Download Causes of the Civil War

Civil War Effort
Directions: Use the information on pages 79-80 to complete the following:
Union and Confederate Advantages
1. At the outset of the war, which side appeared to have the advantage, the Union or the
Confederacy? Justify your response.
2. What was Lincoln’s goal from the beginning of the war?
Military Strategies
3. Describe the North’s 3-part strategy:
1.
To Win
2.
3.
Describe the South’s strategy:
1.
Foreign Policy
4. The majority of common people in England supported the north during the Civil War. Why?
5. After supplying the Confederacy with iron-clad warships, and docks for their ships to stop and
get supplies, why did Britain eventually declare themselves neutral in the War Between the
States?
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Timeline of Events
6. Place the following events on the timeline below and, if it was a battle, explain who won, and, if
given, explain its importance.
Firing on Fort Sumter
Battle of Bull Run
Battle of New Orleans
Antietam
Chancellorsville
1861
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1862
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Chattanooga
General Sherman’s March
Richmond
Appomattox Court House
1863
1864
1865
The Emancipation Proclamation
That on the first day of January, A.D. 1863, all personals held as slaves within any state the people
whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever
free; and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority,
thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons.
Directions: Check your understanding by answering these questions. You may refer to page 81 of
your notes for assistance.
1. Did Lincoln’s proclamation free all of the slaves? If not, which slaves did not gain their freedom
under the Emancipation Proclamation? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Why do you think Lincoln waited until the fall of 1862 to make emancipation of the slaves part
of the war effort?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. How do you think southerners reacted to this proclamation? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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The Union Home Front
Directions: You will be divided into groups of four. Each person in the group will be assigned to
answer one set of questions below. When all members of the group are done, you will teach each
other your information. You will refer to pages 81-82 for this information.
Group Member 1: Political Changes
1. Give three examples of ways Lincoln limited the rights of the people living in the Border States.
a)
b)
c)
2. What was Lincoln’s reasoning for violating people’s civil liberties during the war?
3. Give two examples of other ways Lincoln “bent” the Constitution during the war and explain
his justification for these actions.
a)
b)
Group Member 2: Lincoln and Slavery and African Americans and the War
4. Explain the reasons why Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
5. If the Emancipation Proclamation did not actually “free” any slaves in the Confederate states,
why was it important?
6. Describe the participation of African Americans in the Civil War.
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Group Member 3: Effects of the Civil War in the North
7. Explain how many men in the North avoided the draft and what the result of this was.
8. Describe the provisions of the Homestead Act, and explain how it would benefit the North.
9. Discuss the role of women in the north during the Civil War.
Group Member 4: Economic Changes
10. Describe the Morrill Tariff of 1861 and the National Banking Act, and explain how they
would benefit northern businesses during the Civil War.
11. How did the Republican-controlled Congress aid in the building of the transcontinental railroad
during the Civil War?
12. Explain how the Union government funded (paid for) the war effort.
Closure: Some say that Lincoln, had he not been assassinated, should have been impeached for his
extra-constitutional actions during the war. Do you agree with this or disagree? Use facts to back up
your viewpoint.
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Ex Parte Milligan
During the Civil War, President Lincoln instituted trial by military commission for civilians in areas
where civil courts continued to operate. In 1864, L.P. Milligan, a rebel, was tried and convicted of
conspiracy by a military court in Indiana. He was sentenced to death for his role in a plan to release
and arm Confederate prisoners to invade Indiana. L.P. Milligan appealed his conviction by the
military court to the Supreme Court of the United States.
The issue, the Court decided, was whether the President of the US or the US Congress could replace
civilian courts with military courts to try civilians.
The Supreme Court, in Ex Parte Milligan, unanimously held that the President acted
unconstitutionally when he allowed civilians to be tried in military courts. The Court further
reasoned that neither Congress nor the President had the power to authorize military courts to try
civilians in areas outside actual war zones. This decision was important because it established the
idea that martial law (placing an area under the control of the military) must be confined to theaters
of active military operations.
Directions: After reading the information above, answer the following questions.
1. Explain why L.P. Milligan was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death.
2. Describe the circumstances of his trial.
3. What was the Constitutional issue in this case?
4. What was the Supreme Court’s decision in this case?
5. Explain why this case was important.
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The Confederate Home Front
Directions: You will be assigned to one area of change that affected the Confederacy. Use the
information on pages 83 and 84 of your notes to complete the concept map below. Be prepared to
share your responses.
Political
Changes
Economic
Changes
Social
Changes
Closure: Find one piece of evidence that shows that the political, economic, and social changes brought
about by the Civil War, caused the South to lose the war.
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The Gettysburg Address
Abraham Lincoln delivered this speech at the dedication of the Union burial ground at the
Gettysburg battlefield. In this speech Lincoln explained the reasons for fighting the war.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in
Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now, we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and
so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate
a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that the nation might
live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate – we can not consecrate – can not hallow – this ground.
The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to
add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget
what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which
they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before us – that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion – that we here highly resolve that these
dead shall not have died in vain – that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom – and
that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Directions: After reading Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, answer the questions below.
1. Who are the “fathers” to whom Lincoln refers in his speech?
2. According to Lincoln, why is the Civil War being fought?
3. Why did Lincoln give this speech? Why at Gettysburg?
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Consequences of the Civil War
Directions: You will be given a card with a description on it. Use pages 85-86 of your notes, and
decide whether the description you have is a political, social, or economic consequence of the war.
You will then place the card under the proper category. We will review each category together.
Political Consequences
Social Consequences
Economic Consequences
Closure: Name the political, social, and economic consequences you think were most important.
Support each with at least one reason.
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Reconstruction
Background: Reconstruction refers to the period from 1865-1877 when the nation was rebuilding
after the Civil War. The main goals for Reconstruction became to readmit the southern states to the
Union, grant voting rights to African Americans, and to rebuild the southern states.
Directions: Use pages 87-88 of your notes to answer the following questions.
1. What was Lincoln’s goal for Reconstruction?
2. Explain the constitutional argument the President used to take control of Reconstruction as
well as the Congressional argument.
3. Describe the three main parts of Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction.
a)
b)
c)
4. Describe the provisions of the vetoed Wade-Davis Bill, passed by Congress in an attempt
to take control of Reconstruction.
5. Did Johnson share the same goal as Lincoln regarding Reconstruction of the nation? Explain.
6. Describe the three main provisions of Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction.
a)
b)
c)
7. How were many former southern leaders able to regain positions in southern state governments?
8. What were the Black Codes? What were they designed to do?
9. Why were many Radical Republicans angry with Johnson’s Reconstruction plan?
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Congress Took Control Of Reconstruction
Directions: Use the information on pages 89-90 of your notes to answer the following questions.
1. Describe the Freedmen’s Bureau. Explain their success.
2. Describe the Civil Rights Bill of 1866.
3. Describe the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment.
4. Explain why Radical Republicans were angry with President Johnson.
5. Describe the provisions of the Congress’ Reconstruction Act of 1867.
6. Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached? What was the real reason?
7. What was the result of Johnson’s impeachment trial? How did this effect Reconstruction?
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Plans for Reconstruction
Directions: Use the information you have learned to complete the chart below comparing the key
points between the different plans for Reconstruction.
Lincoln’s Plan
Johnson’s Plan
Radical Republicans’ Plan
1. Which plan treated the South the harshest?
2. Which plan might be too lenient (easy) on the South?
3. What groups of people might have supported the Radical Republicans? Explain.
4. What groups of people might have opposed the Radical Republicans? Explain.
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The Reconstruction Amendments
Three amendments to the US Constitution were ratified during the Reconstruction years. Here
are their major provisions.
Amendment XIII
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
Amendment XIV
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny
to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Amendment XV
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Directions: After reading the portions of the Amendments above, answer the questions that follow.
1. What is the basic provision of the Thirteenth Amendment?_______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. For what does the Thirteenth Amendment fail to provide?_______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. According to the Fourteenth Amendment, which people are US citizens?___________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What was the purpose of the statement of citizenship?__________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the “privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States?”___________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. Define the terms “due process of law” and “equal protection of the laws.”___________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
7. Why were these clauses included in this amendment?___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the basic provision of the Fifteenth Amendment and why was this amendment adopted?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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North and South During Reconstruction
Directions: The Civil War had a radical effect on conditions in both the North and the South. Using
the information on pages 91-92 of your notes, and your knowledge of US history, describe the
postwar aspects of life in the North and South below.
Prewar
Arguments with South over the
Aspects of Life
power of the federal government
compared to that of the states.
Political parties attempted to
please voters by not taking strong
stands on major issues.
Politics in the North
North had factories and produced
goods for the South and for
countries overseas.
Farmers produced goods for their
own families, and sold remaining
crops for profits, however, largescale farming was not popular.
Economy and technology in the North
Arguments with North over the
power of the federal government
compared to that of the states. Firm
belief in states’ rights.
Wealthy planters controlled the
politics in the South and kept laws
to limit actions of slaves.
Postwar
Politics in the South
Plantation system was main source
of wealth, relying on slave labor.
Slaves could not own property and
few, if any, were ever paid for any
of their labor.
As money was tied up in slavery,
manufacturing was not prominent.
Economy of the South
1. What major issue was settled by the Civil War?
2. How did political party bosses ensure votes?
3. Why was Grant considered by many to be a weak president?
4. Why did immigrants become extremely important in the North after the Civil War?
5. What was the Solid South? Why did it emerge after the Civil War?
6. Explain how the system of sharecropping was little better than slavery.
7. What was the New South and how did it affect the living conditions in the South?
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The Black Codes
After the slaves became free, southern states passed laws to keep blacks from real freedom. Here are
some examples of these “black codes.”
Mississippi Vagrant Act (1865)
All freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes over the age of 18 years, found with no lawful
employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together, either in the day or
night time…shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction thereof shall be fined…and imprisoned.
In case any freedman, free Negro or mulatto shall fail for five days after the imposition of any
fine…to pay the same, that it shall be…the duty of the sheriff…to hire out said freedman, free Negro
or mulatto, to any person who will, for the shortest period of service, pay said fine.
Louisiana Farm Labor Act (1865)
Bad work shall not be allowed. Failing to obey reasonable orders, neglect of duty, and leaving
home without permission will be deemed disobedience; impudence, swearing, or indecent language
to or in the presence of the employer, his family, or agent, or quarreling and fighting with one
another, shall be deemed disobedience [and fined]…All difficulties arising between the employers
and laborers shall be settled by the former.
Florida Act on Public Places (1866)
If any Negro, mulatto, or other person of color shall intrude himself into any religious or other
public assembly of white persons, or into any railroad car or other public vehicle set aside for the
exclusive accommodation of white people, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
conviction, shall be sentenced to stand in the pillory for one hour, or be whipped.
Directions: You are a free black person living under the provisions of the “black codes” you’ve just read
above. Put a checkmark next to any of the things you do below that violate one of the codes. Also, note which
part of what law you are violating.
_____1.
You leave work at noon to visit your sick grandmother.
________________________________________________________________________
_____2.
You get together with a group of friends for a game of dice.
________________________________________________________________________
_____3.
You join a group of whites meeting to discuss crop prices.
________________________________________________________________________
_____4.
A co-worker elbows you in the eye, so you yell at her.
________________________________________________________________________
_____5.
Your church isn’t holding services this Sunday, so you attend the whites’ Baptist Church
services instead.
________________________________________________________________________
_____6.
The railroad car is full, so you sit next to a white man in the front.
________________________________________________________________________
_____7.
Having been laid off from your job, you decide to meet with a group of friends for drinks.
________________________________________________________________________
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Reconstruction Scorecard
Directions: As you read “Treatment of Freedmen in the South,” on pages 93-94 of your notes, write
down specific examples of positive aspects and negative aspects of Reconstruction on the scorecard
below. Be sure to include definitions of new terms!
Positive Aspects of Reconstruction
Negative Aspects of Reconstruction
Closure: Based on the results of the chart above, was Reconstruction a success or a failure? Use
specific examples from your scorecard to justify your response.
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Directions: Read the section below on Plessy v. Ferguson and use the information from the reading,
and your knowledge of US history of US history to answer the questions that follow.
BACKGROUND: After Reconstruction ended, many southern states passed laws separating whites
and people of color, including African Americans. Such laws, called Jim Crow laws, called for
separate railroad cars, public waiting rooms, schools, and more. Homer Plessy was considered
African American under Louisiana state law. Plessy bought a first-class railway ticket and sat in a
car marked “For Whites Only.” A Louisiana law prohibited African Americans from sitting in the
same car as whites. When Plessy would not leave the restricted car, he was arrested and forced off
the train. Plessy sued Ferguson, the owner of the railway, claiming the “equal protection clause” of
the Fourteenth Amendment was being violated.
ISSUE: Did the segregation of African Americans and whites violate the equal protection clause of
the 14th Amendment?
DECISION: The Court held that “separate but equal” facilities were both constitutional and the
most reasonable approach to race relations in the south. As long as the facilities were equally
provided, having separate facilities for African Americans and whites did not violate the equal
protection clause of the 14th Amendment.
1. Why was Homer Plessy not allowed in the first-class section of the railway car?
2. What law did Plessy violate? What happened to him when he broke the Louisiana law?
3. Why should Section 1 of the 14th Amendment [see page 16 of your workbook] have guaranteed
that Plessy be found innocent and the separate facilities for African Americans and whites be
found unconstitutional?
4. Use the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson to support the contention that racism affected the legal
judgment of the Supreme Court.
5. Explain how the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson discriminated on the basis of color.
6. How did the decision affect the south? Discuss at least two examples.
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African Americans Fight Discrimination
Directions: Use the information on page 95 of your notes to complete the diagram below, which will help
you compare the lives and ideas of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Some areas for comparison
have been suggested. Think of others.
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
Similar
(with regard to)
Historical Period
Social Concerns
Different
(with regard to)
Background
Ideas About Public Protest
Closure: Based on what you have learned, which approach to gaining equality do you think would
be more successful – Washington’s or DuBois’? Use specific examples to back up your point.
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Interpreting Political Cartoons
A political cartoon is like a letter to the editor. It expresses a point of view, or opinion, about a
person, issue, or event. You begin reading a political cartoon by looking at its details. Keep in mind
that a cartoonist often uses symbols, or drawings with special meaning. Cartoonists also use
caricatures, or sketches that exaggerate, or distort, a person’s features. Finally, a cartoonist uses
labels and words to help you figure out the cartoon’s message. Study the cartoon below and answer
the questions that follow.
1. Who do the two standing figures represent?___________________________________________
2. Who do the kneeling figures represent?______________________________________________
3. What do the words “The Union as it was” mean?______________________________________
4. Which figures want the Union that way? How can you tell?______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What images do you see in the background behind the kneeling figures?____________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. What do these images tell you about what is happening in the South?______________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Reconstruction Ended
Directions: Use the information on page 96 of your notes to complete the concept map below
describing the causes and results of the end of Reconstruction.
Changes in
the South
1. Explain how the Compromise of 1877 helped to end Reconstruction.
2. Discuss how African Americans lost political power in the south. Give specific examples.
3. Describe how white southerners regained power in the south.
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Geography
1. Which territories were open to slavery by the principle of popular sovereignty in 1850?
2. Which territories were open to slavery by the principle of popular sovereignty in 1854?
3. Why do you think that many northerners were upset with the Kansas-Nebraska Act, specifically
with regard to the Missouri Compromise?
4. Based on what you have learned, why did “Bleeding Kansas” occur?
5. Discuss two reasons why federal troops were needed in the South.
6. Why was Tennessee, a Confederate State, not part of any military district? Explain.
7. Why do you think Virginia was the only state that had its own military district?
8. When were all eleven Confederate States officially back in the Union?
9. Except for Tennessee, all the Confederate States rejoined the Union between 1868 and
1870. What did each state have to do to rejoin the Union? Explain.
10. Why do you think it took some states longer to rejoin the Union than others? Explain.
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