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Questions on Chapter 14 –the digestive system I-mention in short *functions of the digestive system *accessory digestive organs * organs of dig. System in sequence *borders of the oral cavity *main functions of tongue *tonsils in oral cavity *the main layers of the wall of alimentary canal *parts of the stomach *sphincters of stomach *curvatures of the stomach *names of omentum *functions of greater omentum *cells of gastric glands and secreation of each *divisions of small intestine *treatment of heart burn *structures that increase surface area of absorptive surface of small intestine *divisions of large intestine *parts of colon *names of salivery glands *important contents of saliva *names of teeth and number of each group *the three regions of tooth *main contents of bile *movements that occur in digestive system *3monosaccharides and 3 disaccharides *the results of chemical breakdown of the 3 main dietary groups *chewing of bread for few minutes leads to sweet taste *enzymes in pancreatic juice *functions of the liver *effects of fever on the body and on pathogens *defecation reflex *phases of deglution II-Define the followings *metabolism *constipation *anabolism *TMR *diarrhea *catabolism *BMR *pyrogens III-fill spaces *GIT begins with ---------------and ends with-------------------*in a cadever,the length of alimentary canal is about-----------------*the cavity cotained by the teeth is called---------------*the m. m. fold which secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth is called--------------.when it is extremely short,it is refferd to as------------------*the ---------- and---------------are common passageways for food and air *the outermost layer of the wall of intestine is called---------------*when stomach is empty,its mucosa is thrown into large folds called---------*digested food leaves stomach as a heavy cream called-----------*chyme enters small intestine through ------------------sphincter *smll intestine begins with-----------------and ends with--------*small intestine is suspended from posterior abdominal wall by----------------- *small intestine joins large intestine at-----------*lymphatic capillaries in villi is called----------------*------------------are local collections of lymphatic tissue in submucosa of small int. *-----------------is the first part of large intestine,it is saclike *-----------------hangs from the cecum ,it is wormlike *-------------------is inflammation of vermiform appendix *---------------and-----------------and ------------------are parts of large intestine that lie in the pelvis *large intestine has two turns called-------------and------------------*------------------anal sphincter is voluntary while the----------------muscle is involutery *goblet cells produce-----------*the wall of large intestine is puckered into small pocketlike sacs called-----------,it is due to contraction of the three bands of longitudinal muscles called----------------*mucus in saliva and mastication helps to bind food together into a mass called-----*inflammation of parotid gland is called-----------------*there are two sets of teeth,the first is called--------------------or--------------------or---------------,its number is-----teeth,it is completed at-------------------years while the second is called----------------teeth,its number is-----------teeth,it begins to appear at----------years *the third molar is called--------------,it erupts between------------and--------*the most common tooth to be impacted is-----------------*the hardest substance in the body is------------------,it covers the----------the -----------of the tooth *the exposed part of the tooth is called-------------while that imbedded in the jawbone is called *the outer surface of the tooth is covered by-------------------which attaches the tooth to the----------------membrane or ligament *-------------------a bonelike material underlies the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth.It surrounds a centeral cavity called---------------- which contains----------------and------------*--------------------is a soft ,pink ,triangular gland,it extends accros the abdomen from----------------to------------*------------------is a mixed gland *endocrine function of pancreas is production of------------------- and-----------------*---------is the largest gland in the body *------------------is located under the diaphragm,more to the right side of the body *the liver is suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by a ligament called----------*bile leaves the liver through the------------------and enters the-----------------through bile duct *bile salts ----------------fats by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones *-----------------is small,thinwalled green sac in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver *active voluntary food intake is called-------------*----------------movement moves food back and forth so mixes food with digestive enzymes while---------------squeezes the food along the tract *breakdown of large food particles to their building blocks by enzymes is called------*the building blocks of carbohydrates are--------------while those of proteins are---------------but those of fats are--------------*----------------is the major absorptive site *elimination of indigestible substances via the anus is called----------------------*chemical digestion of starch begins in the mouth by----------------------enzyme *the two major phases of deglution are------------------and---------------*during deglution,tonge blocks the----------------while soft palate closes off the----------------and------------------covers the opening of larynx *food in the stomach and low pH stimulate stomach cells to release------------hormone which increases production of--------------juice *---------protects stomach wall from the effects of HCLand protein digesting enzymes *----------is a gastric protein digesting enzyme,while------------------is another one present in infants which acts primarily on --------------*----------------is protrusion of the superior part of the stomach above diaphragm *when duodenum is filled,----------------------reflex inhibits gastric motility and tightens pyloric sphincter *emetic center is present in--------------------,it is stimulated by local irritants in the --------------or by disturbances of the equilibrium apparatus in the -----------------*brush border enzymes can break----------------into simple sugars by enzymes called-------*---------------- is necessary for absorption of fat soluble vitamins,of which-----------*to make prothrombin, liver needs vit---------*most substances are absorbed by -----------transport except lipids which are absorbed by------------ ----------process *the two major propulsive movements in large intestine are---------------and--------------*---------------is long powerful contraction,3-4 times a day occur in large int. *when rectum is stretched-----------------reflex is initiated *defication reflex causes the wall of-------------to contract and the anal sphincter to--------*the energy value of food is measured by----------------*------------------are the major buildings of cell structures *------------------ is usually broken down to make ATP *--------------------is used to build cell membrane and myelin sheeth *---------------------are carfully conserved by body cells for the future *----------------------is known as blood sugar *O2 using by the cell is called---------------*in hyperglycemia,glucose is stored as-----------------------, a process called------------and if still too high ,it is stored as-----------------------------*in hypoglycemia,glycogen is broken down to--------------,a process called------------*if body uses fat for energy production,intermediate products as-------------and----------------are found in the blood,the condition is called--------------------or----------------.the breath odour become----------* if are not formed by body cells, aminoacids are called------------------they must be taken in diet *if a. acids are used for energy,the amine groups are removed as---------------which combine with --------------in the -------------to form--------------which is removed by the kidneys *--------------------is formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources *the most abundant protein in the blood is-----------------------,it is formed by the---------------And it is responsible for holding fluid in bloodstream by its --------------pressure * %of cholesterol is taken in food while the rest is formed by the -------------*fats cannot circulate freely in blood,they are transported bound to--------------------*lipoproteins are either-------------------or---------------*LDLs are called --------proteins while-----------------are called -----------proteins *high level of LDLs in blood may initiate---------------------*-----------------is the most important factor in determining BMR *the body,s thermostat is in------------------*heat promoting mechanisms include---------------and----------------*heat loss mechanisms include----------------and------------------*------------------and-------------------are hormones secreted by small intestine mucosa .they lead to release of---------------------and---------------*if vasoconstriction in cold weather is prolonged,it may lead to----------------------- *-------------------is a congenital disease in which huge amount of mucus is produced *--------------------is the most common congenital anomaly in digestive system *longitudinal layer in large intestine is reduced to three bands called-------------------*pancreatic juice is rich in-----------------which neutralizes the acid chime *diarrhea is-------------stool while constipation is---------------------*the most common congenital defect in GIT is------------------------- IV-true or false *blood clotting problems occur if either bile or pancreatic juice is absent *alimentary canal is shorter in a living person than in a cadaver *esophagus is only a passageway to food *food moves in esophagus by peristalsis *alimentary canal is surrounded by double layer of serous membrane *stomach lies on the left side of the abdomen *most digestive activity of the stomach occur in the pyloric region *small intestine is the largest section of alimentary canal *large intestine frames the small intestine on three sides *nearly all food absorption occurs in small intestine *no villi are present in large intestine *in large intestine,there are tremendous number of goblet cells *enamel is the hardest substance in the body *dentin forms the bulk of the tooth *pancreas is retroperitoneal organ *pancreatic enzymes can breakdown all categories of food *pancreas is a mixed gland *pancreatic juice is alkaline *liver almost completely covers the stomach *the digestive function of the liver is production of bile *only bile salts and phospholipids(in bile) aid in digestion *cells can actively take aminoacids from blood even if their concentration is more inside the cell *bile does not contain enzymes *while food digestion is not occurring,bile is stored in gall bladder *bile is concentrated in gall bladder by removal of water *when fatty food enters the duodenum,the gall bladder contracts to push bile *hepatitis is most often due to viral infection *liver cirrhosis follows prolonged alcohol drinking *human beings have no cellulase enzyme *active and to a less extent passive transport is needed for absorption *pharynx and esophagus have no digestive function *decrease in mucus secretion in stomach is the main cause of ulcers *esophagus has little mucus protection *heart burn may occur if gastric juice backs up into the esophague *the diaphragm normally reinforces the cardioesophageal sphincter *hiatal hernia is a common cause of heart burn *low pH is necessary for activating pepsinogen to pepsin *absorption starts in the stomach *it takes 4 hours for the stomach to empty completely *high fat diet delays stomach empting *protein and carbohydrate digestion starts before food reaches the dudenum *intestinal juice is relatively enzyme poor *bile is necessary for absorption of fat soluble vitamins *if either bile or pancreatic juice is absent,no fat digestion or absorption occur *proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed by blood capillaries and lacteals *fats are absorbed by lacteals only *the colon produces no digestive enzymes *resident bacteri in large int. can metabolize some nutrients *gasses are produced in large int. due to bacterial effects on remaining nutrients *no absorption occurs in large int. *in large int.,vit. K and B are absorbed * in large int.,most of remaining water is reabsorbed *rectum is generally empty from stool *constipation may lead to water and electrolyte imbalance *fats are the major fuel used normally for making ATP *liver routinely uses fat for making ATP *fats are the most concentrated source of energy *ketosis is a common consequence to no carbohydrate diet *ketosis is a common consequence to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus * ketosis is a common consequence to starvation *cholesterol is never used as a cellular fuel *proteins are not built unless all aminoacids are available *without liver ,we die in 24 hours *cholesterol is the structural basis for vit D *cholesterol is the structural basis for steroid hormones *fatty acids,fats and cholesterol are insoluble in water *energy cannot be created or destroyed *energy intake equals energy output *if external temp. is more than body temp.,heat cannot be lost by radiation *if the air is humid,evaporation is very slow *fever is controlled hyperthermia V-Match table A with table B tableA tableB ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( )amylase )lipase )pepsin )renin )cellulas )gasrin )secretin )CCK )rennin Table A ( 4 )sucrose ( 1 )maltose ( 2 )fructose ( 3 )glucose ( 6 )galactase ( 5 )lactose 1- protein digestion 2- carbohydrate digestion 3- fat digestion 4- kidney enzyme 5- intestinal enzyme 6- not present in humanbeings 7-disaccharidase 8-hormone secreted by stomach 9- hormone secreted by dudenal mucosa 10-hormone contracts gall bladder 11-acts on milk Table B 1-two glucose units 2-fruit sugar 3-blood sugar 4-glucose and fructose 5-glucose and galactose 6-disaccharidase 7-digested by trypsin