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Crusades:
 Holy wars between Catholics and Muslims
 Fought by the Catholics to regain control of the Holy Land
 Opened trade routes between Asia and Europe
 Led to a desire for Asian goods (spices & silks)
 Exposed Europe to the writings of Ancient Greece and Rome
Renaissance:
 Began in Florence, Italy
 Major advancements in art, literature, and navigational technology
 New inventions will lead to the Age of Exploration
 Encouraged people to read the Bible with a critical eye
 Will lead to reforms in the Catholic Church
 Rise of Humanist
Reformation:
 Started by Martin Luther – 1500s
 Purify the Catholic Church of things like selling indulgences
 Split the Catholic Church and Europe
 Creation of Protestant churches
 Will lead to people moving to the New World to escape religious persecution
 Will push Spain to settle parts of the American Southwest by setting up missions
to convert Natives to Catholicism
Columbian Exchange:
 Started by the arrival of Columbus in 1492 to the New World (the Americas)
 An exchange of animals, foods, cultures, and diseases
 Led to the destabilization of Native American cultures due to population loss from
disease, warfare and conquests
 Led to the destabilization of West-African cultures due to the warfare promoted
by the slave traders and the loss of natives to slave catchers
Europe (Old World) to America (New World)
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Tea
Sugar
Coffee
Horses
Cattle
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Plants
Disease – most devastating part of the exchange
America (New World) to Europe (Old World)
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Potatoes
Corn
Tomatoes
Chocolate
Age of Exploration
Conquistadors:
 Spanish conquerors of the New World
 Were motivated by God, Glory, & Gold
 Hernando Cortez – conquered the Aztecs in Mexico in 1519
 Francisco Pizarro – conquered the Incas in Peru
 Hernando de Soto – explored modern day Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi in
search of the “City of Gold”
 Founded St. Augustine, the first permanent European city in North America in
1565
English Colonization:
 Founded Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America in
1607
 Would probably not have survived without the introduction of tobacco to the
colony
 Established the Virginia House of Burgesses, the first legislative body in North
America
French and Indian War:
 1754-1763
 Also known as the Seven Year War
 England, the American colonists and their Native American allies fighting against
the French and their Native American allies for control of the Ohio River Valley
region
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The French will be defeated and will loss control of their lands in North America
under the Treaty of Paris 1763
Will lead to conflict between the English and their American colonists due to the
increased need for tax money to pay for the war, a larger military presence in the
colonies and the desire of the British to limit westward expansion (Proclamation
of 1763)
The Great Awakening
 A general revival of evangelical Christianity in the American colonies
 Reached its peak in the early 1740s
 Spread through revivals throughout the colonies
 Contributed to a sense of American nationalism before the Revolution
 Jonathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God); colonial
Congregational preacher (Puritan), theologian and missionary to Native
Americans; known as the greatest and most profound of American theologians
and revivalists
 George Whitefield- itinerant minister who helped spread the Great Awakening in
Great Britain and the American colonies
First Continental Congress (1774)
 Organized by colonial leaders to respond to the Intolerable Acts
 Agreed to boycott all British goods and stop exporting colonial goods to Great
Britain until the Acts were repealed
Second Continental Congress (1775)
 Served as the governing body for the country during the Revolutionary War
 Authorized and signed the Declaration of Independence
 Members drafted the Articles of Confederation
The Revolutionary War
Causes:
Taxes and legislation passed after the French and Indian War to raise money to pay for
the war and the protection needed in the colonies afterward
Stamp Act
Quartering Act
Tea Act
Intolerable Act (Coercive and Quebec Acts) – passed by the British as retribution for the
Boston Tea Party; closed the port of Boston, British suspended the government in
Boston; quartering of British soldiers
Taxation without representation
Major Leaders
Americans (Patriots)
George Washington – leader of revolutionary troops
Samuel Adams – leader of the “Sons of Liberty;” led the Boston Tea Party
John Adams – representative from Massachusetts; 2nd president
Thomas Jefferson – author of the Declaration of Independence; representative from
Virginia
Benjamin Franklin – representative from Pennsylvania; one of the oldest and most
respected Founding Fathers
England (Great Britain)
George III – king of England during the Revolutionary War
General Cornwallis
General Howe
Military Campaigns
Lexington and Concord – “shot heard round the world” – skirmish between the Brits
(redcoats) and the militia surrounding Boston – first battle of the war
Battle of Bunker Hill (actually Breeds Hill) – Americans held the British advance off
multiple times; eventually ran out of ammunition and were forced to retreat
Battle of Saratoga – turning point of the war; American victory led to the creation of the a
new nation that was independent of England
The Magna Carta
 Signed in 1215 by King John – forced to acknowledge that the nobles had rights
 It didn’t protect the rights of the common man, but it did set the precedent that a
king’s power was not absolute
The Enlightenment – a period in the 1600 and 1700 that focused on using reason to
explain all aspects of life: political, economic, religious, and social
John Locke (1632 – 1704)
 English philosopher who believed that the government should derive it powers
from the people whom it governed; natural rights; Compact Theory
Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778)
 French philosopher who wrote the Social Contract; believed that power came
from the people, not a king; there should be an agreement between the people and
the government to limit the rights and duties of each
Baron Montesquieu
 Wrote the Spirit of the Laws in 1748; thought that the functions of government
should be divided among three branches and that duties and powers should be
carefully defined and separated so no one branch acquired too much power
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Major principles: all men are created equal, all people have certain unalienable
rights, government only exists by the consent of the governed, government must
be changed if it becomes unjust
The document was written primarily be Thomas Jefferson and it become the ideals upon
which the new nation was founded.
The Articles of Confederation – 1781
These articles were the first national constitution. It created an alliance between 1
independent states with a unicameral Congress to make up the central government; were
very weak.
Gave Congress the Power to:
Declare war and make peace
Raise an army and navy
Make foreign treaties and alliances
Coin & borrow money
Regulate weights and measurements
Establish a post office
Regulate Indian affairs
Make amendments only with the
unanimous vote of all states
Prevented Congress from:
Taxing
Regulate foreign and domestic trade
Settle disputes among states
Collect state debts owed to central
governments
Enforcing any of its powers
The United States Constitution – drafted in 1787 – ratified in 1789
Defines the 3 main branches of government: legislative, executive and judicial
Legislative – bicameral (2 houses)
Executive – President
Judicial – Supreme Court and the lower courts
Adopted by the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787. Replaced the Articles
of Confederation and the governing document or framework for the American
government. The first 10 amendments are called the Bill of Rights. These had to be added
to encourage the Anti-Federalist (those opposed to the Constitution) to ratify it. These
amendments state basic rights that every citizen has.
13th Amendment – abolished slavery
14th – guaranteed the rights of citizenship to former slaves
15th – gave black men the right to vote
18th – Prohibition Act – banned the use of alcohol
19th - gave women the right to vote
Washington’s Farewell Address: warned against entangling alliances, corrupt political
parties, and sectionalism
Monroe Doctrine – Warned European nations that the Western Hemisphere was no
longer open to colonization
The War of 1812 (Mr. Madison’s War)(Second American Revolution)
Fought between the U.S. and Britain
Causes:
Impressment of U.S. sailors
Trade problems
U.S. blames Brits for encouraging Native Americans to attack settlers
Major battles:
Battle of Horseshoe Bend - AL
Battle of Fort McHenry – Star Spangled Banner
Battle of New Orleans – Andrew Jackson
The Treaty of Ghent ended the war
Important Documents:
Missouri Compromise – (1820)
Agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the Congress – involved
the regulation of slavery in the Western Territories
Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory (36/30) except within the proposed
boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri
Kansas_Nebraska Act – created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new
lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed settlers to use popular sovereignty
to determine if they would be slave or free states
Compromise of 1850
California admitted as a free state, slavery in the Mexican cession would be decided by popular
sovereignty, abolished the slave trade in D.C., created a tougher Fugitive Slave Act, preannexation debt of Texas would be paid, Congress would have no jurisdiction over the interstate
slave trade, slavery would not be abolished in D.C.
Dred Scott Decision
Decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent imported
into the U.S. and held as slaves, or their descendants (whether or not they were slaves)
could not be citizens of the U.S., the Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in
federal territories and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The election of Republican Abraham Lincoln moved the Southern states to secede from
the United States and form the Confederate States of America. The first armed conflict
occurred at Fort Sumter in South Carolina when forces from South Carolina attempted to
seize the Federal arsenal.
North’s War Strategy: Anaconda Plan – to force the South into submission by cutting it
off from all support systems
South’s War Strategy: War of Attrition – Never committing the South’s Army
Kill as many Union soldiers as you can with as few losses as possible
1861
1862
1863
Fort Sumter
Monitor v.
Merrimack
The Emancipation
Proclamation
Gettysburg (July)
1863
Vicksburg
1864
Sherman’s March
1865
Appomattox
1863
The South fires on Fort Sumter, beginning the war
Battle of 2 ironclad ships; neither ship could sink the
other
Lincoln freed the slaves in those states that had
seceded from the Union
Turning point in the Civil War
Lee thought that by committing his troops, he could
end the war with this battle
Last time the South would be the aggressor on
Northern soil
Grant defeated Gen. Pemberton, giving the North
complete control of the Mississippi River
Gen. Sherman wanted to crush the South’s will to
fight
After having sacked Atlanta, Sherman destroyed a
path 60 miles wide and some 300 miles ling on his
“March to the Sea”; march across Georgia ended in
Savannah; Sherman then began moving North
Lee surrenders – the war is over
Major players in the Civil War
Union
Abraham Lincoln – U.S. President
U.S. Grant
Gen. Sherman
Gen. McClellan
Confederacy
Jefferson Davis – Confederate President
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Gen. Stonewall Jackson
Results:
South remains in the Union
Reconstruction begins
Slavery abolished – 13th Amendment
Freed blacks recognized as citizens – 14th Amendment
Black men gain the right to vote – 15th Amendment
Reconstruction:
Lincoln’s Plan: restore the Union quickly, gradually reduce the restrictions placed on the
South, Union forces would leave the South; don’t punish the South harshly
Johnson’s Plan: sympathetic to the South – wanted a mild form of reconstruction that
allowed whites to keep their power and limit the power of the freed blacks
Radical Republican Reconstruction: Angry over the death of Lincoln and the passage of
the Black Codes by the Southern legislatures, the Republican Congress required the
southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted to the Union, black citizens
must be granted the right to vote and former Confederate officials could not hold public
office
Ended in 1877 with the withdrawal of Federal troops from the South and the election of
Rutherford Hayes.
The Gilded Age and The Progressive Era
Industrialization
Social and political movement that was in response to growing corruption of politicians
and big business
Leaders:
Teddy Roosevelt – Trust Buster – Square Deal
William Taft
Woodrow Wilson – New Freedom Plan
Robber barons were businessmen and bankers who dominated industry and amassed huge
personal fortunes, typically as a direct result of pursuing various anti-competitive or
unfair business practices
Andrew Carnegie – founder of Carnegie Steel
J.D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil
Cornelius Vanderbilt – Railroads and shipping
J.P. Morgan – banking & finance
Muckrakers (Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair)were a group of American investigative
reporters, novelists, and critics from the late 1800s to early 1900s, who investigated and
exposed societal issues such as conditions in slums and prisons, factories, insane
asylums, sweatshops, mines, child labor and unsanitary conditions in food processing
plants.
WEB DuBois – Niagara Movement led to the organization of the NAACP
BT Washington – founder of Tuskegee Institute
The Atlanta Compromise
Plessy vs. Ferguson – established “separate but equal”
Legalized segregation
World War I
Causes
Causes of U.S. involvement
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
Trench Warfare
No Man’s Land
Weapons
Treaty of Versailles
Racism
Consequences of WWI
The Jazz Age/Roaring 20’s
Major people of the era:
F. Scott Fitzgerald
W.C. Handy
Louis Armstrong
Langston Hughes
Ernest Hemingway
Nationalism
Imperialism
Military Expansion
Alliances
The sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
German aggression at sea – unrestricted
submarine warfare
The Russian Revolution
France
Great Britain
Russia
Austria-Hungary
Germany
Each side’s army lived in trenches
The area between the trenches of the
opposing sides
Poison gas
Machine guns
Tanks
Airplanes
Submarines
First mechanized war
Ended WWI
U.S. did not sign the Treaty of Versailles
After WWI, people were very selfindulgent – not open to diversity
League of Nations – Part of Wilson’s 14
Points – U.S. did not join
Lodge Reservations – Opposition to
League of Nations
End of the German, Russian, Ottoman and
Austro-Hungarian Empires
Creation of new countries in Europe and
the Middle East
Germans lost colonies to Allied nations
Effects: growth of radios
High poverty rate with some groups
Rise of KKK
Fear of Communism – Red Scare
Sacco and Vanzetti Trials
Atheism and Immigration
The Harlem Renaissance – increased interest in African-American culture, large increase
in number of African Americans in North because of the “Black Exodus” following the
Civil War and the “Black Migration” of the early 1900s.
The Great Depression – Oct. 1929
Businessmen making lots of money but not paying workers a lot
Hard for farmers
Overspeculation of stock market
Banks failed when investors, losing faith, pulled all of their money out
Farming economy collapsed
Dust Bowl – dry winds in central U.S. – no rain
Soup kitchens established to feed the poor and homeless
Tent towns – Hoovervilles
FDR elected in 1932 – New Deal programs designed to stimulate the economy
ABC agencies such as TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority - cheap electricity and jobs to
Ten. Valley Regions
World War II
Causes:
German invasion of Poland and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Reason for U.S. involvement – bombing of Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941) by the Japanese
Countries involved
Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
Allies: Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States
Results:
Germany surrenders
Italy is defeated
Dropping of 2 atomic bombs on Japan
70 million people die during the war
U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as the World Superpowers – beginning of the Cold War