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UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE I. Vocabulary Check - Match each term with the correct description. ________ 1. Structures that have the same anatomical make-up, but different functions ________ 2. Change in an individual organism’s DNA ________ 3. Group of organisms of one species living together in one area ________ 4. Type of natural selection that favors intermediate phenotypes ________ 5. Transformation of existing species to a new species due to accumulation of changes ________ 6. Scientist famous for his proposal of inheritance of acquired characteristics ________ 7. Contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation ________ 8. Biological changes in a population that result in formation of new species ________ 9. Co-existence of two or more distinct phenotypes ________ 10. Speciation due to separation of populations by a geographic barrier ________ 11. Group of organisms with similar characteristics that can produce fertile offspring ________ 12. An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism’s ability to survive ________ 13. Branching off of a new species; parent species continues to exist ________ 14. Speciation due to reproductive isolation; seen in plants due to polyploidy ________ 15. Clade that includes ancestral group, but not all descendents ________ 16. Remnants of structures that once served important functions ________ 17. Classification system which uses common ancestry as primary criterion ________ 18. Term used to describe changes in an organism that occur over time ________ 19. Barriers designed to prevent reproduction from taking place between members of different species ________ 20. Clade that includes taxa with different ancestors ________ 21. Describes condition in which organisms best-suited to an environment survive and reproduce ________ 22. Scientist who suggested organisms over-reproduce, therefore creating shortages of resources ________ 23. Colonization of a new location by a small number of individuals resulting in a change in the gene pool ________ 24. Scientist whose theory of natural selection was identical to Darwin’s; led to publishing of Darwin’s findings ________ 25. Evolution of similar features in unrelated organisms; produces analogous structures ________ 26. Evolutionary history of an organism ________ 27. Describes clade that includes all ancestors and their descendents A. adaptation B. adaptive radiation C. allopatric D. anagenesis E. analagous F. bottleneck effect G. cladistics H. cladogenesis I. convergent evolution J. directional K. disruptive L. evolution M. fitness N. founder effect O. gene flow P. genetic drift Q. gradualism R. homologous S. Hutton T. Lamarck U. Lyell V. macroevolution W. Malthus X. microevolution Y. monophyletic Z. mutation AA. natural selection BB. paraphyletic CC. parsimony DD. phylogeny EE. polymorphism FF. polyphyletic GG. population HH. pre-zygotic II. punctuated equilibrium JJ. species KK. stabilizing LL. sympatric MM. vestigial NN. Wallace ________ 28. Change in DNA make-up of a population due to chance; typically follows reduction in population numbers ________ 29. Type of genetic drift resulting from a drastically reduction in population size; for example, natural disaster ________ 30. Structures that have the same function but differ anatomically; do not show evolutionary relationship ________ 31. Paleontologist who suggested that mechanisms for Earth’s changes are constant; known as uniformitarianism ________ 32. Type of natural selection that occurs when conditions change to favor individuals of both phenotypic extremes ________ 33. Overall change in the gene pool of a population over a succession of generations; due to a variety of factors ________ 34. Theory suggested by fossil studies; proposes episodes of change occur in bursts followed by periods of no change ________ 35. First scientist to suggest that Earth’s geologic features can be explained by a history of changes that continue to occur ________ 36. Period of evolutionary change triggered by many newly-vacant niches; organisms with appropriate adaptations flourish ________ 37. Type of natural selection that shifts the overall makeup of a population by acting against one phenotypic extreme ________ 38. Term used to describe model of evolution in which changes occurs steadily and slowly; first proposed by Hutton ________ 39. Genetic exchange resulting from movement of organisms between populations; typically reduces variation in phenotypes ________ 40. Principle that states simplest explanation is most often correct; also known as Occam’s Razor II. Taxonomy Sequence the taxa from groups in which organisms share the greatest number of common characteristics to the taxon in which they share the fewest. Classify each of the six kingdoms to its corresponding domain. III. Hardy-Weinberg Practice Problems 1. In a population that meets H-W equilibrium assumptions, 81% of the individuals are homozygous for a recessive gene. a) What percentage of the individuals would be expected to be heterozygous for this gene in the next generation? b) List the conditions that must be present for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to be maintained. 2. There are 100 students in a class. Ninety six of them show the dominant trait of smiling while learning; that is, they are hoppy learners. a) Calculate the expected allele frequencies. b) If the entire school consists of 2,842 students, how many are hoppy learners? c) How many students in this school need to take Biology 2 in hopes of converting to hoppy learners as an acquired trait?! (In other words, how many students are homozygous recessive?) 3. Within a population of butterflies, the color brown is dominant over the color white. Sixty percent of the butterflies are brown. a) Calculate the allele frequency in this population. b) What percentage of butterflies are heterozygous? c) If there are a total of 88 butterflies, determine the number of butterflies with each of the possible genotypes. d) What are the expected numbers of butterflies showing each phenotype? 4. In mice, gray fur color is dominant while white fur is recessive. In a population, there are 557 gray mice and 396 white mice. a) Calculate allele and genotypic frequencies for this population. b) Due to favorable conditions for breeding, the next generation for this population contains 1245 mice. Assuming all H-W conditions are met, how many gray mice and white mice would you expect? 5. In a given population, there is an absence of i alleles. If 200 people have A blood, 75 have AB blood, and 25 have B blood, what are the allele frequencies of this population? 6. Coat color in a population of rabbits is controlled by three alleles. The c+ allele codes for brown coat, cch allele codes for chinchilla coloration, and the ch allele codes for Himalayan coloration. The dominance relationship is c+ > cch > ch. Suppose that in a population of 100 rabbits there were 4 himalayans and the frequency of the chinchilla allele is 0.20. a) Determine the frequency of each allele. b) How many homozygous dominant individuals are in the population? c) How many heterozygous (c+ ch) individuals? d) If two of the rabbits described in c mate, what are the expected phenotypes & genotypes of their offspring?