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Lecture Terms
1. Land bridge: A stretch of land that existed due to the changing sea elevation
between Russia and Alaska.
2. Christopher Columbus: an Italian navigator that convinced the Spanish king and
queen to fund an expedition to find a shortcut to Asia, instead he landed in the
Bahamas
3. Columbian exchange: the food, disease, plants, religion, and weapons that were
introduced to both Europe and the Americas as a result of the exploration of the
Americas
4. Colony: an area controlled politically, socially, and economically by another
country for the benefit of the colonizer
5. Small pox: A highly infectious disease brought to the Americas by the Spanish,
killed millions of Native Americans and contributed to the success of the Spanish
colonizers
6. Slavery: forced labor, in the case of the Americas was practiced on Native
Americans and Africans
7. Jamestown: the first English colony established in North America in what today is
Virginia
8. Tobacco: Native Americans taught the English to cultivate the crop which yielded
huge profits when sold in Europe, contributed to settlers success in North
America
9. House of Burgesses: first freely-elected representative body in a colony
10. French: established fur trading posts and by the 1600s controlled the interior of
North America
11. Dutch: colonized what today is New York and New Jersey in the early 1600s but
lost the territory to the English
12. New England colonies: religion was the motivation to settle in North America
13. Pilgrims: English religious separatists who arrived in Massachusetts to found a
religious colony
14. Puritans: wanted to “purify” the Church of England and planned to establish
model churches in the colonies that would be copied in England
15. Rhode Island: established by Roger Williams when he was ejected from
Massachusetts for questioning church authority, others arrived later seeking
religious toleration
16. Northern colonies: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut;
long, cold winters, most settlements near harbors, lumbering, fishing, ship
building, iron works, wool production main industries
17. Pennsylvania: given to William Penn, a Quaker, to pay a debt to his father, colony
was based on religious tolerance
18. Middle colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; wheat, rye,
livestock, ethnically diverse, King George III gifted the territory to friends and
family
19. Southern colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia;
cotton, indigo, rice, tobacco, slavery, mostly rural development
20. Conflicts with Native Americans: usually stemmed from colonists invading tribal
lands, although there were many circumstances of success for the Native
Americans ultimately they were overtaken by the number of new arrivals, friendly
or not
21. Mercantilism: economic system practiced by European countries in the 18th
century, based on the idea that the way to get more of the limited wealth in the
world was to regulate trade especially in a colony
22. Enlightenment: philosophical movement in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries
that utilized reason to determine people’s rights and the proper way to govern,
influenced the colonists desire for independence
23. The Great Awakening: Religious movement throughout the colonies in the the
early 18th century that emphasized individual connection to God rather than
dependence on church leaders which helped led to sense of independence in the
colonies
24. Population explosion and colonial self-rule: the increasing population and
experiences of self-government led to the independence movement in the colonies
25. French and Indian War: struggle between France and England over the Ohio
valley, Native Americans joined forces when it seemed one side would win, the
British victory removed the “French threat” which made the colonists less
dependent on Britain for protection as well as bonded the colonists in battle
26. Taxes on the colonists: British government had to pay for the war, these led to
desire for independence as the colonists had no representatives in Parliament
27. Sons of Liberty: group formed by radical separatist colonists who used violence if
necessary to achieve their goals
28. Boston Massacre: British troops killed colonists after a confrontation and when
they were basically acquitted it fueled the desire for independence
29. Boston Tea Party: protest against the tea tax in 1773, Sons of Liberty dressed as
Indians and dumped tea in the Boston harbor
30. First Continental Congress: met in Philadelphia in 1774 to decide how to deal
with the situation with Great Britain, sent the Declaration of Rights and
Grievances to the king
31. Lexington and Concord: the opening battles of the American Revolution
32. Second Continental Congress: convened in Philadelphia in 1775, sent a petition to
the king asking for resolution and formed the Continental Army, later served as
the government during the war
33. Common Sense: widely read pamphlet by Thomas Paine on the reasons to
separate from Great Britain
34. Declaration of Independence: document written by Thomas Jefferson that
outlined the reasons to separate from Great Britain and announced the
independence to the world, adopted July 4, 1776
35. Battle of Yorktown: final Battle in the American Revolution, with victory on the
colonists part due in large part to French aid
36. Articles of Confederation: first attempt at government in the new country, weak
executive branch crippled its ability to properly function
37. Shay’s rebellion: led by Daniel Shay, a Massachusetts farmer who fought the
courts seizing of his farm with a large group of farmers also in debt. The new
government was not equipped to deal with the crisis and this event helped lead to
the Constitutional Convention
38. Delegate: a representative
39. Faction: a group with a common interest, like an interest group
40. Bicameral: two houses, our congress has two branches
41. Great Compromise: two houses of congress, one based on population the other
with equal representatives
42. Three-fifths compromise: slaves would count as three-fifths of a person for
representative purposes in congress
43. Federalism: a system of government where there are two levels of government,
the national and state, power is shared between the two levels
44. Separation of powers: breaking up a government into different branches so power
is shared and there are checks and balances, to prevent tyranny
45. ratification: to formally approve and put into effect
46. Federalist Papers: a series of essays published by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison to
convince people to ratify the constitution
47. George Washington: first president of the new republic
48. Bill of Rights: first ten amendments to the constitution which give citizens
protected rights from the government
49. Cabinet: the president is empowered by the constitution to have advisors, he
appoints them and then they are approved by the Senate
50. political parties: group of people united behind a set of beliefs that they promise
to carry out once elected, nominate candidates to office
51. Whiskey rebellion: citizens in western Pennsylvania protested the tax, troops were
sent in and the rebellion was squashed, proved the new government could tax and
deal with crisis situations
52. John Adams: second president
53. War of 1812: between the U.S. and Great Britain in part to stop impressment,
established the U.S. as a world power and signaled the end of U.S. involvement in
European affairs until WWI
54. Louisiana Purchase: negotiated while Jefferson was president, purchased land
from France, doubled the size of the U.S.
55. Thomas Jefferson: wrote the Declaration of Independence, served the new
government in different positions including president
56. James Monroe: president who issued the famous “Monroe Doctrine” declaring
that Europe stay out of the Americas
57. Andrew Jackson: first president who was not from the elite, removed Native
Americans from their lands and dealt with states rights versus national
government rights which would not be resolved until the Civil War
58. Trail of Tears: removal of Native Americans from the east to Oklahoma,
Cherokee from Georgia fought the court order but were forced to move,
thousands died on the trek from starvation, cold, and disease
59. Mexican-American War: the U.S. fought this war because of a belief in “manifest
destiny”, gained territory including parts of CA, AZ, NM, TX, UT, and CO
60. Manifest destiny: the belief that it was the U.S.’s destiny to control the land
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
61. Missouri compromise of 1820: allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state as long
as no new slave states entered the union above the 30* latitude line,
62. Compromise of 1850: allowed CA to enter as a free state which upset the balance
between free and slave states, also allowed the Fugitive Slave Act to be passed
63. Fugitive Slave Act: law stated that escaped slaves must be returned to their
masters even if they escaped to a free state
64. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854: overturned the Missouri compromise by allowing
states popular sovereignty, the ability to vote whether or not they would become a
free or slave state
65. “Bleeding Kansas”: Kansas was the first state to allow popular sovereignty, pro
and anti-slavery supporters entered in great numbers, violence erupted and many
believe this to be the beginning of the Civil War
66. Scott v. Sanford: Supreme Court case which stated that blacks, free or slaves,
were not citizens of the U.S.
67. John Brown: led a raid on Harpers ferry’s arsenal to start a slave revolt, was
captured and sentenced to death
68. Election of 1860: Lincoln was elected and the south seceded from the Union
69. Abraham Lincoln: Republican president during the Civil War who wanted the
union to stay together and outlaw slavery, was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
at the end of the war
70. Civil War: fought between the north and south after the south seceded the union
from 1861-1865, bloodiest war ever fought on U.S. soil
71. Confederate States of America: new government formed by the seceded south
headed by Jefferson Davis
72. Fort Sumter: fort in South Carolina that the Confederate army attacked, opening
of the Civil war
73. First Battle of Bull Run: first battle of the Civil War where both sides realized it
would be a long, bloody war
74. Antietam: major union victory that made the north believe they could win the war
75. Emancipation Proclamation: speech given by Lincoln after the battle at Antietam,
stated that slaves in rebel states were free, began the end of slavery in the south
76. Battle at Vicksburg: important union victory because located on a river, split the
south in half
77. Gettysburg: the south tried to invade the north but were stopped, the confederate
defeat signaled the end of European intervention for the south, the south never
fully recovered from the loss of 28,000 men
78. Gettysburg address: speech given by Lincoln commemorating the dead and
stating that sacrifice must be made for the greater good
79. Sherman’s March to the sea: turning point in the war since the north was able to
capture the major seaport of Savannah, union soldiers burned and looted food and
supplies across the state of Georgia
80. Grant’s campaign for Richmond: Grant captured the Confederate capital of
Richmond, VA
81. Appomattox Courthouse: Confederate general Robert E. Lee was trapped and
surrendered to Union general Ulysses S. Grant at the Mc Lean house on April 9,
1865
82. Reconstruction: period of time in which the United States was reunited after the
Civil War
83. Lincoln’s plan: lenient toward rebel south: 10% loyalty oath, new state
constitutions outlawing slavery, but no protections for freed slaves
84. Johnson’s plan: similar to Lincoln’s plan but required states to pay back war debts
and amnesty to all whites who signed loyalty oaths
85. Radical Republican’s plan: equal rights under new state governments, voting
rights for blacks, military intervention in the south to institute changes
86. 13th amendment: banned slavery in the U.S.
87. Freedman’s Bureau Act: created agencies to assist blacks in post-slavery south,
set up schools, medical facilities, and leased land to poor whites and blacks
88. Black Codes: series of laws passed in southern states restricting the rights of
African Americans, beginning of segregation
89. 14th Amendment: equal protection under the law, citizenship of blacks, and due
process under the law
90. 15th Amendment: color-blind suffrage for male citizens
91. military districts: the south was divided into 5 districts to institute reconstruction,
the military occupied the south until Hayes became president in 1876
92. Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce: first African American senators elected from
the south during Reconstruction
93. impeachment: if the president commits a crime he can be removed from office by
Congress, Johnson was put on trial for violating the Tenure of Office Act and was
impeached by the House but not removed from office by the Senate by one vote
94. carpetbaggers: term used by southerners to describe northerners who came to the
south during reconstruction
95. scalawags: term used by southerners to describe “traitors”, southerners who
helped with reconstruction
96. sharecropping: system where a landlord leases land to a tenant farmer who pays in
crops but is subject to the prices set by the landlord, keeps the tenant in poverty
97. Ku Klux Klan: terrorist group that targeted African Americans and whites who
helped blacks during reconstruction
98. segregation: separate facilities for whites and blacks that began during
reconstruction and did not end until the civil rights movement in the 1950s
99. Election of 1876: Hayes became president in a close election decided by the
Senate after making a deal to remove the military from the south, signaled the end
of Reconstruction