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NAME____________________________
U.S.HISTORY FINAL REVIEW PACKET
SEMESTER 1
BLK________
3 WORLDS MEET
Know cultural beliefs of Europeans vs. Native Americans. Differed in belief of land—EUR—believed it was there to
be taken—NA—one in unison with land
Things that happened to Native Americans as a result of exposure to Europeans. Disease—vulnerable to smallpox
and measles…..entire civilizations wiped out such as Incas, Mayans
How did African Americans get here? Triangular trade route?—trnasported by Portuguese and other European
nations and colonies across the Atlantic
FIRST ENGLISH COLONIES IN AMERICA
JAMESTOWN, PLYMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS BAY
Challenges of early settlers? Cold, disease, crop failures, not being focused on building the colony + went off to search for
gold—consequently not prepared when winter set in
How did they exist?—help of Native Americans + began to grow cash crops such as tobacco
Important People/Leaders + their roles in colony—John Smith, Roger Williams, Powhattan, Nathaniel Bacon (led
rebellion of frontier farmers against Virginia (Jamestown) colony)
Relationship with Native Americans—challenges?—Some colonists worked with NA’s—others tried to steal land
Emerging ECONOMIC differences between northern and southern colonies—Northern colonies began to focus on
trade with England whereby southern colonies drawn toward agriculture + cash crops
13 COLONIES
MAJOR issue between England and the colonies—increased taxes + lack of representation in Parliament; to ENG,
colonies a pain to monitor
Know DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE of these people/terms:
King George III—King of ENG who imposed taxes
Parliament—legislative body in England who voted for more taxes
Stamp Act— In 1765, Parliament passes the requiring colonists to pay a direct tax on a variety of printed items.
Martial law—imposed curfew by British troops
Samuel Adams— In 1765, helps to found the Sons of Liberty, a secret resistance group
Intolerable Acts— In 1774, Parliament passes what the colonists call the ___, a series of measures that, among other things,
shut down Boston Harbor and authorize British commanders to house soldiers in private homes.
Townshend Acts— In 1766, colonists react with rage and well-organized resistance to the ___, a package of revenue laws
imposing taxes on imports of glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.
Boston Tea Party— In 1773, the ___ is used to send a forceful message to Britain communicating the colonists' feelings
toward the Tea Act.
Boston Massacre—British troops fire on group of colonists protesting occupation of troops and taxes
Enlightenment—intellectual movement focusing on use of reason, scientific method and importance of individual
Benjamin Franklin—Colonist who spent time in Paris and who brought Enlightenment ideas to colonies
Committees of Correspondence— In 1772, the assemblies of Massachusetts and Virginia set up ___ to communicate with
the colonies about British plans to begin taking colonists to Britain for trial and other threats to American liberties.
John Locke + Thomas Jefferson (link?)—JL—English Enlightenment philosopher who believed that gov’t should get its
power from consent of the people. Jefferson uses his ideas in Dec. of Independence
Tariff—tax on imported goods
AMERICAN REVOLUTION + FOUNDING FATHERS
Why did the colonies break away? Increasing unfair taxes, no representation in Parliament. Had enough!!!!
First fighting—WHO/WHERE? Redcoats + minutemen at Battle of Lexingotn
Know DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE of these terms/people—
First Continental Congress—13 colonies send designated reps to Philadelphia to plan response to Britain + taxes+ to vote to
declare war
Articles of Confederation—plan to form a gov’t + unify colonies. Determined power of Continental Congress to declare
war.
Yorktown—final battle of Rev War where Washington defeats Cornwallis in Virginia
Treaty of Paris—peace treaty that ended Amer. Rev between England + colonies
Bill of Rights—1st 10 amendments to Constitution that protect individual rights/liberties
Shay’s Rebellion—rebellion by farmers
“Father of the Constitution”—James Madison
George Washington—leader of American Rev forces and 1st president
Thomas Jefferson—author of Declaration of Independence
Separation of Powers in branches of gov’t—created to check + balance 3 branches—leg, exec, jud, from having too much
power
1st amendment—protects free speech, religion and freedom of press
Marbury vs. Madison—case that set precedent that Supreme Court can determine if law is unconstitutional
Cabinet—advisors to president and part of executive branch
1st Chief Justice of Supreme Court—NOT ON TEST
John Adams—NOT ON TEST
THE NEW NATION, NATIONALISM, SECTIONALISM
What does the nation look like? Interests divided by sections
Characteristics of northern States—cities, industries, many ports of trade, largely populated
Characteristics of southern States—agricultural, small farms, plantations, cash crops—crops grown for sale
Know the definitions + importance of following terms:
Monroe Doctrine—Pres. James Monroe declared that there was to be no interference by European nations in western
hemisphere
Missouri Compromise—Henry Clay devised to keep balance of slave and free states
Abolition—completely do away with—abolition movement to abolish slavery
Emancipation—setting free as in slaves
What did these people do???
Frederick Douglas—former slave, great speaker, encouraged slaves to fight NON_VIOLENTLY for freedom
David Walker— This free African American took the extreme position of encouraging slaves to fight for freedom rather than to
wait for God or slave owners to end slavery
Nat Turner—led violent slave revolt against plantation owner—escaped, later caught and hanged
Ralph Waldo Emerson—leader of philosophical movement known as transcendentalism
Second Great Awakening—religious movement
What did the Slave Codes do? Devised to tighten controls on African Americans
What was the Temperance Movement? Took place to restrict consumption of alcohol—reform movement
KNOW THESE TERMS:
CAPITALISM --economic system in which private corporations and individuals control the means of
production and use them to earn profits
STEAMBOAT—CHANGE TO RAILROAD-- fastest means of transportation available to Americans of
the mid-19th century
JOHN DEERE—NOT ON TEST
NATIONAL ROAD—NOT ON TEST
MARKET REVOLUTION-- early 19th century and changed the way people acquired the goods they needed
CYRUS McCORMICK--invented the mechanical reaper
MECHANICAL REAPER-- invention allowed an individual farmer to do the work of five hired hands
MANIFEST DESTINY-- The idea that America had a God-given right to expand across the continent
Know why people settled in Texas—what were ALL the reasons?
Battle of the Alamo—what was it? battle MOST responsible for winning Texas its freedom from Mexico
What was the route used for trade? Santa Fe Trail
What was the route the settlers used to move West? Oregon
THE POLITICS OF SLAVERY THAT LEAD TO CIVIL WAR
What was the purpose of the Compromise of 1850? the admission of California as a free state/Texas could
stay slave
Who introduced it to Congress? Henry Clay
Know popular sovereignty—how does it go with the Kansas-Nebraska Act? Idea that people of territory
would decide if state would be free or slave….as result of Compromise of 1850—Congress passed KS-NEB- fate of slavery in both territories to be decided by people of territory—BOTTOM LINE KS-NEB ACT
REPEALED/CANCELED COMP OF 1850
What was ‘Bleeding Kansas’?—term applied to violence in Kansas territory over slavery
How did the Republican Party of Lincoln become united? NOT ON TEST
KNOW THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS LEADING TO THE CIVIL WAR USING THE FOLLOWING
EVENTS—Bleeding Kansas, secession of South Carolina, Lincoln elected in 1860, the formation of the
Confederate States of America
What was the Dred Scott Decision? being on free territory automatically made a slave free
Who decided it? Supreme Court
Know the following.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin—book about evils of slavery
Raid on Harper’s Ferry-- was intended to spark a general slave uprising
Underground Railroad—system of secret locations to move slaves from North to South
Know these people and what they did.
Henry Clay—proposed plan of Compromise of 1850
John Brown—abolitionist who led raid on Harper’s Ferry
Jefferson Davis—elected pres of CSA
Harriet Tubman—helped over 300 slaves escape via Underground RR
Abraham Lincoln—elected pres in 1860--republican
Stephen A. Douglas—faced Lincoln in series of famous debates as pres candidate
Harriet Beecher Stowe—wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
THE CIVIL WAR + RECONSTRUCTION
What was Lincoln’s MAIN goal when the Civil War began?—to restore the Union
Know the advantages AND disadvantages of the NORTH vs. the SOUTH when the war began.
North
South
Industry, people, food + production
military leadership
Know the following battles, who won them, and why they were significant.
***ADD—FORT SUMTER--South
Bull Run—South
Antietam—North-- bloodiest single-day battle in American history
Vicksburg—North—cut Confederacy in half
Gettysburg—North—turning point in war- crippled the Confederate forces so badly that they never again
invaded a Northern state again
Sherman’s March to the Sea— destructive march across the South to the sea—led by Gen Sherman
Which Civil War battle is considered a turning point because it crippled the Confederate forces so badly that
they never again invaded a Northern state? Gettysburg
What happened at Appomatox—surrender of Confederacy by Lee
Read through the Gettysburg Address + FAMILIARIZE yourself with it—do it more than once!
What abolished slavery in the North? adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment
Know the importance of these people and which side they fought on
Robert E. Lee—commander of Confederate troops
Ulysses S. Grant—commander of Union troops
William Tecumseh Sherman—general who used total warfare to destroy the South in 2nd half of war
Abraham Lincoln's approach to Reconstruction could be summarized as an effort to…
make it relatively easy for the South to return to the Union
The black codes regulated what--the daily lives of Southern African Americans
What specific event or occurrence signaled the end of Reconstruction—Compromise of 1877
SETTLING THE WEST
Know these terms or people:
Sitting Bull--leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux--helped to defeat the U.S. Army at the Little Bighorn, toured in
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, encouraged the Ghost Dance movement, and killed during an attempt by
reservation police to arrest him
Homestead Act-- offered 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live on and cultivate it for five years
Dawes Act-- supposed to "Americanize" Native Americans--own property and to farm reservation land given
to Native American families
Battle of Wounded Knee-- U.S. Army fired cannons on 340 starving, freezing Sioux; within minutes, 300 of
them were dead.
Great Plains-- vast grassland extending through the central-west portion of the United States
In the mid-1800s, how was a settler on the central Great Plains most likely to earn a living? Farmer, rancher,
miner
Assimilation of the Plains Indians was MAINLY intended to-- help them adapt to white culture
INDUSTRY + BIG BUSINESS
What did Andrew Carnegie do to gain control of a large percentage of the steel industry?
bought out his suppliers--bought out his competitors--underssold his competitors.
What made it possible, during the 1800s, to construct skyscrapers? new methods of making steel
Industrial consolidation and trusts functioned during the late 1800s to reduce what? competition
Social Darwinism was used to justify what practices—the existence of poverty--the success of big business-the power of millionaire industrialists.
Know these terms-Ellis Island—place through which immigrants arrived on the East Coast pass before gaining entry into the
United States
Gentlemen’s Agreement-- name of a restriction limiting Japanese emigration to the United States
Angel Island--immigrants arriving on the West Coast passed before gaining entry into the United States
culture shock-- refers to the confusion and anxiety that newly arrived immigrants often experienced
What was the purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act? decrease Chinese immigration
The row house was a new type of housing that conserved space by doing what? sharing side walls with other
buildings
Tammany Hall was the name of what? the New York City political machine
Name the characteristics of a typical supporter of a political machine-- . poor. urban.--a factory worker.
Who assassinated President Garfield? Why did he do it? –Charles Guiteau –wanted Garfield’s patronage to
be ambassador to Paris
Which president used his power to clean up the New York Customs House but was unable to get legislative
support for civil service reform? Why not? Rutherford B. Hayes