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MODULES OFFERED FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012
Contents :
1. Level 1 modules (including GEK)
2. Level 2 modules (including GEK)
3. Level 3 modules
4. Level 4 modules
5. Applied Chemistry modules
6. UROPS modules
LEVEL 1 MODULES (INCLUDING GEK MODULES)
CM1101 Principles of Modern Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-2-2-3
Prerequisite: 'A' level pass in chemistry or equivalent
Preclusion: CM1502
Our current understanding of how atoms interact with one another to form molecules
and then how these molecules interact with each other are the basic principles upon
which all of modern chemistry is built. Briefly, fundamental concepts in chemistry
are dealt with in this module. A detailed breakdown of what is covered in this module
is provided here. Atomic Quantization - Line spectra of atoms, Quantization and the
Bohr Model of the hydrogen atom, Matter waves,
Bohr-de Broglie Model ;
Quantization Fully Explained - History, The Schrodinger equation, The uncertainty
principle ; A Solution to the Schrodinger Equation - Particle in a box, Hydrogen-like
atoms ; Examining Solutions to the Schrodinger Equation for Hydrogenic Atoms Quantum numbers, Atomic orbitals (hereafter AO) ; Atoms with Many Electrons Electron-electron repulsion, Electron spin,
Pauli’s exclusion principle, Aufbau
principle, AO penetration, orbital energy and screening, Effective nuclear charge,
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity, Electron configurations ; Periodic Properties of
the Elements - Anomalous electronic configurations, Ionization energies, Electron
affinities, Atomic radii, Electronegativity ; Compounds - Metals, Nonmetals and Salts,
Ionic and Covalent Bonding, Lewis structures, Valence shell electron pair repulsion
theory (hereafter, VSEPR ; Valence Bond Theory (hereafter VB theory) - The
covalent bond, Orbital overlap, VB theory ; Explaining and Predicting Structures
Using Lewis Structures→VSEPR→VB Theory - Single and Multiple Bonds, Examples
including third period and higher elements and the beginning of “issues” with VB
theory, More serious issues with VB theory and the solution/patches i.e resonance
structures, Photoelectron spectroscopy and complete breakdown of VB theory (e.g.,
CH4) ; Symmetry - Symmetry elements, Enantiomers, Point groups, Finding point
groups of molecules, Character tables, Irreducible representations of AO in point
groups ; Molecular Orbital Theory (hereafter MO theory) : H2+, LCAO-MO, Bonding
and anti-bonding MOs, Symmetry of MOs, MO energy and diagrams, He 2+, and He2
; Diatomics - Molecular electronic configurations, H2 and photodissociation, MO
diagram for second period homonuclear diatomics, Energies of MOs when
overlapping AOs have dissimilar energies, Heteronuclear Diatomics, MO diagrams,
dipole moments and ionic character, Electronic energy levels, Photoelectrons ;
Polyatomics - HCN, Linear H2O, Bent H2O, CO2, XeF2 , CH4 , Photoelectron spectra Combining VB and MO Theory without Symmetry – a “cheep-n-nasty” approximate
approach to bonding : VB versus MO theory – a summary and comparison, A
combined approximate approach to bonding,  and * orbitals, non-bonding orbitals,
 and * orbitals ; Some Applications of VB-MO Theory - Isomerization, Lewis acids
and bases, Frontier orbitals, Redox reactions, UV-vis spectroscopy ; Bonding in
Solids - Intermolecular Interactions, Types of solids, Band theory, Insulators,
intrinsic semiconductors and conductors.
CM1111 Basic Inorganic Chemistry
Workload: 4-1-0-2-3
Prerequisite: 'A' level pass in chemistry or equivalent
This module will introduce some basic concepts of modern inorganic chemistry. The
students will be exposed to many intriguing examples of inorganic compounds; most
of them are main group compounds. Basic Concepts - What is modern inorganic
chemistry? A crash course on atomic structure – Dalton’s atomic theory, shapes of
atomic orbitals, Aulfau principle, electronic configurations of atoms. Periodic Table –
classification of elements, trends in periodic table – electronegativity and ionic radii.
Shapes of Inorganic Compounds – VSEPR theory. Simple Bonding Theory – Lewis
structure, orbital hybridization, double bond between main group elements,
descriptive molecular orbital diagrams for diatomic molecules, calculation of bond
order. Acid-base and donor-acceptor – (a) different definitions of acid and base (i)
Arrhenius concept, (ii) Brønsted-Lowry concept and (iii) Lewis concept, (b) acidity of
oxoacids, (c) aquated cations as Lewis acids (example in biology – carbonic
anhydrase), (d) Examples of Lewis acids – electronic and steric factors in
determining Lewis acidity. (e) hard-soft acid-base concept, using the concept to
predict direction of inorganic reactions. Reduction and Oxidation – (a) simple
thermodynamic of inorganic reactions, (b) reduction potentials, (c) how to use
reduction potentials to determine the feasibility of redox reactions. Selected Main
Group Chemistry - Hydrogen – (a) ionic and covalent H compounds (b) hydrogen
bonding, and (c) reactions of dihydrogen and metal hydrides, Group 1 metals – (a)
industrial preparation of alkali metals (b) chemistry of lithium, (c) crown ethers, (d)
K+ on transporters in Nature e.g. Valinomycin, Group 2 metals – (a) beryllium –
structures and bonding of BeCl 2, Lewis acidity of Be compounds (b) magnesium
compounds, latest discovery of Mg(I) compound, Group 13 elements - (a) Industrial
preparation of B and Al, (b) Boron-hydride, 3-center-2-electron bond in B2H6, (c)
Lewis acidity of boron compounds, (d) borazine – a benzene analog (e) aluminum –
amphorteric halides, Group 14 elements – (a) silicon – structures of silicates, new
discoveries of Si=Si double bond, e.g. disilene (b) germanium, Group 15 elements(a) nitrogen – low valent nitrogen compounds e.g. hydrazine, ammonia , high valent
nitrogen compounds e.g. nitrogen oxides. (b) phosphorous – allotropes of
phosphorous, phosphides, oxides and oxoacids of phosphorous, nitrogen compounds
of phosphorous, phosphazenes, compounds containing P=P double bond, Group 16
elements-(a) oxygen – dioxygen, peroxide, superoxide, ozone, ozonide, (b) acidbase properties of oxides, (c) chemistry of hydrogen peroxide, catalase as an
example of nature’s catalyst for disproportionation of H2O2. (d) sulfur – allotropes of
elemental sulfur, sulfur cations and anions, oxoacids of sulfur and their redox
chemistry, use of thiosulfate in iodometric titration. Group 17 elements-(a) industrial
preparations of halogens, (b) reactivities of halogens (c) solid state structure of
iodine, charge transfer complexes of iodine (d) polyhalogen cations and anions. (e)
oxoacids of halogens, (d) applications of oxidizing chlorine compounds – e.g. HClO in
bleaching water, enzymatic production of HClO in white blood cell, and perchlorate as
rocket fuel. Group 18 elements (a) physical properties of noble gases (b) synthesis,
structures and reactivities of xenon fluorides.
CM1121 Basic Organic Chemistry
Workload: 4-1-0-2-3
Prerequisite: 'A' level pass in chemistry or equivalent or CM1417 [CM1417 (can only
be used for Life Science majors)]
Preclusion: CM1501 or GEK1516
The module deals primarily with the basic principles to understand the structure and
reactivity of organic molecules. Emphasis is on substitution and elimination reactions
and chemistry of various functional groups. You will be taught the basic concepts on
how simple molecules can be constructed. Reactions mechanism, organic
transformations and stereochemistry will also be discussed. Syllabus includes: (1)
organic structures; (2) strctures of molecules; (3) organic reactions; (4) nucleophilic
addition to the carbonyl group; (5) delocalization and conjugation; (6) acidity,
basicity and pKa; (7) using organometallic reagents to make C-C- bonds; (8)
conjugate addition; (9) nucleophilic substitution at the carbonyl group; (10)
equilibria, rates and mechanisms; (11) nucleophilic substitution at C=O with loss of
carbonyl oxygen; (12) stereochemistry; (13) nucleophilic substitution at saturated
carbon; (14) conformational analysis; (15) elimination reactions; (16) electrophilic
addition to alkenes; (17) electrophilic aromatic substitution.
CM1131 Basic Physical Chemistry
Workload: 4-1-0-2-3
Prerequisite: 'A' level pass in chemistry or equivalent
Preclusion: CM1502 Properties of gases- Gas laws (Boyle, Charles, Dalton, ideal
gas); deviation from ideal behavior; various types of intermolecular interactions and
their importance; the compression factor; the critical phenomenon; the van der
Waals equation; the Principles of Corresponding States; other equations of state. The
first law of thermodynamics (Part I) - Scope of thermodynamics; basic terms in
thermodynamics; the first law of thermodynamics and its applications; internal
energy, enthalpy, heat capacity and their inter-relationship; reversible versus
irreversible processes; various types of processes (isothermal, isobaric, isochoric,
adiabatic). Thermochemistry - Enthalpy change of a reaction; the Law of Lavoisier
and Laplace; the Hess' law; standard enthalpy of formation; standard enthalpy of
combustion; group additivity method of determining enthalpy of formation and heat
capacity; temperature dependence of reaction enthalpy. The first law of
thermodynamics (Part II) - Exact differentials and some important mathematical
tools; the Joule experiment; the Joule-Thomson effect and Joule-Thomson
coefficient; the inversion temperature; liquefaction of gases. The second law of
thermodynamics - Thermodynamics and spontaneity; the second law; efficiency of
heat engine; the Carnot cycle; the Carnot theorem; power plants; entropy and
entropy change; measurements of entropy; how to achieve low temperature; criteria
for spontaneous process; Clausius inequality; Helmholtz energy and Gibbs energy;
Gibbs energy change of a reaction. Chemical kinetics - Measurements of reaction
rates; determination of rate laws; differential and integration methods; various types
of rate laws; accounting for the rate laws; steady-state approximation; proposal of
reaction mechanisms; the collision theory of reaction rates; the activated complex
theory of reaction rates.
CM1191 Experiments in Chemistry 1
Workload:1-0-5-0-4
Prerequisites: H2/A-level Chemistry or its equivalent or by permission
Chemistry is an experimental science. By conducting the integrated experiments,
students can strengthen their understanding of the related theories. Students can
also see the cross-linkage among different areas in chemistry, namely physical
chemistry, analytical chemistry, inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry.
Furthermore, they are also trained with essential chemistry laboratory skills, as a key
to their success in their higher year education and future work.
In Experiment 1, the thermodynamic property Ksp of an organic salt is measured at
different temperatures and the enthalpy and entropy change of the process is also
determined. Titration technique is used to determine the concentration of hydrogen
tartrate ion, with acid-base equilibrium as its background theory. Students will be
trained on proper data recording and treatment, especially on significant figures and
linear regression.
In Experiment 2, the kinetic study of a hydrolysis reaction is conducted. With the
background information of SN1 and SN2 reactions on saturated carbon centre, the
kinetics of the hydrolysis of an alkyl halide is studied. The concentration of generated
acid is determined again by acid-base titration to further strengthen the students’
experimental skills of titration. The basic concept of kinetic study is integrated in this
experiment, especially during treatment of experimental data. The concept of data
record and treatment is emphasized again in this experiment.
In Experiment 3, inorganic synthesis of an interesting copper (I) halide is conducted
and physical/analytical characterization is used to determine its component. The
relative stability of copper (I) and copper (II) will be compared and the principle of
redox reaction will be discussed. Experimental skill of sample weighing, sample
transfer, standard solution preparation and suction filtration will be taught and
practiced by the students. UV-visible spectroscopy is used for quantitative
determination of copper in the synthesized salt. Standard curve is used for
calibration, with a proper data treatment. The spectroscopic method used in
Experiment 3 is compared with titration method in Experiment 1 and 2.
In Experiment 4, column chromatography is used to isolate an inorganic complex
chlorophyll and an organic molecule β-carotene. The physical chemistry background
of chromatography is discussed, together with its wide application in analytical
chemistry and synthetic chemistry. Students are trained with the following
experimental skills: choosing proper elution solvent, packing a column, running a
column and proper disposal of silica gel. Both good understanding of the principle
and hand-on practice of column chromatography will build a strong foundation for
higher level experiments.
In Experiment 5, Grignard reaction, one of the most often used C-C bond formation
reactions is conducted. A good understanding of the Grignard reaction mechanism
helps the students to run the experiment more efficiently. The control of the
anhydrous condition is the key to the success of both the current reaction and many
more reactions in the higher level study and future work. Students will learn to set
up glassware for anhydrous reaction, proper and safe addition of chemicals, aqueous
work-up, solvent extraction, recrystallization and melting point measurement.
In Experiments 1-3, physical chemistry and analytical chemistry skills are taught and
practiced, as well as the concept and application of data record and treatment. In
Experiments 4 and 5, synthetic chemistry skills are taught and practiced. All the
basic skills in CM1191 module serves as important foundation for higher year
experiments.
CM1401 Chemistry for Life Sciences
Workload: 3-1-3-0-3
Prerequisites: GCE `A’ level or H2 pass in Chemistry or equivalent or CM1417
This is a chemistry module catered for life science students and deals primarily with
physical, analytical and organic chemistry. Students should acquire fundamental
knowledge in chemistry for applications to biological systems. Topics taught include:
(1) Structure: (i) Atomic structure: Wave-particle duality of matter and energy,
electron configuration and chemical periodicity, exclusion principle, periodic table and
its trends. (ii) Models of chemical bonding: Lewis electron dot symbols, shapes of
molecules, theories of covalent bonding - valence bond theory, hybrid orbitals,
molecular orbital theory, electron delocalization. (2) Thermodynamics: Laws of
Thermodynamics, Gibbs energy. (3) Chemical and acid-base equilibria (4)
Electrochemistry: Redox reactions, Nernst, ions in solutions (5) Kinetics: Rates of
reactions, temperature dependences, differential/integration methods in kinetics,
collision theory, mechanisms (6) Analytical: (i) Separation science: chromatography
techniques. (ii) Spectroscopic techniques: UV, IR, NMR, mass spectrometry. (7)
Alkanes: Nomenclature, properties, conformation, cycloalkanes, conformations of
cyclohexane. (8) Alkenes and Alkynes: Nomenclature, electronic structure, addition
reactions, carbocation structure and stability, oxidation of alkenes, preparation of
alkenes, alkyne acidity. (9) Aromatic compounds: Structure and stability of benzene,
electrophilic aromatic substitution, substituent effect in electrophilic aromatic
substitution, oxidation and reduction of aromatic compounds. (10) Stereochemistry:
Chirality, optical activity, specific rotation, enantiomers, diastereomers, meso
compounds, molecules with more than 2 stereocentres, racemic mixture and the
resolution of enantiomers (11) Alkyl halides: Nomenclature, preparation of alkyl
halides, Grignard reagents, SN1 and SN2 reactions, E1 and E2 reactions (12)
Alcohols, ethers and phenols: Nomenclature, properties, synthesis and reactions of
alcohols, phenols and ethers, epoxides, ring-opening reactions of epoxides (13)
Carbonyl compounds: Nomenclature, structure and properties, synthesis of
aldehydes and ketones, oxidation, nucleophilic addition reactions (14) Carboxylic
acids and its derivatives: Nomenclature, acidity of carboxylic acids, synthesis and
reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives (15) Amines: Nomenclature,
structure and properties, amine basicity, synthesis and reaction of amines.
CM1417 Fundamentals of Chemistry
Workload : 2-1-0-4-3
Prerequisite : 'O' Level pass in Chemistry or equivalent
Preclusion : ‘A’ level Chemistry or H2 Chemistry or equivalent
The objective of this module is to provide an introduction to the fundamental topics
and concepts of chemistry. This includes topics like structure of matter, periodicity
and the periodic table, chemical Bonding, states of matter, stoichiometry and
equilibrium, reaction types, kinetics, organic chemistry, including such topics as
functional groups and isomerism.
CM1501 Organic Chemistry for Engineers
Modular credits: 4
Workload: 3-1-2-2-3
Prerequisite: 'A' level pass in Chemistry or equivalent or CM1417
Preclusion: CM1121
Aliphatic hydrocarbons. Stereochemistry. Alkyl halides. Ethers and epoxides.
Aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids and derivatives. Aromatic
hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Amines and diazonium
compounds. Macromolecules. Principles of spectroscopy.
CM1502 General and Physical Chemistry for Engineers
Workload: 3-1-2-2-3
Prerequisite: 'A' level pass in chemistry or equivalent
Preclusion: CM1101 or CM1131
Quantum theory and atomic structure – dual nature of light, Bohr model, waveparticle duality of matter and energy, quantum-mechanical model of the atom.
Electron configuration and Chemical periodicity – electron quantum number,
exclusion principle, quantum mechanical model and the periodic table, trends in
atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity, trends in metallic behavior. Models of
chemical bonding – Lewis electron dot symbols, ionic bonding model – lattice energy,
covalent bonding model, electronegativity, metallic bonding. Shapes of molecules –
resonance, VSEPR, bond polarity, dipole moment. Theories of covalent bonding valence bond theory, hybrid orbitals, multiple bonds, molecular orbital theory,
electron delocalization. Equilibrium – reaction quotient, equilibrium constant, Le
Chatelier’s principle,
Acid base equilibria – acid dissocation constant, acid strength, autoionization of
water, proton transfer, Bronsted-Lowry definition, polyprotic acids, acid-base
properties of salts. Ionic equilibria in aqueous solution – buffer solution, HendersonHasselbach equation, acid-base titration curves, indicators, equilibria involving
slightly soluble ionic compounds, solubility product, equilibria involving complex ions.
Kinetics – rates, rate laws, effect of temperature, collision theory, reaction
mechanisms, catalysis. Thermochemistry –first law of thermodynamics – open,
closed, isolated systems, internal energy, work, state function, expansion work,
reversible and irreversible changes, maximum work, heat capacity, adiabatic
conditions, isothermal, state path, enthalpy, calorimetry, Hess’ law. Thermodynamics
– 2nd law of thermodynamics, entropy, spontaneity, Gibbs free energy Carnot cycle,
efficiency of a heat engine, Clausius inequality, Third Law of thermodynamics.
Electrochemistry – half reactions, voltaic cells, cell potential, free energy, electrical
work, batteries, corrosion, electrolytic cells.
GEK1535 Our Atmosphere: A Chemical Perspective
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : None (open to CM, CY students)
This module is for all students, including those from the humanities and the social
sciences, who wish to learn about our atmosphere and its chemistry. We will look at
how our atmosphere evolved to support life and how, latterly, life's highest form has
been impacting upon its evolution. After reading this module, students will
understand the science behind many of the environmental problems facing society,
including global warming and the ozone hole. We will look at the intimate
relationship between the atmosphere, the oceans and the biosphere. A relationship
that has led some to regard the Earth as a self-regulating organism. The module will
be largely self-contained and only an elementary knowledge of science will be
required.
LEVEL 2 MODULES (INCLUDING GEK MODULES)
CM2101/CM2165 Principles of Spectroscopy
Workload: 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisite: CM1101 or CM1502
The objective of this module is to provide a quantum mechanical description of the
interaction of light with molecules. The main features of microwave (rotational),
infrared (vibrational), Raman (rotational and vibrational), ultraviolet (electronic) and
magnetic resonance (nuclear spin) spectroscopy will be discussed, together with
their analytical applications and instrumentation. Quantization of Energy - Waveparticle duality of light/matter, Quantum mechanics and the Schrodinger equation,
Particle-in-a-box, rigid rotor, harmonic oscillator, molecular orbital models, BornOppenheimer approximation and molecular energy levels. General Features of
Spectroscopy - Electromagnetic radiation, absorption and emission, transmittance
and absorbance, Natural, pressure and Doppler line broadening, Transition dipole
moments and selection rules, Boltzmann distribution and population of states, BeerLambert law and quantitative spectrophotometry, Absorption vs emission
spectrometers, dispersive vs Fourier transfom spectrometers, Spectral noise and
resolution. Microwave Spectroscopy - Diatomic molecules – rigid and non-rigid rotor
models, Dipole moment, rotational constant, isotopic substitution and centrifugal
distortion, Polyatomic linear molecules, Symmetric top molecules, Spherical top
molecules, Asymmetric top molecules, Techniques and instrumentation. Infrared
Spectroscopy - Diatomic molecules – harmonic and anharmonic oscillator models,
Dynamic dipole moment, equilibrium vibrational frequency and anharmonicity
constant, Rotational-vibrational transitions for linear molecules, Polyatomic
molecules and normal modes of vibration, Structural analysis by infrared
spectroscopy – group and skeletal frequencies, Techniques and instrumentation. UVVisible Spectroscopy - Diatomic molecules – potential energy curves, Vibronic
transitions – vibrational progressions and the Franck-Condon principle, Dissociation
energies from UV-visible spectra, Birge-Sponer extrapolation, Diatomic molecules –
molecular orbitals, electronic configurations, term symbols and selection rules,
Structural analysis by UV-visible spectroscopy – chromophores, Techniques and
instrumentation. Raman Spectroscopy - Absorption spectroscopy vs Raman
scattering, Raman effect – molecular polarizability, Diatomic molecules – rotational
and vibrational Raman spectra, Rule of mutual exclusion, Techniques and
instrumentation
CM2102 Spectroscopic Applications
Workload: 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisite: CM1101
Co requisite: CM2101
This course sets out to provide both broad and in-depth coverage of topics within
modern inorganic and organic spectroscopic methods, including but not limited to the
structural and dynamic studies of inorganic compounds by mass spectrometry,
electronic, vibrational and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods. On
successful completion of this module you should be able to understand the
fundamental principles and operation of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques,
such as IR, UV/Vis and NMR, to interpret simple spectra to solve typical problem of
structural analysis in organic and inorganic chemistry and to assess the application
range of these spectroscopic methods and chose appropriate methods for a given
problem.
CM2111 Inorganic Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisites: CM1101 and CM1111
Molecular shapes & physical methods, bonding theory, Point groups & character
tables, Molecular symmetry & properties, Molecular symmetry & vibrational modes,
Introduction to transition metal complexes: Coordination number and geometry,
Nomenclature, isomerism & fluxionality, Ligand field theory I - octahedral complexes,
spectrochemical series, Ligand field theory II - tetrahedral, square planar & other
geometries, MO theory of coordination complexes, Reactivity of metal complexes Equilibria, rates and mechanisms, Electronic spectra I - atomic spectra, Electronic
spectra II - Electronic spectra of complexes, Electronic spectra III - Orgel diagrams,
Applications of Coordination Compounds, Introduction to structures of solids, Defects
& nonstoichiometry, Solid state energetics.
CM2121 Organic Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisites: CM1101 and CM1121/CM1501
This module builds on CM1121 (basic organic chemistry) by focusing on the firstprinciples (fundamentals) of organic chemistry, i.e. the factors, effects, models,
selectivity, conformation, and stereochemistry of molecules. Emphasis is on gaining
an ability and understanding of reagents, mechanisms, and synthesis through
problem-based case-studies and tests. Syllabus includes: (1) conformational
analysis; (2) formation and reactions of enols and enolates; (3) electrophilic alkenes;
(4) chemoselectivity:s selective reactions and protection; (5) synthesis in action;
(6) alkylation of enolates; (7) reactions of enolates with aldehydes and ketones: the
aldol reaction; (8) acylation at carbon; (9) conjugate addition of enolates ; (10) basic
retrosythetic analysis; (11) stereoselective reactions of cyclic compounds; (12)
diastereoselectivity; (13) pericyclic reactions 1: cycloadditions; (14) Pericyclic
reactions 2: sigmatropic and electrocyclic reactions; (15) rearrangements; (16)
fragmentation; (17) radical reactions; (18) synthesis and reactions of carbenes; (19)
determining reaction mechanisms.
CM2132/CM2167 Physical Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisites: CM1101 and CM1131
Gibbs free energy -dependence on temperature and pressure, applications to
electrochemistry, phase changes, relationship between dG and equilibrium constant
K, effect of temperature and pressure on K ; Le Chatelier's principle. Phase
equilibrium - phase diagram of single component, response of melting to applied
pressure, phase boundaries and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Liquid mixtures partial molar volume, partial molar Gibbs energy, Raoult's and henry's laws,
colligative properties. Basic Statistical Thermodynamics - link between molecular and
macroscopic properties, energy levels of molecules, partition function calculations,
application to equilibrium constant calculation. Chemical kinetics - First order
reaction; 2nd order reactions; Isolation method; Parallel reactions; reversible
reactions; Temperature dependent reaction rate and Arrhenius law, Reaction
mechanism: elementary reactions; Steady state approximations and Pre-equilibrium,
Unimolecular reaction: L-H mechanism and RRK theory, Catalytical reactions:
enzymatic reactions, surface adsorption and reactions. Reaction Dynamics Reactions in gas phase and collision theory, Reactions in solutions, Potential energy
surfaces, Transition state theory, Reaction between ions, Electron transfer reactions.
Photophysics and Photochemistry - Molecular levels and states, Duality nature of
light, Principles of photochemistry, Absorption and fluorescence processes from
kinetic perspectives, Excited state deactivation and fluorescence lifetime,
Fluorescence quenching; Photo-induced electron transfer and energy transfer,
Einstein stimulated emission theory and laser fundamentals
CM2142/CM2166 Analytical Chemistry (cross-listed with CM 2166)
Workload: 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisite: CM1101 or FST1101
Topics covered include introduction to data treatment and analysis; discussion on
sample treatment and extraction, and sample preparation techniques, separation
science, electrochemistry. Topics will be selected from: liquid extraction and solid
phase extraction, some novel extraction technologies; comparison of traditional and
modern extraction procedures; introduction to chromatography, with special
emphasis on planar chromatography; introduction to electroanalytical methods.
Specific topics are classified under the following 5 broad categories: Data Treatment
and Analysis - Errors in chemical analyses; statistical data treatment and evaluation;
sampling, standardization and calibration. Chemical Equilibria and Kinetics - Basics of
chemical equilibria; acid-base equilibria; polyprotic acid-base equilibria; acid-base,
compleximetric, EDTA titrations curves; basic of chemical kinetics. Sample
Treatment/preparation and Extraction - Overview of real sample analysis; sample
treatment
methods;
sample
preparation
methods;
extraction
techniques; Electroanalytical methods - Basics of electrochemistry; voltammetry;
potentiometry; Separation Science - Classical methods of analysis including
gravimetry,
titrimetry;
fundamentals
of
separation
techniques;
gas
chromatography; liquid chromatography; capillary electrophoresis
LEVEL 3 MODULES
CM3212 Transition Metal Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM2111
This module will introduce some modern topics of transition metal chemistry which
include structures, bonding and reactivities of d-block metal complexes. To illustrate
some important concepts, some classic exotic inorganic compounds will be discussed
in great length. Reaction Mechanisms - (i) Ligand Substitution square
planar
d8
6
Pt(II), octahedral d Co(III), associative and dissociative mechanism, trans-effect,
stereochemistry of substitution. (ii) Electron Transfer Inner-sphere, outer-sphere
electron transfer reactions. (iii) Mixed-valence complexes as models for inner-sphere
electron transfer, intervalence charge transfer absorption, Robin-Day Class I, II and
III mixed valence compounds. Exotic compounds: Creutz-Taube ion, Prussian’s blue.
Bonding- Synergetic bonding between metal and -accepting ligands such as carbon
monoxide, isoelectronic ligands e.g. NO +, CN-, dinitrogen, isocyanide, and related
ligands such as pyridine. Exotic carbonyl compounds: John Ellis’s negative oxidation
state complexes i.e. V(CO)53-, Bert Allen’s ruthenium dinitrogen complex – is it
relevant to nitrogen fixation? 18-electron rule: bonding picture of Cr(CO) 6. Metal-
Metal Bonds - (i) synthesis and reactivity of simple metal clusters such as Mn 2(CO)10.
(ii) metal-metal multiple bonds – quadruple bond, delta bond. Exotic compound:
Philip Power’s quintuple bonded (bond order = 5) Ar’CrCrAr’ complex. Electronic
Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Complexes - Charge-transfer Absorption
Metalto-ligand transfer transition, e.g. Ru(2,2’-bipyridine)32+, Cr(CO)6. Ligand-to-metal
charge transfer transition, e.g. MnO4- . Metal-ligand Multiple Bond - Metaloxo/nitride/imido complexes, Oxo wall – why there is no metal-oxo double bond
compound beyond group 8? Exotic compounds: recent syntheses of iron(IV)-oxo
complexes. Electronic spectroscopy of metal-oxo compounds – Ballhausen-Gray
bonding picture.
CM3221 Organic Synthesis and Spectroscopy
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM2121
This module builds on the methods and concepts introduced in CM2121 (organic
chemistry) in the context of retrosynthetic analysis and organic synthesis. Although
emphasis is on giving students the ability to develop viable synthetic sequences to
structural organic targets, part of this course will concentrate on structural
determination and analysis in organic chemistry. Syllabus includes: (1) Retrosynthetic analysis; (2) Synthesis of natural products; (3) Introduction and
application of 1D, 2D, 3D NMR and other analytical techniques; (4) Carbon-carbon
coupling chemistry (involving Pd and metathesis); (5) Basic asymmetric chemistry;
(6) Cycloaddition reactions (other than Diels-Alder and [3,3]-sigmatropic).
CM3222 Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM2121
This module builds on CM2121 (organic chemistry) by providing a comprehensive
mechanistic understanding of organic chemistry. It covers the fundamental concepts
and experimental techniques to study reaction mechanisms; structures and reactivity
of common organic reactive intermediates; frontier orbital theory and pericyclic
reactions; molecular rearrangements and catalysis. Syllabus includes: (1)
Fundamentals of reaction mechanism; (2) Potential energy surfaces, reaction kinetics
and transition state theory; (3) Linear free energy relationship and, substituent
constants; (4) Stability and strain of reactive intermediates; (5) Structures and
reactions of carbenes; (6) Structures and reactions of carbocations; (7) Structures
and reactions of carbanions; (8) Structures and reactions of radicals; (9) Frontier
orbital theory, aromatic transition state, pericyclic reactions and WoodwardHoffmann rules; (10) Molecular rearrangements and various examples of [1,2]rearrangment in carbocations, carbenes and carbenoids; (11) Catalysis and
enzymatic reactions.
CM3225 Biomolecules
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: LSM1401 and CM2121
CM3225 consists of two parts. In part I, brief introduction will be given on the four
major classes of biomolecules in life: nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and fatty
acids. Subsequently, the bioorganic aspects of many of these molecules will be
discussed. The students will learned about how DNAs are damaged and repaired,
how proteins behaves, how enzymes catalyze chemical transformations, and how
drugs are developed, to name a few. In the part II of CM3225, bioinorganic
chemistry is involved.
The students will learn the basic concepts of modern
bioinorganic chemistry including the functions and the mechanisms of the medicinal
inorganic compounds, the mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by metalloproteins, the
spectroscopic and electronic properties of metal sites, and oxygen and electron
transfer reactions of metal complexes in biological systems. Some fundamentals in
biochemistry and physical methods for bioinorganic chemistry are also covered. The
module is directed towards students majoring in chemistry and related disciplines.
CM3231 Quantum Chemistry / Molecular Thermodynamics
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM2132 or CM2167
The purpose of the module is to introduce the students to three of the most
fundamental topics not only in chemistry but in physical sciences in general:
quantisation of matter and energy, the role of symmetry in Nature and the
probabilistic basis of natural phenomena. Historical Background - Classical
physics, The discovery of the electron, Blackbody radiation, Photoelectric effect,
Heat capacities, The Bohr model, Compton scattering, Wave–particle duality, The
Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The Fundamentals - Heisenberg’s suggestion,
Commutation relation, Hamilton’s contribution, The Schrodinger equation, Born
interpretation, Quantisation, Fundamental postulates. Exact Solutions for Linear
Motion -Free particle in one dimension, Uncertainty principle for a free particle,
Particle in a one-dimensional box, Correspondence principle, Linear conjugated
polyenes, Particle in a two-dimensional box. Exact Solutions Part II - Schrödinger’s
cat,
Tunnelling,
Harmonic oscillator,
Infrared spectrum of a diatomic,
Correspondence principle, Spherical coordinates, Particle on a ring, Particle on a
sphere. Hydrogen Atom - Rigid rotor, The hydrogen atom, Orbital angular
momentum, Zeeman effect in hydrogen, Spectroscopic notation. Many-electron
Atoms - Review of the hydrogen atom, Quantum numbers, Atomic units, Manyelectron atoms, Alkali metals, Pauli principle, Electron spin, Term symbol, Helium
atom. Terms and Levels - Review of electrostatic coupling, Term symbols using
angular momenta, Hund’s first two rules, Spin-orbit coupling. Molecules - The Born–
Oppenheimer approximation, Electronic states in diatomic molecules, Variational
principle, The secular equations, Molecular orbitals, Hückel molecular-orbital theory,
What is a chemical bond?, Time-dependent analysis. Review of Thermodynamics.
The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution Law -Introduction to statistical mechanics,
Complexions and distribution, Counting complexions: localised, independent
systems, Localised Systems (General Case), The most probable distribution, Classical
versus quantum statistics, Molecular partition function. The Molecular Partition
Function - On the identification of β, Internal Energy, Entropy, Helmholtz Free
Energy, Pressure, Heat Capacity, Non-localised systems, Factorisation of f,
Translational partition function, Chemical potential of a monatomic gas, Rotational
partition function, Vibrational partition function, Electronic partition function, Nuclear
partition function. Applications - Heat capacities of diatomic molecules, Temperature
dependence of CV, Ortho and para hydrogen, Heat capacity of a monatomic solid,
Calculation of the entropy, Chemical equilibrium, Adsorption equilibrium.
CM3232 Solid State and Interfaces
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM2132 or CM2167
Solid state - Lattices and crystal structure, solid sphere packing model, Definition of
Metal, semiconductor and insulator, From bonds to bands: nearly free electron
model, Electrons in a small box to many electrons in big box, Wave vector K and
accounting of electron filling Fermi energy, Density of states for 1-D, 2-D and 3Origin of band gap. Boltzmann statistics and equilibrium concentration of electrons,
Introduction to basic solid state chemistry in semiconductor growth and processing,
Heteroepitaxial interface between two semiconductors, Band gap engineering. Solidliquid-vapor interface - Surfaces of solids, Adsorption isotherms (Freundlich,
Langmuir, BET), Surface tension, Wetting angle, Gibbs Adsorption isotherm, the
Marangoni effect, Young-Laplace equation, curved liquid surfaces, techniques to
measure surface tension. Capillary condensation, Kelvin equation, Theory of
nucleation, Liquid-solid interface, the electric double layer, Stern layer, GouyChapman theory, Poisson distribution, Graham equation, Electrochemical interface.
CM3242 Instrumental Analysis II
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM2142 or CM 2166
Advanced electrochemical methods; advanced gas chromatography and liquid
chromatography; other contemporary analytical procedures selected from: advanced
sample preparation methods including use of microwaves, sub- and supercritical
fluids in extractions, high-pressure solvent extraction, etc.; thermometric methods;
automation of analytical procedures. However, most but not all of the above topics
may be covered in any given year. Thermal Methods - Thermogravimetric Analysis,
Differential Thermal Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Advanced Gas
Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography Methods - HPLC, GC, Qualitative and
Quantitative Analysis, Electroanalytical Chemistry - General Review and
Fundamentals, Cells (2 and 3 electrodes), electrodes, electrode-solution interface,
mass transfer, supporting electrolyte, Chronoamperometry, Polarography and
Voltammetry, dc, Tast, normal pulse, differential pulse; linear sweep and cyclic
voltammetry, quantitative analysis, - ultramicroelectrodes. Fundamentals of Atomic
Spectrometry - Introduce, investigate, and compare various atomic spectrometry
techniques including mass spectrometry. Advanced Sample Preparation - Microwaveassisted extraction, Pressurized liquid (fluid) extraction (accelerated solvent
extraction), Sub- and supercritical extraction
CM3251 Nanochemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : SP2251
This multidisciplinary module provides an in-depth view of the synthesis,
characterisation and application of nanostructures using chemical routes.
Necessarily, it will incorporate various concepts from colloidal chemistry,
supramolecular chemistry and polymers
CM3296 Molecular Modelling : Theory and Practice
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : CM2132/CM2167
Fundamental concepts of molecular modelling; survey of computational methods;
molecular mechanics and force fields; empirical and semi-empirical methods; Ab
initio theory; basis sets; electron correlation methods; density functional theory;
chemical visualization.
CM3301 Advanced Forensic Science
Workload: 4--0-06
Prerequisite: GEK1542
This is a new level 3000 essential module proposed. This module covers forensic
identification, criminalistics, DNA profiling, narcotics and toxicology. Topics on
forensic identification and criminalistics includes crime scene investigation, nature of
physical evidence, characteristics of evidence, an in-depth study of glass and fibre as
sources of evidence in criminalistics investigations. For DNA profiling, this module
would focus on screening methods for biological materials, the various
instrumentation platforms and the application of forensic DNA in Singapore crime
cases. In narcotics, the topics covered include forensic drug analysis and legislation,
clandestine drug manufacturing, drug metabolism and analysis of urine for drug
abuse. For toxicology, an in-depth study of toxicological analysis will be covered.
LEVEL 4 MODULES
CM4211 Advanced Coordination Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM3211 or CM3212
In this module, the students will learn bonding and structure of coordination
compounds including the classification of ligands and design of coordination, the
coordination compounds with polynucleating ligands (from di- and polynuclear
complexes to nanomolecules), metal-metal bond and metal cluster. The electronic
properties of coordination compounds and the new trends in modern coordination
chemistry, such as, supramolecular chemistry and molecular architecture,
photochemistry in coordination compounds, crystal engineering will be also
introduced.
CM4212 Advanced Organometallic Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM3211 or CM3212
The student will acquire an understanding of the various classes of organometallic
compounds, the nature of their bonding, synthetic methodology and characterisation
techniques using NMR and IR techniques, the principles of homogeneous catalysis,
the catalytic cycles and the mechanisms of the different catalytic processes of
transition metals, and use of the isolobal analogy. Topics covered include complexes; -complexes; clusters and metal-metal bonding; Wade-Mingos rules for ecounting, isolobal relationships. Reactions of organometallic compounds - ligand
substitution, coordinative, addition/ligand dissociation, oxidative addition/reductive
elimination, insertion)/deinsertion, nucleophilic addition and abstraction, electrophilic
reactions. Synthetic applications - metal alkyls & hydrides, insertions,
protection/deprotection and activation, coupling and cyclization reactions, the
principles of homogeneous catalysis, the mechanisms of the different important
processes catalyzed by organotranstion metal complexes (including asymmetric
catalysis), the organometallic chemsitry of the lanthanoids and Actinoids and the
metal-metal bonds and transition-metal-atom clusters, group 11 and 12
organometallics, synthesis, characteristics and reactivities of higher homologues of
carbenes including Sn, Ge, Pb.
CM4214 Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM3211 or CM3212
This module is intended to teach the most commonly used methods to determine the
structure of inorganic compounds including symmetry operators; point groups;
irreducible representations; Raman or IR active vibrational modes; the principles and
theories of the X-ray diffraction techniques; assessment of quality of published
crystal structures; NMR as a powerful diagnostic tool to determine structures and
fluxional mechanisms in organometallic and inorganic compounds.
CM4215 Bioinorganic Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisites: CM3211 or CM3212 or CM3268
The students will learn the basic concepts of modern bioinorganic chemistry including
the mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by metalloproteins, spectroscopic and
electronic properties of metal sites, and kinetics of electron transfer in proteins. This
module covers major areas in modern bioinorganic chemistry including synthetic
model compounds for metal sites of metalloproteins, basic protein chemistry,
biological electron transfer; hydrolytic enzymes, oxygen transporters; oxygen
reacting proteins such as monooxygenase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide
dismutase; physical methods in bioinorganic chemistry. The module is directed
towards students majoring in chemistry and related disciplines.
CM4222 Advanced Organic Synthesis and Spectroscopy
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM3221
This module introduces students to the use of high-field 1D/2D/3D NMR techniques
for the structure elucidation of complex/multicomponent organic molecules and some
specialized topics on organic chemistry. Emphasis is on the understanding and
application of 1D/2D NMR techniques, C-C bond formation, and saturated & aromatic
heterocycles. Syllabus includes: (1) Advanced 1D NMR spectroscopy; (2) Advanced
2D NMR spectroscopy; (3) 3D NMR spectroscopy; (4) Organopalladium compounds;
(5) Organoboranes & organosilanes; (6) Saturated heterocycles & stereoelectronics;
(7) Synthesis & reactivity of aromatic heterocylces. On top of these lecture topics,
and based on the inputs from students, two more lecture topics will be chosen from
the following four topics: (1) Organomagnesium/lithium compounds; (2)
Organosulfur compounds; (3) Stereoselective reactions of cyclic compounds; (4)
Cycloaddition and sigmatropic reactions.
CM4223 Asymmetric Synthesis
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM3221 or by permission
This module introduces students to advanced methods in organic synthesis and show
how the stereochemistry of the product can be controlled. Topics covered include
principles of asymmetric synthesis; use of simple starting materials such as sugars
as chiral synthons in the total synthesis of functionally and stereochemically complex
compounds. The module is directed towards students majoring in chemistry and
related disciplines.
CM4226 Current Topics in Organic Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: by permission
This module is intended to introduce students to selected topics in natural products,
organic synthesis, reaction mechanisms and other areas of emerging importance
which are not reflected in the current curriculum. Topics will be taken from the latest
research areas.
CM4236 Spectroscopy in Biophysical Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisites: CM2101 and CM2132 or CM2165 and CM2167
This module introduces the interested student to the questions and strategies of
biophysical chemistry. The course covers three parts: 1) Biomolecules, their
constituents, structure and properties. 2) Techniques used for the determination of
these parameters. 3) Behavior and interactions of biomolecues.The course is aimed
at students from all departments that are interested in the life sciences.
CM4237 Interfaces and the Liquid State
Workload: 2-2-0-2-4
Prerequisites: CM3232 or by permission.
The module is intended for those students interested in a deeper understanding of
the liquid state and solutions. The content unifies all the material covered in levels
one to three in physical chemistry concerning the liquid state. Particular attention is
paid to the material taught in CM3232 regarding interfaces and extends it into the
liquid state. Topics covered include: Intermolecular interactions, Laplace’s, Poisson’s
and Poisson–Boltzmann’s equations and their application to Debye-Hückle theory,
the Goüy–Chapman and Stern models, zeta-potential, and the electrostatic potential
around proteins. Colloids involving sols, emulsions and foams are considered as well
as
reactions in solution, computer models of the liquid state and experimental
techniques.
CM4241 Trace Analysis
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisites: CM3241 and CM3242 or by permission
At the end of this module, you should be able to identify the major sources of errors
in trace analysis, understand the advantages and limitations of sample preparation
and detection techniques, and be able to design a suitable method for the analysis of
a given sample by taking into account the sample matrix, properties and
concentration. Topics discussed include analysis at trace levels: general
considerations and principles, sampling, sample preparation and sample
pretreatment; selected advanced techniques of extraction and detection, applications
in environmental, biomedical, etc. analyses; chemosensors and biosensors. The
module is directed towards students majoring in chemistry and related disciplines.
CM4242 Advanced Analytical Techniques
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisites: CM3241 and CM3242 or by permission
Introduction and Basic Concepts: Historical development of capillary electrophoresis;
Electrically driven flow; Electroosmotic flow; Factors affecting electroosmotic flow:
Modifying and reversing EOF; Measuring electrophoretic velocities and mobilities;
Peak variance; Selectivity; Resolution. Principles of Separation: Different modes of
capillary electrophoresis; CZE –capillary zone electrophoresis’ CGE – capillary gel
electrophoresis; MEKC –micellarelectrokenticchromatography; CEC –capillary
electrokineticchromatography. CIEF –capillary isoelectricfocusing; CITP –capillary
isotachophoresis; Additional separation mechanisms: e.g. inclusion complexation,
chiralCE, CD-MEKC; Factors affecting peak shape. Instrumentation: Sample
introduction; Electromigrationinjection; Hydrostatic injection; Pneumatic injection;
Detection techniques; UV/Vis detector; Fluorescence detector; Conductivity detector;
Electrochemical detector; Mass spectrometry. Column Technology and Electrolyte
Systems: Column technology; Coated columns; Packed columns; Gel filled
columns/dynamic sieving; CE on chip; Buffers and additives; Buffers; Micelles; Ion
pairing/ion exchange; Inclusion complexes: Cyclodextrins, Crown ethers.
Miniaturized Analytical Systems (e.g. labchip, capillary electrophoresis on chip): Soft
lithography; Advantages of soft lithography; Soft lithography processes;
Microcontactprinting; Micromoldingin capillaries; Microtransfermolding; Replica
molding; Bonding; Microchip CE; Controlled dilution; Electrokineticinjection;
Applications: Amino acids; Oligonucleotides; Voltage switching –sample withdrawal.
DNA sequencing; Enzymatic digestion; Synchronized cyclic CE; Field flow
electrophoresis; HPLC chip; Micropump; Micro heat exchanger; Micromixer.
Membrane module; Microreactionsystem; Example: hydrogenation with immobilized
Pd Catalyst. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM): Nanoscale imaging; Scanning
tunneling microscopy; Tunneling current; Constant current and constant height
modes; Scanners; Tripod and tube scanners; Tip approach mechanism; Atomic force
microscopy (AFM); Contact mode; Non-contact mode; Tapping mode. Other scanning
probe techniques: Lateral force microscopy (LFM); Force modulation microscopy
(FMM); Phase detection microscopy (PDM); Magnetic force microscopy; Electrostatic
force microscopy; Scanning capacitance microscopy; Near-field scanning optical
microscopy; Nanolithography; Forces and their relevance to microscopy; AFM
cantilevers – spring constant and frequency; Applications of SPM technology; SPM
techniques for nanoscale analysis and characterization; SPM for elucidation of
structure/properties
relationships
of
nanomaterials;
Morphological/structure
information by scanning probe microscopy and other analytical techniques; Use of
SPM methods to improve/modify nanomaterials and nanostructures to meet
application requirements. Mass spectrometry (MS): Ion separation in MS;
Resolution; Ionization methods; Chemical ionization; Electroni mpact; Electrospray;
Fast atom bombardment; Field ionization; Laser ionization; Matrix assisted laser
desorption ionization (MALDI); Plasma desorption; Resonance; ICP-MS. Ion detection
systems and mass analyzers; Ion detectors; Channeltron; Daly; Electron multiplier
tube; Faraday cup; Microchannelplate; Mass analyzers: Magnetic sector; Quadruple;
Fourier-transform; Time-of-flight; Ion-trap; Orbitrap. Sample introduction: Gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); Direct coupling; Open-split coupling;
Probe inlets; Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Tandem mass
spectrometry: Unimolecular ion dissociation; Collision-induced dissociation (CID);
Triple quardrupole instruments; Hybrid instruments. Quantitative analysis:
Specificity; Sensitivity and limits of detection; Sources of error; Selected ion
monitoring; Selected reaction monitoring; Derivatization.
CM4271 Medicinal Chemistry
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequisite: CM2121 snd CM3225
This module builds on the module Biomolecules (CM3225) as well as Organic
Chemistry (CM 2121). A major focus will be directed towards the identification and
chemical optimization of drug molecules. It will be accompanied by presentations and
case studies delivered by selected researchers from Pharmaceutical Industry.
The following aspects will be covered:
1) The role of the chemist in the drug discovery process
2) Target Selection
3) Selection of chemical starting points via virtual screening techniques
4) Design of compound libraries
5) Translation of ADME-Tox data into new chemical entities
6) Intellectual property for medicinal chemists
The module is suited for advanced students majoring in chemistry or applied
chemistry.
LEVEL 5 MODULES
CM5111 Graduate Inorganic Chemistry
Workload : 2-1-0-4-3
Prerequisite : CM4211 and CM4212 or by permission.
This module will cover selected and essential topics in inorganic chemistry, which
may include: Importance of inorganic chemistry, group trends, acid-base concepts,
Redox-reactions, basic bonding models, introduction to orbitals, inorganic mixtures
(e.g. ores) and metal extraction techniques (separation and purification of
inorganics), selected applications of inorganic materials (e.g. in industrial processes),
VSEPR theory, hybridization, 18 electron rule, introduction to coordination chemistry.
CM5121 Graduate Organic Chemistry
Workload : 2-1-0-4-3
Prerequisite: By permission
This module gives students the ability to better understand organic structures and
reaction mechanisms. Emphasis is to enable students the ability to design new
synthetic routes towards structurally sophisticated molecules and allow
rationalization of experimental data reported in the literature. Syllabus includes: (1)
Pericyclic
reactions
and
cycloadditions
(Cope,
Claisen,
sigmatropic
rearrangements/shifts, Diels-Alder, electrocyclisations); (2) Migrations to Electrondeficient centers; (3) Rearrangements of carbocations; (4) Rearrangements of
carbanions and free radicals; (5) 1,2 and 1,4 Wittig shifts; (6) Asymmetric oxidations
(e.g. Sharpless, Jacobsen, Yang-shi); (7) Asymmetric reductions (e.g. of carbonyl
compounds, asymmetric hydrogenation); (8) Asymmetric C-C bond formation
reactions; (9) Metal-mediated organic transformations; (10) Protecting groups in
organic synthesis; (11) Selected mechanisms in organic synthesis; (12) Journal-club
discussions and tutorials.
CM5131 Graduate Physical Chemistry
Workload : 2-1-0-4-3
Prerequisite : By permission
This module provides a revision of physical chemistry principles. Quantum theory Postulates of quantum mechanics, wave-particle duality, Particle-in-a-box :
derivation and applications , The hydrogen molecule, molecular orbitals, energy
derivation. Molecular spectroscopy - Rotational spectroscopy applied to diatomic
molecules, Vibrational spectroscopy, Electronic spectroscopy, potential energy curve,
Franck-Condon factors. Statistical thermodynamics - relationship between micro and
macroscopic parameters, Partition functions, Application to equilibrium constants.
Thermodynamics - Laws of Thermodynamics, Gibbs energy, Equilibrium calculations,
Phase diagrams, Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Kinetics - Rate laws and mechanisms,
- Gas phase unimolecular reactions, solution kinetics, effects of dielectric constant,
cage effect and diffusion, surface kinetics, Langmuir isotherms, mechanisms.
CM5141 Graduate Analytical Chemistry
Workload : 2-1-0-4-3
Prerequisite : Nil
This is an analytical chemistry module which addresses the fundamentals in the
latest analytical techniques. It is aimed at the beginning to middle level M.Sc.
student to acquaint and provide them with the background for more advanced and
specialized modules on these subjects. Classifications of analytical methods
(conventional, instrumental and miniaturized analytical instruments). Lab-on-a-chip:
fabrication procedures, working principles and bioanalytical applications. Various
trace level analytical applications which include radioactive compound detection,
determination of illicit drugs from Euro/US currencies, non-invasive analytical
methods for counterfeit drugs and counterfeit money using Raman and IR
techniques, determination of cocaine from perspiration, hair and breath samples,
simple analytical methods of sex hormones and pheromones. Analytical and
bioanalytical applications of carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, ionic-liquids and
nanoparticles. Analytical applications of microreactors and homogeneous and
heterogeneous reactions in microfluidic microreactors, In-situ reaction monitoring.
Applications of electronic-nose and electronic-tongue in food and beverage
industries, on-site chemical warfare agent detection methods. Advance hyphenated
techniques
(2-dimensional
gas
chromatography
(GCxGC);
GCxGC/mass
spectrometry (MS); chip-based liquid chromatography (LC)/MS; LC-inductivelycoupled plasma-MS and LCxLC/MS). Recent advances in mass spectrometry:
ambient mass spectrometry, ion-mobility mass spectrometry and surface-enhanced
laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and its application to clinical
diagnoses. This module coverage is aimed more at breadth rather than depth but
without sacrificing the fundamental rigour. After reading this module, students will
expand their knowledge of analytical chemistry and understand the importance of
analytical chemistry in day-to-day activities.
CM5211 Contemporary Organometallic Chemistry
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : CM4212 or by permission
The module aims to cover current aspects of research in the field of organometallic
chemistry. It is assumed that students taking this module are already familiar with
general organometallic chemistry at roughly the level covered in CM4212. The course
materials can be divided into two parts. The first part of the module will cover topics
relating to general organometallic chemistry to function as a refresher but with a
practicing researcher’s bent. The second part of the module will cover some special
topics. Introductory Concepts in Organometallic Chemistry - concepts such as EAN
rule, oxidation states and inert-atmosphere manipulations. Characterization of
Organometallic Compounds - major methods of characterizing organometallic
compounds, incl. IR, NMR, MS, and X-ray crystallography. Important Inorganic
Ligands - ligands such as CO, hydride and dihydrogen, halides, phosphines, and
related ligands such as Tp, nitriles, isonitriles, arsines, stibines, dinitrogen, etc.
Important Organic Ligands -donor ligands such as alkyls and aryls, carbenes
-bound ligands such as alkenes, allyl, dienes, Cp, etc.
Mechanistic Concepts - reaction types such as reductive elimination, oxidative
-bond metathesis, migratory insertion/insertion, nucleophilic/electrophilic
addition/substitution, kinetics, etc. Special Topics - Homogeneous Catalysis - general
principles of homogeneous catalysis, with reference to selected catalytic reactions,
namely, alkene hydrogenation and isomerization, CO insertion, and olefin
polymerization. Organometallic Compounds in Organic Synthesis - the employment
of organometallic compounds in enantioselective FGIs, hydrocarbon functionality
protection, stereochemical control, and C-C bond formation via insertion and
cyclization reactions. Computational Organometallic Chemistry – introductory
concepts in computational chemistry and use of Gaussian program.
CM5221 Advanced Organic Synthesis
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM4222 or by permission
This module mainly deals with the advanced synthetic methods in organic synthesis.
Emphasis is on new organic reactions and new methodologies. Syllabus includes: (1)
Nucleophilic substitution and addition; (2) Electrophilic substitution and addition; (3)
Elimination; (4) Oxidation; (5) Reduction; (6) Protective groups; (7) Transition
metal-catalyzed coupling reactions; (8) Selected introduction and applications within
a specialized area of chemistry (e.g. supramolecular chemistry, conjugated
polymers, medicinal chemistry, total synthesis).
CM5222 Bioorganic Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM3224 or by permission
This module studies organic chemistry that is relevant to biological systems.
Emphasis is on the important biomacromolecules, understanding their structures and
functions, as well as their relevance to medicinal chemistry, from an organic
chemistry perspective. Syllabus includes: (1) Nucleic acids (physical properties,
structure and synthesis); (2) Protein structures, functions and synthesis; (3)
Fundamentals of enzymes and enzyme catalysis, mechanisms of enzyme catalysis;
coenzymes, examples of enzyme catalysis; (4) DNA damage and repair; (5) Drug
discovery, drug development, drug metabolism; (6) Structure-based drug design;
(7) Enzyme inhibitors; (8) Combinatorial approaches to small molecule discovery;
(9) Antiviral/Anticancer agents.
CM5223 Topics in Supramolecular Chemistry
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : By permission
Origin and importance of supramolecular chemistry; interdisciplinary aspects of the
field; brief overview of the structure and functions of natural systems such as
proteins and enzymes (only relevant topics towards molecular recognition will be
discussed); host-guest principles, design and synthesis of various hosts, crown
ethers, cryptands, calixarenes and cavitands; complexation studies: definition of
stability constants; applications of host-guest chemistry in research and industry.
CM5224 Emerging Concepts in Drug Discovery
Workload: 2-1-0-1-6
Prerequisite: Nil
This module introduces selected contemporary topics and emerging concepts in
medicinal chemistry and the drug discovery process. The latest ideas in lead
discovery, lead optimization, and assay development, will be discussed. Industrial
case studies will be presented by guest lecturers from the pharmaceutical industry.
CM5237 Advanced Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging
Workload : 2-1-0-4-3
Prerequisite : Nil
This module will provide essential knowledge of fundamental photon-molecule
interactions and novel laser based techniques that are important for frontier
research. Topics include: organic photophysics and photochemistry, laser
fundamentals, linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopy, time-resolved spectroscopy,
single molecule spectroscopy, fluorescence and Raman microscopy, femtochemistry,
laser reaction control and optical manipulation, laser applications in biochemistry and
medicine, optical properties of novel materials and some optoeletronic applications.
Fundamental Electronic States and Transitions - Fluorescence quantum yield and
quenching; Energy Transfer; Electron Transfer; Spectra Line broadening, Laser
Fundamentals - CW laser; Laser pulse generation; Pulse broadening and
compensation, Linear optical spectroscopy - Raman, SRS, CARS, SERS; Phase
matching; Nonlinear optics; 2nd order and 3rd order nonlinear phenomenon; timeresolved spectroscopy (fluorescence lifetime, pump probe, four-wave-mixing),
Fluorescence and Raman Microscopy; Single Molecule Spectroscopy. Femtochemistry
- Laser Reaction Control; Optical tweezers; Laser cooling. Lasers applications Biochemistry, Medicine and optoelectronics: photosynthesis; vision process; DNA
damage and repair; photodynamic therapy; solar cell, solar hydrogen generation by
water splitting.
CM5238 Crystallization and Functional Materials
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequisite: CM3231 or by permission.
This module will provide essential knowledge of crystallization .
and the implications to nano sciences/technologies and soft condensed matter.
Topics include:
thermodynamics of crystallization, nucleation: homogeneous
nucleation, heterogeneous nucleation; epitaxial growth; crystal growth: surface
structure and the modes of crystal growth, faceted growth and rough growth;
morphologies of crystals; crystal network and pattern formation; crystallization in
nano scale: the formation and engineering of soft functional materials, crystallization
in organisms, biominerailization; protein crystallization. Colloidal crystallization and
photonic crystals.
CM5241 Modern Analytical Techniques
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : CM4242 or by permission
Sample preparation, including miniaturised procedures of extraction; advanced
coupled chromatography/mass spectrometry; advanced mass spectrometric
techniques. Capillary electrophoresis: different modes of capillary electrophoresis,
injection techniques, detection techniques and column technology. Scanning probe
microscopy: scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning
electrochemical
microscopy
and
scanning
near-field
optical
microscopy.
Determination of crystal and molecular structures by single crystal x-ray diffraction
techniques.
CM5243 X-Ray Crystallography - A Practical Approach
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : by permission
X-ray generation and diffraction by solids; X-ray analysis of single crystals: theory
and practice; X-ray powder diffraction; analysis of polymers.
CM5244 Topics in Environmental Chemistry
Workload : 2-1-0-4-3
Prerequisite : Nil
The module involves sampling strategies for volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile
compounds in ambient air and stack gas analysis. These include preparation of gas
standards, sampling on sorbents, canisters, passive samplers, high volume solid
samplers, isokinetic sampling and others. Topics include Bioaccumulation factors,
biomarkers in the environmental risk assessment and the roll of bio-indicators in
environmental monitoring, environmental concerns over microorganisms, food toxins
and their current detection methods, bioaccumulative indoor air pollutants and
remediation approaches. Trace level metal and organometallic pollutants in the
environment and methods for their detection, organotins and its environmental
impact. Potential health risks and toxicity of nanomaterials in the environment,
endocrine- disrupting compounds in the environment and their analytical challenges.
Various quantitative methods for the determination of organic pollutants in
environmental samples, on-site environmental techniques and their perspective.
Applications of porous membranes in water treatment technology, remediation of
metals from waste water using algal/microbial biomass. Recent trends in soil and
sediment remediation. After reading this module, students will have an
understanding of analytical methods employed for analyses of different types of
environmental samples, and knowledge on proper environmental sampling
methodologies, adaptation of existing procedures, and regulations in environmental
problem-solving.
CM5245 Bioanalytical Chemistry
Workload : 2-1-0-4-3
Prerequisite : Nil
This is an elective analytical chemistry module which addresses the basics in the
latest bioanalytical techniques and those which are just emerging. It is aimed at
students who are interested in the applications of modern analytical techniques for
bioanalytical research and development. The module will acquaint students with
background knowledge of advanced and specialised bioanalytical techniques, with
elaboration on the materials aspects employed in these techniques. Coverage is
aimed more at breadth rather than depth but without sacrificing the fundamental
rigors.
CM5262 Contemporary Materials Chemistry
Workload : 3-1-0-2-4
Prerequisite : By permission
This module aims to discuss important contemporary topics in the field of Materials
Chemistry, e.g. nanostructured materials, hybrid composites, macromolecular
materials, biocomposites, biocompatible materials, fibrous materials, etc. These are
materials that we encounter in day-to-day life. The chemistry of their formation,
stability as well as the relationship between their structures and properties will be
emphasized. After taking this module, students should have a good fundamental
knowledge and understanding of how to design and to fabricate useful devices such
as LEDs, optical switches, modulators, and dispersion compensators.
CM5268 Advanced Organic Materials
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequsite: For Applied Chemistry Students: Polymer Chemistry II (CM3221), Advanced
Polymer Science (CM4268). For Chemistry students: Organic Reaction Mechanisms (CM3221).
This module builds on the module Advanced Polymer Science (CM 4268). A major focus will be
directed towards the preparation and application of advanced polymers and biopolymers. It will be
accompanied by presentations and case studies delivered by selected Industry researchers.
The following aspects will be covered:
(1)
Liquid Crystals
(2)
Photovoltaics Materials
(3)
Organic Electronics & Devices
(4)
Nanostructured Surfaces
(5)
Sensors
(6)
Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots
(7)
Biomimetic and Intelligent Materials
(8)
Tissue Engineering
The module is suited for final year students majoring in chemistry, applied chemistry and related
disciplines.
APPLIED CHEMISTRY MODULES
CM1161 Principles of Chemical Processes I
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: 'A' level pass in chemistry or equivalent
Preclusion: CN1111
Introduction and examples of chemical processes; process design: materials balance,
energy balance and process economics; chemical reactors: batch or continuous
operation, plug flow reactor, continuous stirred tank reactors; process control and
safety.
CM2161 Principles of Chemical Processes II
Workload: 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisite: CM1161
Transport processes: momentum transfer, heat transfer, mass transfer; unit
operations: reactor type, homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, filtration,
distillation, fractional distillation, extraction, crystallization, drying of process
materials.
CM2263 Materials Chemistry
Workload : 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisite : CM1101
Fundamentals of solid state chemistry-crystalline solids : crystal structure, Bragg
equation, Madelung constant, lattice energy, bonding, intermolecular forces, lattice
planes and surfaces;defects;solid-solid phase transition;non-crystalline solids:local
order, glasses.
CM2264 Polymer Chemistry I
Workload : 3-1-3-2-2
Prerequisite : CM1101
Classification of polymers and general considerations; polymerisation and
polymerisation processes; step reaction, radical chain, description of properties;
number and weight average molecular weights; polymer technology and applications
(I).
For DRUG option, see course descriptions in the Department of Pharmacy.
CM3193 Experiments in Industrial Processes II
Workload: 0-0-5-2-3
Prerequisite: CM3181 or by permission
Selected experiments from the following - vacuum generation and measurement;
working under inert gas; high pressure technology; determination of surface area
and porosity; preparation and characterization of ceramic materials (zeolites);
synthesis of methyl salicylate; assay of tablets; computer applications
CM3194 Selected Experiments in Chemical and Instrumental Techniques
Workload: 0-0-5-2-3
Prerequisite: CM3181 or by permission
Selected experiments from the following - thermal analysis; gas chromatography;
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); capillary electrophoresis; atomic
absorption spectroscopy; IR; ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy; cyclic
voltammetry and electroanalytical methods; membrane separations
CM3261 Environmental Chemistry
Workload: 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite: CM3241 or CM2142 or CM2166 or by permission
Environmental terms and concepts; scope of environmental chemistry; the
atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere; soil, water and air pollution; chemical
toxicology; methods of environmental analysis and monitoring; global environmental
problems; natural resources and energy; environmental management; risk
assessment.
CM3262 Advanced Inorganic Materials
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : CM2263
Alloys: solid solutions, miscibility, binary and ternary phase diagram, compound
formation, mechanical and physical properties; nanoparticles: quantum size effect,
possible applications; ceramics: structure and applications; magnetic and electrical
properties, processing; opto-electronic materials; surfactants and detergents.
CM3264 Petroleum and Industrial Organics
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : CM1121
Petrochemicals - petroleum refining; petroleum fractions: industrial use, quality
requirement; primary petrochemicals: manufacturing and uses, synthetic gas,
petrochemicals from alkenes and dienes, industrial aromatics; soaps and detergents;
paints; lubricating oils: petroleum based and synthetic.
CM3265 Polymer Chemistry II
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : CM1121
Polymerisation and polymerisation processes; step reaction, radical chain, ion chain
and
group
transfer
polymerisation;
oxidative
coupling
polymerisation;
copolymerization; degradation and stabilisation of polymers.
CM3268 Molecular Basis of Drug Design
Pre-requisites: by permission ; Co-requisites: CM3181
Workload : 4-0-0-2-4
After taking this module, the students should understand the modern process of
rational drug development. Strategies starting from an identified pharmacophore are
to be distinguished from strategies starting from the knowledge of the target
molecule. The course introduces to computational tools aiding in drug design such as
structure comparison, overlay of structures, visualization of properties, energy
minimization and docking studies. The interactive program gives handson
introduction to the use of computer visualization tools. Molecular modelling and
visualization: relative atom sizes bond lengths, bond angles. Conformations;
substrate-receptor interaction; docking studies; rational drug design; computer
assisted strategies; semiempirical quantum-mechanical approach; chemical
strategies; analyzing ligand-acceptor binding; analog design; 3-D database
searching; automated construction approaches; manual design; case studies in drug
design.
CM4261 Surface Science
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Prerequisite : CM2132 or CM2167
Physics and chemistry of surfaces; techniques of surface preparation; physical
characterisation; chemical characterisation; properties of clean surfaces; adsorption;
oxidation and corrosion.
CM4266 Current Topics in Materials Chemistry
Workload : 3-1-0-3-3
Preclusion(s): ML4223
Prerequisite(s) : CM3181 or (ML3101, ML3102, ML3104 and ML3105) or by
permission
This module introduces to process development and scale-up in the fine chemicals
and bio-pharmaceutical industries. A process design software will be introduced to
generate process flow sheets and to make economic evaluations of various
alternative process designs. As background, the course reviews microbiology,
biochemistry and genetics. This includes classification of the microorganisms relevant
for industrial fermentations (bacteria, yeasts, insect cells, hybridoma and
mammalian cells), cell organelles, species specific differences, e.g., bacterial cell
walls; drug action (explained on the examples of penicillin and vancomycin), the
development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Other topics are: Transcription,
translation, and posttranslational modifications of proteins (e.g., re-folding of
inclusion bodies); genetically improved expression systems; growth curves of cell
cultures; induction and harvesting. The unit operations of bioprocessing will be
treated: fermentation (stirred fermenter; air lift reactor; immobilized cells) and
various purification steps (downstream processing: cell disruption; dead end and
tangential flow filtration, centrifugation, chromatography,final stabilization).
CM4268 Advanced Polymer Science
Workload: 2-1-0-0-7
Prerequisite: For Applied Chemistry Students: Polymer Chemistry II (CM3265). For
Chemistry students: Organic Reaction Mechanisms (CM3221).
This module will be focused on some advanced topics which are not covered in basic
polymer science. The topics include: (1) new polymerization methods (e.g. controlled
radical polymerization, metallocene polymerization and olefin metathesis
polymerization); (2) block copolymers and their applications; (3) dendritic
macromolecules; (4) naturally occurring polymers and biopolymers; (5) inorganic
and organometallic polymers; (6) supramolecular polymers and smart polymers; (7)
conducting polymers and their applications
CM4269 Sustainable and Green Chemistry
Workload: 3-2-0-2-3
Prerequisite: (CM2132 or CM2167) and (CM3221 or CM3264).
The module covers:(i)
introduction: origin, current status and future of green
chemistry;(ii)
concept of sustainability;(iii) environmental fate of chemicals;(iv)
metrics for environmental risk evaluation of chemicals;(v)
elements of green
chemistry;(vi) energy balance in chemical reactions and separation processes;(vii)
selectivity and yield improvements in chemical processes via statistical
methods;(viii) fundamentals of industrial waste treatment;(ix)
environmental
consequences of burning fossil fuels for generation of energy;(x) renewable sources
of fuels and chemical feedstocks;(xi)
energy future beyond carbon; and(xii)
advanced green chemistry techniques and process intensification
UROPS (CM2288, CM2289, CM3288 and CM3289)
Undergraduate
Research
Opportunities
Programme
in
Science
(UROPS)
The aim of this programme is to provide undergraduates with a unique opportunity
to work with one or more scientists in a specific area of study. It allows
undergraduates to engage actively in research, discussions, intellectual
communications and other creative activities and to experience first hand the
exhilaration of discovery and invention. Students will be presented the challenge of
working at, or near, the frontiers of Science and this exposure will complement
conventional classroom learning. Students will undertake all phases of research
activities which include reading scientific journals, designing and execution of
experiments, analysing data and presenting results.
Eligibility
To apply for Level-2000 UROPS module/s, the applicant must have:
Completed at least one semester upon application; and
Attained a CAP of at least 3.00
To apply for Level-3000 UROPS module/s, the applicant must have:
Completed at least three semesters upon application; and
Attained a CAP of at least 3.00
.
For 8 MCs UROPS, students will read XX2288/XX3288 in one semester and
XX2289/XX3289 in the following semester. They must drop the module
XX2288/XX3288 in the first semester (i.e. when they are doing the first 4 MCs of the
project) if they wish to and this will be in accordance with the module dropping
deadlines in CORS. Students must complete the 8 MCs project in the second
semester.
Departments will decide on the format of evaluation/examination. For more
information please visit this website.
http://www.science.nus.edu.sg/undergraduates/curriculum/specialprog/urops/index.
html