Download Phrases Packet - STUDENT

Phrases
1
Adjective & Adverb Phrases
 ADJECTIVE PHRASES
o
A _______________________ phrase that functions as an ______________________
o
Modifies a __________________ or ____________________
o
Answers the questions: ______________________________ or ______________________________
o
EXAMPLE: Mary took her lunch (in a bag).

“in a bag” modifies “lunch” because it tells _____________________________
 Adjective phrases almost always follow the word it _________________________________.
 Adjective phrases usually modify nouns functioning as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, or predicate
nominatives.
Modifying a:
Example Sentences:
The mansion across the road has been abandoned.
Let’s take a picture of the Eiffel Tower.
They gave the students on the bus a tour.
France is a country with many charms.
 Sometimes an ________________ phrase can _______________ a noun or pronoun from ANOTHER
_________________________ phrase.
o
EXAMPLE: We bought tickets (for the trip) (to Paris).

“for the trip” modifies “___________________” because it tells which ____________________

“to Paris” modifies “____________________” because it tells which _____________________
 NOTE: Two adjectives phrases can modify the same ______________or _________________
o
EXAMPLE: The painting (of the palace) (in the museum) is old.

“of the palace” modifies “___________________” because it tells which __________________

“in the museum” modifies “___________________” because it tells which ________________
 ADVERB PHRASES
o
A _______________________ phrase that functions as an _________________________
o
Modifies a ___________________, ____________________, or another _______________________
Modifying a:
Example Sentences:
The runner dashed past the spectators.
The Loire Valley is rich in historical buildings.
The French exchange student arrived late for class.
2
o
Answers the questions: ______________________________, ______________________________, or
______________________________
o
EXAMPLES:

Where?
Tomorrow we will go (to HersheyPark).

When?
We should meet (during intermission).

In what way?
She ran (with speed).
 NOTE: An adverb phrase DOES NOT have to come right _______________ to the word(s) it modifies.
o
EXAMPLE: (On Monday), call me (at noon) (on my cell).

“On Monday” modifies “call”; it tells __________________ to call

“at noon” modifies “call”; it tells __________________ to call

“on my cell” modifies “call”; it tell _____________________ to call
 Like adjective phrases, __________________________________ phrases may modify the same word.
o
EXAMPLE: (In the afternoon), we walked (to Notre Dame.)

“in the afternoon” modifies “walked”; it tells _______________ we walked.

“to Notre Dame” modifies “walked”; it tells _______________ we walked.
 NOTE: The word “_____________” plus a “_____________” is NOT a prepositional phrase
o
EXAMPLE: Sarah likes to dance the cha-cha.
o
“to dance” is an infinitive = to + a verb
o
last word must be noun/pronoun if in a prepositional phrase – “to the store”
3
Practice!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Double underline the verb.
Underline the subject.
Place ( ) around the prepositional phrases.
Draw an arrow to the word each phrase modifies.
Circle ADV (adverb phrase) or ADJ (adjective phrase)
1.
A bird sees everything (at once) (in total focus).
ADJ / ADV
2.
A blue whale may weigh 5,000 pounds at birth.
ADJ / ADV
3.
A tablespoon of butter contains 100 calories.
ADJ / ADV
4.
During the marathon we sat on the curbstone.
ADJ / ADV
5.
During the winter a person cannot catch a cold at the North Pole.
ADJ / ADV
6.
Edgar Allan Poe is the father of the detective story.
ADJ / ADV
7.
He accidentally dropped the last carton of milk.
ADJ / ADV
8.
Hockey pucks are kept in a refrigerator before a game.
ADJ / ADV
9.
I am very happy about your promotion.
ADJ / ADV
10.
I took a picture of my grandparents from Utah.
ADJ / ADV
11.
Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo by British, Dutch, and German soldiers.
ADJ / ADV
12.
None of the Pilgrims on the Mayflower had a middle name.
ADJ / ADV
13.
On the river bank a small boy fished for trout.
ADJ / ADV
14.
One of my brothers joined the tennis team at school.
ADJ / ADV
15.
Since Wednesday we have been rehearsing the play.
ADJ / ADV
16.
Some lizards can run on their hind legs.
ADJ / ADV
17.
The article about animals without a home was sad.
ADJ / ADV
18.
The band performed on the field during halftime.
ADJ / ADV
19.
The captain of the debating team met the principal.
ADJ / ADV
20.
The car in front of the school is illegally parked.
ADJ / ADV
4
Appositive Phrases
 APPOSITIVES:
o
A ____________________ or ____________________ that identifies or explains another noun or pronoun
in the sentence.
o
EXAMPLES:

The artist Monet was a great French painter.


______________________ is the appositive; it further explains _____________________
Her greatest attribute, charm, was not enough.

___________________ is the appositive; it further identifies ______________________
 Punctuation with Appositive Phrases
o
If the appositive phrase is _________________, do not use ________________.
o
If the appositive phrase is _______________________, use ________________.
o
EXAMPLES:

On Saturday, we saw the movie Alice in Wonderland on television.

The appositive________________________ identifies ______________________________.
Therefore, it is _________________________; it does not need _____________________.

Alice In Wonderland, a Disney movie, can be seen on television this Saturday

The appositive _____________________________ merely gives additional information about
_______________________________; if the appositive is removed from the sentence, the basic
meaning of the sentence would still be the same; Alice In Wonderland can be seen on television
this Saturday.
 APPOSITIVE PHRASES:
o
A ____________________ or ____________________ with modifiers, placed next to a noun or pronoun
to add __________________________ or details.
o
EXAMPLES:

Amethyst, a purple birthstone, is the gem for February.


_________________________ is the appositive; it further explains ___________________
Fred explained numismatics, the hobby of coin collecting.

______________________________ is the appositive; it further explains ______________
 When appositives or appositive phrases are used to combine sentences, they help to eliminate
_____________________ words.
o
Two Sentences: Marseille is located on the Mediterranean Sea. The city is an important French seaport.
o
Combined: ______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5
Practice!
DIRECTIONS: Box the appositive/appositive phrase in each sentence and draw an arrow to the word(s) the
appositive modifies.
1.
American artist Norman Rockwell selected scenes from everyday life.
2.
Have you ever read the poem “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost?
3.
We discussed A Tale of Two Cities, the classic tale of the French Revolution.
4.
July was named after Julius Caesar, a Roman ruler.
5.
August was named after Augustus, Caesar’s nephew.
6.
At the Mardi Gras, a famous carnival in New Orleans, people wear costumes.
7.
The church organist Franz Gruber wrote the music for “Silent Night.”
8.
My sister has mastered calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting.
9.
Eating a meal with chopsticks, two narrow wooden sticks, is an oriental custom.
10.
The herbs parsley, mint, and rosemary grow well indoors at a sunny window.
11.
My sister plays the cornet, a wind instrument.
12.
I just finished reading a story by the famous science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov.
13.
Voyager I photographed Jupiter, our largest planet, in 1979.
14.
My dog Fred is never late for a meal.
15.
Nora’s brother, an explorer scout, will attend an Outward bound program this summer.
16.
Have you seen the play The Diary of Anne Frank?
17.
Juanita would like to take up the popular sport wind surfing.
18.
The first man to drive a vehicle on the moon was David Scott, an American.
19.
Juneau, the capital of Alaska, has a deep harbor.
20.
The dingo, an Australian dog, has to be taught how to bark.
6
VERBAL PHRASES
 When a verb is used as a _______________________, an _______________________or an
______________________, it is called a verbal. Although a verbal does not function as a
_______________________, it still retains two characteristics of verbs: (1) It can be _______________________in
different ways, and (2) it can have one or more _______________________. A verbal with modifiers or a
complement is called a ______________________________.
 There are three types of verbal phrases: (1) ___________________________, (2) ___________________________,
and (3) ____________________________.
Participial Phrases
 PARTICIPLES:
o
A form of a ____________________ that can act as an ___________________________.
 The most common kinds of participles are ______________________ participles and ______________________
participles.
o
Present participles end in _________:
o
EXAMPLES:

Limping, the hiker favored his aching ankle.

__________________ describes ________________ and ________________ describes
________________; they are both ______________ that act as ________________________.
o
Past participles end in _________:
o
EXAMPLES:

Confused, Nan returned to her interrupted work.

__________________ describes ________________ and ________________ describes
________________; they are both ______________ that act as ________________________.
 However: many have irregular endings such as _________or _________:
o
EXAMPLES:

The child cried over the burst balloon. (__________________ describes ________________)

The written exam was difficult. (__________________ describes ________________)
 Note about BEING and HAVING: Participles also have a ________________form.
o
EXAMPLES:

Having decided, Madeleine acted quickly.

Being greeted by his friends, Frank shakes hands all around.
7
 Participle or Verb? Be careful not to confuse a participle with a ___________________.
o
Follow these steps:
1. Find the ____________
2. Find the ____________
o
EXAMPLES:

The dog is snarling at the plumber.

What is the dog doing? ____________________, therefore it is a ________________
because it shows an action.

The snarling dog attacked the plumber.

Which dog? ______________________________, therefore it is a ________________
because it describes the dog.
 PARTICIPIAL PHRASES:
o
A participle modified by an ____________________ or an ____________________ or accompanied
by a ____________________. The entire phrase acts as an ____________________.
o
EXAMPLES:

Traveling quickly, we saw much of the French countryside.


The participial phrase ______________________________ describes ____________.
The tourist, confused by the signs, got lost.

The participial phrase ______________________________ describes ____________.
 Punctuation with Participial Phrases: Essential and Nonessential
o
Below are examples of ______________________________ and ______________________________
participial phrases. In the examples on the left, the phrases __________________________________
without changing the basic meaning. However, if we remove the ones on the right, the meaning of
the sentences will not be the same.
Nonessential Phrases
Essential Phrases
There is Craig, standing by the bus stop.
The boy standing by the bus stop is Craig.
Painted in 1497, the mural is Leonardo’s masterpiece.
The mural painted in 1497is almost beyond repair.
 Participial phrases can often be used to combine information from two sentences into one.
o
Two Sentences: We were exhausted by the climb up Mont Blanc. We rested by the side of the trail.
o
Combined: __________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
8
Practice!
1. Double underline the verb.
2. Underline the subject.
3. Circle the participial phrase(s) in each sentence
below.
4. Box the participle.
5. Draw an arrow to the word(s) the participial
phrase is modifying.
1.
The heaviest dog on record was a Saint Bernard weighing 295 pounds.
2.
The country of Tonga once issued a stamp shaped like a banana.
3.
The insulin used for the treatment of diabetes is taken from pigs and cows.
4.
Introduced in 1938, nylon was used only for stockings.
5.
Having trimmed the hedge, I began to mow the lawn and weed the garden.
6.
That fabric, woven by my aunt, will be used for a coat.
7.
In the first King Kong movie, made in 1933, the monster was really a model 18 inches high.
8.
The letter used most in the English language is e.
9.
Having packed our suitcases, we were ready to go to the airport.
10.
An adult sitting in a relaxed position inhales about one pint of air with every breath.
11.
Dates grown in the oases of the Sahara Desert are among the world's finest.
12.
Requiring heavy rainfall, tea does not grow very well in dry regions.
13.
Paper money is a Chinese invention, dating from the seventh century.
14.
The series of newspaper articles, packed with information, was the basis for Matt's report.
15.
The oldest tennis court, built in 1496, can be found in Paris, France.
9
Gerunds
 Many nouns ending in –ing are actually verbals known as ________________________. Gerunds always end in
______________ and always function as __________________________.
 GERUNDS:
o
A form of a _________________________ that acts as a ______________________________.
Gerunds
Eating is my favorite pastime in France.
The French people make visiting a pleasure.
Mr. Mendoza’s lecture gave traveling a new dimension
One Frenchman’s favorite activity is debating.
Their well-behaved dog shows signs of careful training.
Brady’s profession, advertising, is very competitive.
 Verb, Participle or Gerund? It is easy to confuse a verb, participle and gerund because all can end in
“_______________.”
o
EXAMPLES:

Kevin is yawning at his desk.


The yawning boy was very tired.


Here, yawning is used as a: ________________________
Here, yawning is used as a: ________________________
Yawning is contagious.

Here, yawning is used as a: ________________________
 GERUND PHRASES:
o
A gerund with _______________________ or a complement, all acting together as a ________________.
Gerund Phrases
His constant, angry ranting made Napoleon difficult to tolerate.
Arguing about grades will get you nowhere.
Answering quickly is not always a good idea.
Many places in France prohibit walking on the grass.
Pierre was incapable of reciting the poem.
The French teacher tried giving her students praise.
 NOTE: Always use the possessive form of a personal pronoun in front of a gerund:
o
Incorrect: We never listen to him boasting.
10
o
Correct: We never listen to his boasting.
Practice!
IDENTIFYING GERUNDS: Box the gerund in each sentence. Label each gerund as a subject, direct object,
indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate nominative, or an appositive.
1.
Swimming is one of the best forms of exercise.
________SUBJECT_________
2.
She has just finished a course in typing.
_________________________
3.
Please stop that yelling!
_________________________
4.
An early method of food preservation was pickling.
_________________________
5.
The hungry boys gave eating their full attention.
_________________________
6.
Their whispering bothered everyone in the movie.
_________________________
7.
Lee has a new hobby, painting.
_________________________
8.
A common experience for everyone is dreaming.
_________________________
9.
The hardest part of skating is balance.
_________________________
10.
Kim has always enjoyed cooking.
_________________________
GERUND OR PARTICIPLE: Identify the underlined word in each sentence as a gerund or participle by circling
the correct form.
1.
Are you a member of the rowing team?
Gerund
Participle
2.
By noon my muscles were sore from rowing.
Gerund
Participle
3.
Connie’s singing has greatly improved.
Gerund
Participle
4.
Do you have a copy of the ninth grade reading list?
Gerund
Participle
5.
I’m joining the swimming team this year.
Gerund
Participle
6.
Reading does not weaken the eyes.
Gerund
Participle
7.
The local singing group is becoming famous.
Gerund
Participle
8.
The movie showed the hazards of smoking.
Gerund
Participle
9.
Swimming is the best exercise for asthmatics.
Gerund
Participle
10.
The smoking oven meant the roast had burned.
Gerund
Participle
11
IDENTIFYING GERUND PHRASES: Underline the gerund phrase in each sentence, and box the gerund.
1.
Galileo made his first telescope by placing a lens at each end of an organ pipe.
2.
Sinking 49 free throws in a row is Jake’s claim to fame.
3.
A snail can cross the edge of the sharpest razor without cutting itself.
4.
The ancient Egyptians avoided killing any sacred animal.
5.
Josh’s plan, rushing the passer, seemed sound to us.
6.
Kingfishers build nests by tunneling into the sides of riverbanks.
7.
I appreciate your helping me with my homework.
8.
There are many different ways of growing vegetables and flowers in small containers.
9.
Decreasing the Amazon rain forests threatens one of the earth’s most important natural resources.
10.
Bagdad, California, once went 767 days without receiving a single drop of rain.
LABELING GERUND PHRASES: Underline the gerund phrase in each sentence. State how the
phrase is used (subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate nominative, or
appositive).
1.
Next week Missy will try diving from the high board.
_Direct Object_
2.
You can call almost anywhere by dialing directly.
_____________
3.
My plan for the future is going to college.
_____________
4.
David enjoys reading science fiction.
_____________
5.
Part of Rachel’s morning routine is getting up at five.
_____________
6.
Rubbing paraffin on the shoe part of your ice skates will prevent cracks.
_____________
7.
Arriving on time for a job interview creates a good impression.
_____________
8.
My part-time job, baby-sitting for the Murphy’s, pays well.
_____________
9.
Walking the dog is one of my afternoon chores.
_____________
10.
Gabriel Fahrenheit made the thermometer more accurate by substituting mercury for alcohol.
_____________
12
Infinitives
 INFINITIVES:
o
A form of a _________________ that generally appears with the word _______ and acts as a
_________________, an _________________, or an _________________.
Infinitives Used as Nouns
To understand requires maturity and acceptance.
The peasants of France decided to rebel.
The French soldier’s only hope was to surrender.
Our flight from Paris was about to leave.
You have only one choice, to stay.
 Prepositional Phrase or Infinitive?
o
A prepositional phrase always ends with a ____________________ or ____________________. An
infinitive always ends with a ____________________.
o
EXAMPLES:

The French soldier listened to the command. Preposition or Infinitive?

A general’s purpose in the army is to command. Preposition or Infinitive?
 NOTE: Infinitives without “to”:
o
Sometimes infinitives do not include the word “to.” When an infinitive follows one of the eight verbs
below, the to is generally omitted:

o
_________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________
EXAMPLES:

She doesn’t dare go without permission.

Did you hear the French vocalist Edith Piaf sing on that old recording?
 INFINITIVE PHRASES:
o
An infinitive with _____________________, _____________________ or a _____________________, all
acting together as a single part of speech.
Infinitives Phrases
With an ________________
Jeffery’s entire family likes to rise early.
With ____________ ________________
To skate on the ice without falling was not easy for him.
With a _____________ ______________
He hated to leave the city of Lyon.
With ______________ & ______________ objects
They promised to show us the slides from their trip to France.
With _________________ & __________________
I would like her to determine her own goals.
13
Practice!
Underline the infinitive phrase in the sentences below and box the infinitive.
1. An old remedy for too many mice is to get a cat.
2. Benjamin Franklin went to Paris to enlist French aid for the American Revolution.
3. Dad promised to take us to the rodeo in Salinas.
4. Europeans were the first people to use wallpaper.
5. Helene Madison was the first woman to swim 100 yards in one minute.
6. Henry Ford was the first employer in America to guarantee a minimum daily wage of five dollars.
7. In Baltimore it is a crime to mistreat an oyster.
8. In colonial days children helped make candles and soap with their families.
9. Joseph Lister was the first doctor to use antiseptic methods during surgery.
10. My plan is to work every other weekend.
11. People begin to shrink after the age of 30.
12. Shane is eager to know his grade on the test.
13. The Chinese were the first people to use paper money.
14. To be on time won’t be easy.
15. To become a lawyer is one of my ambitions.
16. To prevent snow blindness, Eskimoes have been wearing sunglasses for 2,000 years.
17. Until 1937, a referee had to toss a jump ball after every basket.
18. Until 1944, women were not allowed to vote in France.
19. Warren G. Harding was the first president to speak over the radio from the White House.
20. We left early to catch the bus.
14
Phrases
Cheat Sheet
Form
Adjective Phrase
Prepositional
Phrase
Adverb Phrase
Prepositional
Phrase
Function
Adjective
Adverb
Helpful Hint
Example


Modifies a noun or pronoun
Answers the questions what kind and
which one
Every rumor in the world must be started by
somebody.

Modifies a verb, adjective or another
adverb
Answers the questions where, when, in
what way or to what extent
Every rumor in the world

must be started by somebody.
Tyler’s car, a Buick, is a nice ride.
Appositive
Participle
Noun
Pronoun
- Essential
- Nonessential
Verbal
Identifies/explains
another
noun/pronoun
in the sentence
Adjective
Mrs. Reinert, the coolest English teacher, wrote
me the nicest recommendation.
My friend Jennifer just had a baby girl.



Ends in: -ing, -ed, -en, -t, -n
Begins with “having” or “having been”
Can be removed from sentence
Speaking softly, the teacher gave instructions.
My coat, given as a gift, is warm.
The students, having studied, passed the test.


Gerund
Verbal
Noun
Ends in –ing
Can be used in all the ways a noun can be
used
(subject, direct object, indirect
object, object of preposition,
predicate nominative, appositive)
 Cannot be removed from sentence
Singing is my best talent. (S)
Do you like skiing? (DO)
His trim waistline gave dieting a big boost. (IO)
I can’t stop her from speaking. (Obj of Prep)
My favorite pastime is reading. (PN)
I found a new exercise, jogging. (APP)
To succeed was his only goal. (noun)
Infinitive
Verbal
Noun
Adjective
Adverb


Begins with “to”
Can be used in all the ways a noun,
adjective, adverb can be used
That is a big question to answer. (adj)
She ran to catch the bus. (adv)
15