Download Ancient Greece review - Rush`s PAGES -->

Ancient Greece review
Rush 2014
In general
• Be able to compare and contrast different
city-states in Greece.
• Be able to compare and contrast different
philosophers and make links to modern day.
5.1 Cultures of mountains, sea
• How did Greece’s physical geography shape
Greek traditions and customs?
• Sea – The Greeks lived around it. It connected
Greece to others through travel and trade.
• Land – Mountains covered much of the land.
Instead of a single government, the Greeks
developed small, independent communities.
• Climate – Good for public gatherings.
5.1 Culture of mountains, sea
• Who were the Minoans?
• By 3000 B.C., the Minoans lived
on the Greek island of Crete.
5.1 Culture of mountains, sea
• Who were the original settlers
on the Greek mainland?
• The people who later became known as
the Mycenaeans settled on mainland Greece
about 2000 B.C.
5.1 Culture of mountains, sea
• How did the Minoans influence
the Mycenaeans?
• Sometime after 1500 B.C., they came into
contact. The Mycenaeans saw the value
of seaborne trade. They also adapted the
Minoan writing system to the Greek language.
5.1 Culture of mountains, sea
• What was the Trojan War?
• During the 1200s B.C., the Mycenaeans fought
a 10-year war against Troy. These battles were
the basis for Homer’s Iliad.
5.1 Culture of mountains, sea
• Who were the Dorians?
• After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization
around 1200 B,C., the Dorians moved in.
No written record exists of their 400-year
period between 1150 and 750 B.C.
5.1 Culture of mountains, sea
• Why are Greek myths important?
• Through the myths, the Greeks sought
to understand the mysteries of nature and
the power of human passions.
5.2 Warring city-states
• What is the polis?
• By 750 B.C., the city-state, or polis,
was the fundamental political unit in
ancient Greece.
5.2 Warring city-states
• What kind of governments were present
in ancient Greece?
• Monarchy – a single ruler, or king
• Aristocracy – ruled by a small group of noble,
landowning families
• Oligarchy – ruled by a few powerful people
• Democracy – ruled by the people
5.2 Warring city-states
• Who was Draco?
• The first step toward democracy in Athens
came under Draco. In 621 B.C., he developed
a legal code based on the idea that all
Athenians, rich and poor, were equal under
the law. However, he made death
the punishment for practically every crime.
Hence, the word “draconian.”
5.2 Warring city-states
• Who was Solon?
• Solon came to power in 594 B.C.
He outlawed debt slavery,
made it so all citizens, regardless of class,
could participate in Athenian assembly,
and introduced the legal concept that
any citizen could bring charges
against wrongdoers.
5.2 Warring city-states
• Who was Cleisthenes?
• Around 500 B.C., he further broke up
the power of nobility. He allowed
all citizens to submit laws for
debate and passage. He also created
the Council of Five Hundred,
who were chosen by lot, or at random.
5.2 Warring city-states
• Some limits of Athenian democracy?
• Citizenship was limited. Only free adult
male property owners born in Athens were
considered citizens. Women, slaves and
foreigners were excluded and had few rights.
5.2 Warring city-states
• What was Athenian education like?
• Son of wealthy families received education.
Athenian girls did not attend school, and
most women had little to do with life
outside of family and home.
5.2 Warring city-states
• How did Sparta differ from Athens?
• In many ways. Perhaps most important,
Sparta’s military state differed from
Athens’ democracy.
5.2 Warring city-states
• What was life in Sparta like?
• From around 600 to 371 B.C., Sparta had
the most powerful army in Greece. However,
the Spartan people paid a high price
for their military supremacy. All forms of
individual expression were discouraged.
The Spartans did not value arts, literature or
other artistic and intellectual pursuits.
5.2 Warring city-states
• What was life like for Spartan women?
• They received some military training, and
they also ran, wrestled and played sports.
Spartan women had considerable freedom,
especially in running the family estates when
their husbands were on active military service.
5.2 Warring city-states
• What were the Persian Wars?
• The Persian Wars were fought between
Greece and the Persian Empire. The Persians
were first led by Darius the Great and later
by his son Xerxes.
5.2 Warring city-states
• When Greece won the Persian Wars,
what city-state emerged as a power?
• Athens, in particular, basked in the glory
of the Persian defeat. During the 470s B.C.,
Athens emerged as the leader of the
Delian League.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• What is the Golden Age of Athens?
• From 477 to 431 B.C., Athens experienced
a growth in intellectual and artistic learning.
Drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy,
architecture and science reached new heights.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• Who was Pericles?
• Pericles led Athens during much of its
Golden Age. He had three goals:
– To strengthen Athenian democracy
– To hold and strengthen the empire
– To glorify Athens
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• How did Pericles strengthen democracy?
• He increased the number of public officials
who were paid salaries. Now even
the poorest citizen could serve if elected
or chosen by lot. The introduction of
direct democracy was an important legacy
of Periclean Athens.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• Why was Greek drama important?
• The Greeks wrote tragedy and comedy.
A tragedy was a serious drama about
common themes such as love, hate, war
or betrayal. Comedies often made fun
of politics and respected people and ideas
of the time.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• Who was Herodotus?
• Herodotus, a Greek who lived in Athens
for a time, pioneered the accurate reporting
of events. His book on the Persian Wars
is considered the first work of history.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• Who was Thucydides?
• Thucydides, an Athenian, was
the greatest historian of the classical age.
He believed that certain types of events
and political situations recur over time.
Studying these events and situations, he felt,
would aid in understanding the present.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• What was the Peloponnesian War?
• Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 B.C.
Athens had the stronger navy. Sparta had
the stronger army.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• What was Athens’ strategy; what went wrong?
• The Athenians retreated within city walls.
But a plague swept through the city, killing
perhaps one-third of the population, including
Pericles.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• Who eventually won the Pelopponsian War?
• Sparta.
5.3 Democracy and Golden Age
• Who were the famous Greek philosophers?
• Socrates: Question everything. (And then
be put to death for doing so.)
• Plato: A student of Socrates who wrote
The Republic and recommended ruling
by the philosopher-king.
• Aristotle: His work provided the basis for
the scientific method used today. Also, one
of his most famous pupils was Alexander.
5.4 Alexander’s empire
• Who was King Philip II?
• King Philip II was the leader of Macedonia,
just north of Greece, who took over Greece.
He planned to invade Persia but was killed
at his daughter’s wedding in 336 B.C.
5.4 Alexander’s empire
• Who succeeded Philip II?
• His son, Alexander.
5.4 Alexander’s empire
• Who was Alexander’s teacher?
• Alexander had learned science, geography and
literature from Aristotle.
5.4 Alexander’s empire
• What did Alexander do?
• He carried out his father’s plan to invade and
conquer Persia. After victories against
the Persians, he marched into Egypt,
where he was welcomed as a liberator.
5.4 Alexander’s empire
• How did Alexander get?
• He made it as far as India but became ill
with a fever and died at the age of 32.
5.4 Alexander’s empire
• What happened after Alexander died?
• His generals fought among themselves
for control of his empire.
5.5 Spread of Hellenistic culture
• What is Hellenistic culture?
• The blending of Greek culture with
Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.
5.5 Spread of Hellenistic culture
• Why was Alexandria important?
• Alexandria, in Egypt, became the
foremost center of commerce and
Hellenistic civilization. It was an
important port, it had the Pharos lighthouse,
Alexander’s tomb, a famous museum and
library.
5.5 Spread of Hellenistic culture
• What were some of the important
scientific advances in Alexandria?
– Astronomy – Aristarchus estimated the sun was
much bigger than Earth. He also proposed that
planets circled the sun. Eratosthenes computed
the Earth’s circumference fairly accurately.
– Math and physics – Euclid developed geometry.
Archimedes computed pi and explained the law
of the lever.
5.5 Spread of Hellenistic culture
• What philosophies developed in this time?
– Stoicism – Zeno founded stoicism. Stoics proposed
that people should live virtuous lives in harmony
with the will of God or the natural laws that God
established to run the universe. They preached
that human desires were dangerous and should
be checked. It promoted social unity.
5.5 Spread of Hellenistic culture
• What philosophies developed in this time?
– Epicureanism – Epicurus founded Epicureanism.
He taught that gods who had no interest in
humans ruled the universe. He believed that the
only real objects were those that the five senses
perceived. He taught that the greatest good and
the highest pleasure came from virtuous conduct
and the absence of pain. He proposed that the
main goal of humans was to achieve harmony of
body and mind.