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Chapter 8 Lesson 4- Stars and the Universe Vocabulary 1. Star 2. Nebula 3. White dwarf 4. Supernova 5. Black hole 6. Constellation 7. Light-year 8. Galaxy NOTES How do stars form? Stars form when matter comes together and starts to give off energy. Stars go through stages and different stars go through different stages. The cycle of a star depends on how much hydrogen the star contains. A stars cycle ends when it stops giving off energy. All stars form from a nebula. Gravity pulls the mass off the nebula together. As they get closer together they collide with each other. Collisions produce heat and the temperature to rise. Protostar – beginning star. Hydrogen is the fuel that produces energy in the sun. Red giant many times larger than a normal star. Helium atoms started forming carbon. Eventually the helium begins to cool down and can’t make carbon. The star shrinks and becomes a white dwarf. This is the end of the medium sized star cycle. What happens to larger stars? Supernovas shine brightly for days or weeks and then fade away. A supernova will form a new nebula. Stars are characterized by their color and temperature. Red and Orange= cooler Giant stars have diameters that are 10 to 100 times of the sun. Giant Stars-10-100 Super Giants-1000 Neutron stars- smallest Gravitational Microlensing- analyzing data of the stars brightness for changes that Yellow=Middle White and Blue=Hotter show that a planet passed in front of a star. What are constellations? Constellations are named after animals, characters in stories, and familiar objects. Constellations help us with directions. Polaris-north star If you are lost in the woods, look for Polaris it will guide you to safety. Next closest star to earth is Proxima Centauri, 40 trillion, 4.2 light years, away. What are star systems? Each galaxy holds millions of stars. The basic shapes are spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Our solar system is located in the Milky Way galaxy. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy. Bared spirals galaxies have 2 arms that spread across. Elliptical galaxies are round and look like a think pancake. Irregular galaxies have no definite shape. Clusters are shaped like a sphere and hold a 100,000 or more stars. Binary stars- when 2 stars form near each other and around each other. How did the universe form? The Big Bang Theory- the universe started out as a big bang and has been expanding ever since.