Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Allies: Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States Results: Germany surrenders Italy is defeated Dropping of 2 atomic bombs on Japan 70 million people die during the war U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as the World Superpowers – beginning of the Cold War