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U1: THE WORLD
CHAPTER 2 – NOTES
WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Section 1: Planet Earth
I.
Our Solar System
A)
The Planets: Neighbors in Space
1.
Planets-the largest objects that orbit the sun.
2.
Terrestrial Planets-they have a solid rocky crust.
Ex., Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
3.
Gas Giant Planets-they are farther from the sun
and are much more gaseous and less dense than the
terrestrial planets. Ex., Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
4.
B)
Pluto-the exception among planets, is a ball of ice and
rock.
Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids (the
the solar system)
1.
smallest
objects in
Asteroids-small, irregularly shaped, planet-like objects.
Mainly found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter called
the asteroid belt.
2.
Comets-made of icy dust particles and frozen gases.
3.
Meteoroids-pieces of space debris—chunks of rock and
iron.
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II.
Getting to Know Earth
A)
Water, Land, and Air
1.
The surface of the earth is about
30%
land and about
70% water.
B)
Landforms
continents,
moutains, hills, plateaus, valleys, and
plains.
1.
The earth’s landforms-include
2.
Continental Shelf-part of a continent that extends
under water.
C)
Earth’s Heights and Depths
1.
Highest Point on Earth-the summit of Mount
Everest at 29,035 feet above sea level.
2.
Earth’s lowest point of dry land-the shore of the Dead
Sea at 1,349 feet below sea level. The Dead Sea is on
the Arabian Peninsula.
3.
Mariana Trench-the deepest known level of the
ocean floor at 35,827 feet below sea level.
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Section 2: Forces of Change
I.
Earth’s Structure
A)
A Layered Planet-the inner core is
surface; the outer core is about
made of iron and nickel.
4,000 below the
1,400 thick.
They are both
1.
Mantle-made of hot, dense rock.
2.
Outer Crust-layer of rock that varies in thickness from
It releases 80
percent of the heat generated from the earths interior.
(Middle Layer)
about 2 to 75. It is broken into plates that rest on a
layer of the uper mantle. The plates carry the earths
continents and oceans.
B)
Plate Movement
1.
Continental Drift-theory that all continents were
once joined and have broken apart and drifted. Plates
move gradually and as they move, they come together and
pull apart.
2.
Plate Tectonics-activities that are caused from the
movement of plates such as: pushing up mountains,
creating volcanoes, and producing earthquakes.
3.
Magma-when plates spread apart it is pushed up from
the mantle and ridges are formed.
4.
Trench-when plates bump together-one may slide
under another one.
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II.
Internal Forces of Change
A)
Colliding and Spreading Plates
1.
Subduction-when a sea plate collides with and dives
beneath a continental divide. This is one way that
mountain ranges form. Ex: The Andes!
2.
Accretion-when pieces of the earth’s crust come
together slowly as a sea plate slides under a continental
plate. This is how continents grow.
3.
B)
C)
Chain of Islands-when
two sea plates collide.
Folds and Faults
squeeze the earths surface.
1.
Folds-when plates
2.
Fault lines-when the layers grind
other.
or slide past each
Earthquakes
Sudden, violent movements
along fault lines.
1.
Earthquakes-
2.
Ring of Fire-a zone of earthquake and volcanic
activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean. Cities in this area
such as, San Francisco and Los Angeles are prone to
severe earthquakes.
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D)
Volcanic Eruptions
1.
Volcanoes-mountains formed by magma that has
broken through the earths crust.
III.
plate boundaries.
2.
Volcanoes often rise along
3.
They also occur when especially hot places deep inside
the earth blast their magma (molten rock) to the
surface.
External Forces of Change
A)
Weathering
1.
Physical Weathering-occurs when large masses of
rock are broken down into smaller pieces.
2.
Chemical Weathering-changes the chemical
composition of rocks. Water is mixed with carbon
dioxide from the air and dissolves certain rocks such as
limestone.
B)
Wind Erosion-movement of dust, sand, and soil from one
place to another. It can devastate some areas and bring
mineral riches to the soil in other places.
C)
Glacial Erosion-glaciers are large bodies of ice that move
slowly across the earth’s surface. As they move they carry
along rocks and soil.
1.
Sheet glaciers-Flat, broad
cover Greenland, Antarctica.
sheets of ice.
2.
Mountain Glaciers-located in high mountain valleys.
They
An example is the Rocky Mountains.
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D)
Water Erosion-rain, rivers, streams, and oceans wear away soil
and rock. It forms
valleys and canyons.
Section 3: Earth’s Water
I.
The Water Cycle
A)
Hydrosphere-part of the earth that is covered by
1.
Most of the hydrosphere is salt water:
water.
Oceans, seas
and some lakes.
2.
B)
The rest of the hydrosphere is
rivers, and springs.
fresh water: lakes,
The sun’s heat evaporates water, which remains relatively
constant because the evaporated water returns to Earth as
precipitation.
II.
Bodies of Salt Water
A)
Oceans-about 97% of the hydrosphere is a huge body of salt
water divided into four oceans; the
Atlantic, Pacific,
Indian and Arctic Oceans.
B)
Seas, Gulfs, and Bays-Large bodies of salt water partially
enclosed by land. The Gulf of Mexico is nearly encircled by the
coast of the US and Mexico. These are the three types of
oceans.
C)
Ocean Water to Drinking Water
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1.
Desalination-the removal of salt from the ocean
water. They do this because of the great demand for
drinking water.
III.
Bodies of Freshwater
Only about 3% of the hydrosphere is freshwater, and most of it
is frozen in glaciers and icecaps, which are
people.
A)
inaccessible to
Lakes, Streams, and Rivers
1.
Lakes-bodies of freshwater that is completely
surrounded by land. The only lakes made of salt water
are SW Asia’s Dead Sea and Utah’s Great Salt Lake.
2.
Streams-narrow bodies of water flowing through
areas of land.
3.
Rivers-large streams that carry greater volumes of
water.
4.
Because rivers and streams flow through land, they carry
freshwater to people and animals. Most people and
animals live near sources of
B)
freshwater.
Groundwater-freshwater lying beneath the planets surface.
Natural springs and handmade wells allow people to retreive
groundwater. It comes from rain and melted snow.
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