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US History
Fort Burrows
17.5 The War Ends
Main Idea:
Under the leadership of General Ulysses S. Grant, Union armies used their
resources and manpower to defeat the Confederacy.
siege – military blockade or bombardment of an enemy town or position in order to
force it to surrender
Battle of Gettysburg – 1863 Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that left more than
50,000 soldiers dead or wounded; Confederates never invaded the North again
Pickett’s Charge – failed Confederate charge at the Battle of Gettysburg
Gettysburg Address – 1863 speech made by President Lincoln after the
Battle of Gettysburg
total war – all out war that affects civilizations at home as well as soldiers in combat
Appomattox Court House – Virginia town; site of the Confederate surrender in 1865
barrage – continual assault of military fire to protect one’s troops
casualties – losses of life
distinctions – differences
lament – express sorrow or regret
preservation – to keep in existence or to protect
reinforcements – additional supplies of men, weapons, etc. with regard to military
forces
Setting the Scene:
To general Ulysses S. Grant, every problem had a solution. For example, he
needed telegraph lines to coordinate the march of his Union troops into the South. So,
he had them strung as his troops advanced. Some of Grant’s operators even learned
to receive messages without a telegraph station. Touching the ends of the wires to their
tongues, these resourceful men picked up the spark of the Morse code signals.
In 1864, President Lincoln had appointed Ulysses S. Grant Commander in Chief
of the Union Army. He said, “The art of war is simple, find out where your enemy is,
get at him as soon as you can and strike him as hard as you can, and keep moving on.”
It seemed the President had finally found the general who could lead the Union to
victory.
Confederate – Battle of Bull Run ( a claimed victory )
Union – Antietam ( a claimed victory )
Confederate – Battle of Fredericksburg
– Battle of Chancellorsville
Union – Fort Henry and Fort Donelson , Memphis, Tennessee
– New Orleans, Louisiana
Union – Control of the Mississippi River
Union – Battle of Shiiiiiiiiiiiiiloh
Confederate – Fort Wagner
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US History
Fort Burrows
Footnote: 54th Massachusetts Regiment, African Americans Unit, attacked
and made it inside the fort before being pushed out ( a near victory )
 Gloomy Days for the Union !!!! 
The Fall of Vicksburg
≥ Vicksburg, Mississippi (MS) – a port on the Mississippi River
≥ Early in 1863, after many attempts to capture Vicksburg, Gen US Grant showed
his brilliance
≥ Grant led his troops to a surprise attack on Jackson, MS; then he turned West for
a rear attack on Vicksburg
≥ For more than six-weeks, Grants forces lay siege to Vicksburg
≥ July 4, 1863, Independence Day for Grant; Confederate troops surrendered
Vicksburg
≥ Five days later, the Union captured Port Hudson, MS
≥ # 1 – Complete control of the ‘Mighty Mississip’
≥ # 2 – Confederacy was split into two parts; Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana on the
West and the remainder of the Confederacy to the East
Union Victory at Gettysburg
≥ General Lee had his ideas; he moved his troops into Pennsylvania, (PA) hoping to
surprise the Yankees
≥ Success in PA would lead to capturing Washington, D.C.
≥ Union Gen George C Meade had different plans
≥ The two armies met in the small town of Gettysburg, PA
≥ Battle of Gettysburg, 3-days that turned out to be the most important of the
Civil War
≥ Lee’s forces suffered heavy casualties; the Union held strong
‼ Pickett’s Charge
≠ Gen Lee made a desperate attempt; he ordered General George Pickett and
his 15,000 men to go straight up the middle of the Union army
≠ Row after row of grey-back soldiers were shot by the blue-bellies
≠ The battle noise, one soldier recalled, was “strange and terrible, a sound
that came from thousands of human throats…like a vast mournful roar”
≠ A steady barrage of bullets kept the Confederates from ever reaching the
Union line
≠ The following day a Union officer was trying to ride over the battlefield, but
could not, he said,
“the dead and wounded lay too thick to guide a horse through them”
≠ 50,000 dead or wounded in this battle
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Fort Burrows
≠ Lee took responsibility for the slaughter and retreated his remaining troops
≠ The Confederates would never again invade the North
¿¿ Why was the Battle of Gettysburg a turning point in the war ?
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The Gettysburg Address
≥ November 19, 1863 a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in memory of the
soldiers that died at the Battle of Gettysburg
≥ President Lincoln gave a speech known as the Gettysburg Address
≥ In his speech, Lincoln said the Civil War would test if a democratic nation could
survive; he also reminded Americans that their nation was founded on beliefs
that “all men are created equal”
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new
nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that
war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper
that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not
hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note,
nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is
for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to
the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion –
that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this
nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863
≥ Lincoln’s entire speech was only ten sentences long and took three minutes to
deliver
≥ It is honored as a profound statement of American ideals
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¿¿ What principles of government does Lincoln describe in the Gettysburg Address ?
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US History
Fort Burrows
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Grant’s Plan for Total War
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Lincoln had continually been looking for the right military leader
Grant impressed Lincoln; victories at Vicksburg and in the Western theater
1864, Ulysses S Grant becomes Lincoln’s Commander of the Union forces
Nicknamed – Unconditional Surrender Grant; he would end the war in the
Union’s favor, “he fights”
≥ Grant’s plan; destroy the South’s ability to fight; he ordered his generals to wage a
total war against the South
≥ The Union Army would destroy food, equipment, and ‘anything’ else they found
that might be useful to the enemy
≥ Prior to this total war decision, old fashion war had been restricted to only soldiers;
now, Gen Grant would not make any distinctions – civilians in the South would
suffer the same hardships as the soldiers of the South
‼ Sheridan in the Shenandoah
≠ To begin this plan of total war; Grant sent Gen Philip Sheridan and his
cavalry into the rich farmland of Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley
≠ He instructed Sheridan:
“Leave nothing to invite the enemy to return. Destroy whatever
cannot be consumed. Let the valley be left so that crows flying over
it will have to carry their rations along with them.”
Ulysses S Grant, quoted in Bruce Catton, Grant Takes Command
≠ Sheridan obeyed; summer and fall of 1864 his troops destroyed farms and
livestock – burned 2,000 barns filled with grain
≠ Nothing was left for Lee’s troops or the Southern people
‼ Sherman’s March to the Sea
≠ Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, GA;
then march to the coastline destroying everything as Sheridan had done in
Virginia
≠ Sherman captured Atlanta in September 1864; he turned out the people
from their homes and burned the majority of the city
≠ “March to the Sea”
≠ As they marched through Georgia; they ripped up railroad tracks – heated
and twisted the rail so it could not be used again, killed livestock and tore up
fields, burned barns – homes – bridges – factories
It appears that Grant was indeed the man to get the war won.
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Fort Burrows
Explain your position – are you FOR or AGAINST Grant’s total war ?
For ______________________________________________________________________
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Against ___________________________________________________________________
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Lincoln is Reelected
≥ At first Lincoln thought his chances of defeat were “exceedingly probable”
≥ Democrats nominated Gen George McClellan
≥ McClellan’s platform was a ‘cessation of hostilities’; he was willing to compromise
and restore slavery if peace could be restored
≥ The capture of Atlanta, improved Lincoln’s chances; but, the smashing victory at
Shenandoah Valley increased his popularity; he now looked like a ‘winner’!
≥ The vote was close, but Lincoln was reelected
≥ In his Second Inaugural Address, Lincoln looked forward to peace;
“With malice toward none, with charity for all…let us strive…to bind up the
nation’s wounds…to do all which may achieve a just and a lasting peace among
ourselves and with all nations.”
Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, 1865
The Civil War Ends
≥ Grant drove toward Richmond
≥ Losses of 60,000 men in one month did not stop him; he knew he could replace
soldiers and supplies – the Confederates could not
≥ Lee was making, what–would–be, his last stand at Petersburg, near Richmond
≥ Grant kept a siege on Petersburg for nine months
≥ April 2, 1865, Grant captured Petersburg and Richmond fell
≥ Lee escapes with a few men to a small Virginia town called
Appomattox Court House; trapped, Lee surrendered the Confederacy to the Union
≥ Grant offered generous terms of surrender:
1 – Soldiers must turn over their rifles, officers could keep their pistols
2 – Soldiers that rode in on a horse, could keep their horse
(Grant knew the men would need animals for spring-time planting )
3 – Each man would return to his state and not be disturbed by the
United States authorities
≥ As the Confederates surrendered, Union soldiers began to cheer
≥ Grant ordered them to be silent,
“The war is over, the rebels are our countrymen again”
¿¿ What were the terms of surrender at Appomattox Court House ?
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US History
Fort Burrows
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A Turning Point in American History
≥ 360,000 Union soldiers dead – 250,000 Confederate soldiers dead
≥ $20 billion dollars of cost; 11x more than the Gov’t spent between 1789 and 1861
≥ Turning Point – the balance of power changed; Democratic party lost power while
the Republican party increased power
≥ ‘these’ United States changed to ‘the’ United States
≥ The idea that a state might secede, was dead forever; the power of the federal
government grew
≥ This war put an end to slavery in the United States
≥ Both North and South began to think of what it meant to ‘be free’
≥ Not equality, but freedom
≥ Out of a cruel, bitter, often heart-rending war, the United States did indeed
emerge a stronger, freer nation
1. Which two Generals encountered each other at Gettysburg in 1863 ?
A. Meade and McClellan
B. McClellan and Lee
C. Lee and Meade
D. Monitor and Merrimack
2. Why were the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg important ?
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3. What plan did Grant have for the ending of the war with the South ?
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4. After his reelection, what hopes did Lincoln have for the Union ?
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US History
Fort Burrows
5. What 3 things does this chart tell you about American Wars ?
Name of Conflict
Civil War
Mexican War
War of 1812
American Revolution
Estimated Number of
US Soldiers Involved
3,713,000
78,718
282,730
217,000
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2.________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________
6. Why was the Civil War a major turning point in American history ?
1.________________________________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________________________________
4.________________________________________________________________________
5.________________________________________________________________________
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