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BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW – SPRING 2011
CHAPTER 12 - DNA STRUCTURE
1. What is the building block of DNA? __nucleotide_________________
2. What are the 3 components of the building block mentioned in #1?
 5-C sugar called deoxyribose
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine)
3. Describe the structure of DNA. __double helix; _____________________________
4. What do Chargaff’s base pairing rules state?
% of adenine = % thymine AND % cytosine = % guanine, which means that everywhere in
DNA there is an A, it bonds with a T, and everywhere there is a G, it bonds with a C.
Memory helper: Biology… is Always The (A-T)
Greatest Class (G-C)
5. Where is DNA located in eukaryotic organisms? __nucleus___________________________
6. What two components make up the backbone of DNA? __sugar and phosphate___________
7. What makes up the rungs of DNA? ___nitrogen bases_____________________________
8. Draw in the piece of DNA that would correspond with the segment below.
9. Which biomolecule group does DNA belong to? ___Nucleic Acid_________________
10. What type of bond is found between the nitrogen bases of DNA? _hydrogen bond___________
11. If a segment of DNA contains the sequence, GGTACAGTGAATCCA, what would the
complementary sequence look like?
CCATGTCACTTAGGT
CHAPTER 12 – DNA, RNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, RNA contains the sugar ribose

DNA is double stranded (double helix) and RNA is single stranded (single helix)

DNA contains the nitrogen base Thymine, RNA contains the nitrogen base Uracil
2. DNA controls cell activities by directing the synthesis of __proteins_______________
3. Which type of RNA functions as the blueprint of the genetic code? __mRNA_________________
4. A segment of 3 nucleotides on mRNA is known as a? __codon________________
5. How many codons would code for 3 amino acids? ____3___________________
6. DNA is copied in a process known as __replication_________________________
7. Which type of RNA is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?
tRNA
8. The process of copying DNA to make mRNA molecules is known as _transcription___________
9. When the cell uses information from mRNA to produce proteins, the process is called _translation_
10. What is the end result of DNA replication? 2 identical strands of DNA
Use the codon chart below to answer questions 11 – 13.
11. Use the codon chart to determine which mRNA codon(s) code for the amino acid alanine (Ala).
GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG
12. Which amino acid does GAU code for? _Asp__________________________
13. AUG codes for which amino acid? ___Met_____________________________
CHAPTER 11 – INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS
1. The study of heredity is known as __genetics___________________.
2. The units that control traits are called __genes_________________.
3. Different versions of a gene (G or g) are known as ___alleles_____________.
4. A expression of a physical trait, such as brown hair or black hair, is known as _phenotype_______
5. If R = round seeds and r = wrinkled seeds, then what is the phenotype for the following:
RR = _round_______ Rr = __round_________ rr = __wrinkled_______________
6. If a certain trait displays co-dominance, and MM = red body mm = blue body, then what would be
the phenotype of a heterozygote? __red and blue body________________
7. In a certain breed of chickens, one homozygous phenotype is black, the other homozygous
phenotype is white, and the heterozygotes are gray. What type of inheritance is this an example of?
Incomplete dominance
8. A certain trait in flowers shows incomplete dominance. RR = red petals, rr = white petals, and Rr =
pink petals. If a red flower is cross pollinated with a pink flower, what percentage of the offspring
would be white? Show your work!!
RR x Rr
R
R
r
RR
Rr
R
RR
Rr
0%
9. Albinism is a recessive disorder that results in a lack of pigmentation in the skin. The allele for
normal skin tone is dominant. If a husband and wife are both heterozygous for this trait, what is the
probability that their child will have albinism? Show your work!!
Key: N = normal skin
n = albino
N
n
N
n
NN
Nn
Nn
nn
Cross: Nn x Nn
25%
10. A certain individual has the following genotype: HhGg. List all the possible gametes that would be
formed during meiosis for this individual. __HG Hg hG hg______________________
Mitosis vs. Meiosis – Determine whether the following events occur during mitosis, meiosis, or both.
11. _Meiosis________ four haploid daughter cells are produced
12. _Mitosis________ associated with growth and asexual reproduction
13. _Meiosis________ associated with sexual reproduction and the formation of gametes
14. _Mitosis________ two diploid daughter cells are produced
15. _Both________ involves replication of chromosomes
16. _Meiosis________ crossing over between homologous chromosomes may occur
CHAPTER 14 – HUMAN INHERITANCE
1. The first 22 pair of chromosomes are known as __autosomes__________________________.
2. A diagram of photographed chromosomes which are cut out and organized in numerical order (1-23)
is known as a __karyotype___________________________.
3. What two things can be observed by looking at a karyotype?
The sex of the baby, if the baby has an extra chromosome or is missing a chromosome
4. Sex-linked disorders such as colorblindness and hemophilia occur more commonly in males. Why?
Because most sex linked disorders occur on the X chromosome, and males only have one X
chromosome, so if they inherit the allele, then they inherit the disorder.
5. If a chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis, this is known as __non disjunction_______
6. Referring to question #5, in what phase(s) of meiosis can this failure to separate occur?
Anaphase I or II of meiosis
Use the following pedigree which shows an autosomal recessive disease to answer the questions that follow.
List the genotype of the following individuals:
B
A
A __Rr___ B __Rr___ C __rr___ G __Rr____
C
D
7. Which individuals in the pedigree above have hitch hiker’s thumb?
C, F, H
Use the following karyotype to answer the questions that follow.
E
F
G
H
8. Is this a karyotype of a male or a female? _male______________
9. How many total chromosomes does this individual have? __46__________
10. Does this individual have Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner syndrome, or Down syndrome? _no, this
individual has the correct number of chromosomes.________
11. For chromosome #’s 1-22, why are there 2 of each chromosome?
Each individual inherits two copies of every chromosome - one chromosome from their mom
and one from their dad
EVOLUTION
1. According to Darwin, the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
is known as _fitness_________________.
2. Define artificial selection – when a farmer breeds only his or her best livestock
3. What is descent with modification? The idea that all organisms evolved, with modifications,
from a common ancestor.
4. Define natural selection – part of Darwin’s beliefs that only those organisms that best suited or
adapted for their environment will survive, reproduce, and pass their characteristics on to
their offspring.
5. List some evidences that support Darwin’s theory of descent with modification.
Homologous structures, embryological development, fossil evidence
6. Structures that are no longer needed, and therefore become reduced in size over time, are known
as _vestigial structures______.
7. Structures that have similar construction but are used for different functions (like the arm of a human
and the wing of a bat), are known as __homologous______.
8. According to Darwin, individuals must change in order to maximize their fitness and survive. What is
this change to environmental situations called? __adaptation__________________________
MICROBIOLOGY
1. List the structures common to both bacteria and viruses.
Genetic material
2. Why is a virus considered non-living? They do not exhibit the characteristics of living things
3. All viruses are made up of what two parts? __DNA or RNA (genetic material)____, __protein
coat called a capsid_________________
4. Why are antibiotics ineffective against the flu? The flu is a virus which is non living and
antibiotics work on preventing infections caused by living things such as bacteria
5. Instructions for making new copies of a virus are found in its __RNA or DNA__________
6. What are some beneficial uses of bacteria to humans?
Processing foods, nitrogen fixation, synthesize medications
7. What are the three shapes of bacteria? __bacilli____, _spirilla_______, __coccus__________
8. How do bacteria reproduce asexually? _spore formation, binary fission________
9. How do bacteria reproduce sexually? _conjugation_________________________________
10. As a way to reproduce, some bacteria are capable of forming a protective covering around their
genetic material during times of adversity or environmental stress. What is this protective covering
known as? _spore_______________________
11. Name 5 common viral diseases.
HIV, Common cold, herpes, flu, West Nile virus, smallpox
12. Name 3 bacterial diseases.
Strep throat, tuberculosis, necrotizing fasciitis
13. At the end of the lytic infection, what happens to the host cell? _it is lysed and destroyed______
14. During the lysogenic infection, viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA while the host cell
replicates. What is the name of this small piece of incorporated viral DNA? _prophage_______
INTEGUMENTARY, SKELETAL, & MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
1. What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest in the human body? (begin with cell)
Cell _tissue_____ __organ_____  __organ system_____  __organism___
2. Which type of tissue covers and protects the body? __epithelial_________________________
3. Which tissue type is responsible for helping the brain communicate with the rest of the body?
_nervous tissue____
4. What are some functions of the skeletal system?
Protection of internal organs, support, movement, provides a place for muscle attachment,
production of blood cells, storage of minerals & fat
5. The type of bone that is less dense, porous, and is found near the ends is known as _spongy
bone______
6. Yellow marrow is responsible for storing _fat________________.
7. What type of connective tissue joins bone to bone? __ligament_______________
8. What type of connective tissue joins muscle to bone? ___tendon_____________
9. Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control? __skeletal_____________________
10. Which type of muscle tissue(s) is striated? __skeletal, cardiac________________________
11. Which muscle tissue is found lining the walls of the stomach, blood vessels, and intestines?
smooth
Use the diagram to the right to answer the following questions.
12. Which structure is responsible for raising the lower arm? _3____
13. Which structure represents a tendon? __2____
14. The integumentary system consists of the skin, __hair____ & __nails____________.
15. Name some functions of the skin.
Protection against pathogens, UV rays, damage
Production of vitamin D
Helps regulate body temperature
Sensory information
16. What are the first two layers of the skin called? __Epidermis____, __Dermis__________
17. Which layer of the skin is composed of flat, dead cells? __epidermis_____________
18. What are some structures that can be found in the dermis? Hair follicles, nerve endings, blood
vessels, sweat glands, oil (sebaceous) glands, muscles
19. What two types of glands are located in the skin? __sweat___, __sebaceous_____________
20. The pigment that colors the skin and protects it from UV rays is known as _melanin________
21. What type of skin cancer is the most deadly? _melanoma___________________
NERVOUS, ENDOCRINE, IMMUNE
1. What is the smallest structural unit of the nervous system called? __neuron_________
2. What part of the brain controls conscious activities of the body? _cerebrum_________
3. What are some functions of the nervous system?
Transmit impulses to organs
Responds to stimuli
Senses stimuli
4. What part of the brain controls balance, posture, and coordination? _cerebellum__________
5. What part of the brain regulates blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate? _medulla oblongata__
6. Chemicals that cause a reaction in another part of the body are _hormones_________
7. Which line of defense is the skin and body secretions an example of? __1st line ________
8. A substance that triggers an immune response is known an a __antigen_____________
Label the structures of the endocrine system
using the following word bank:
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Ovary
Pituitary gland
Testes
CIRCULATION & RESPIRATION
1. What are some functions of the circulatory system?
___Transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones and other things around the body
Help maintain homeostasis by regulating body temperature
Produce blood cells____
2. What is the liquid portion of the blood called? _plasma____________________
3. What part of blood is responsible for carrying oxygen to all the tissues of the body? _red blood cells
4. What part of blood helps defend the body against pathogens? ____white blood cells_____
5. What part of blood helps to form clots? ____platelets_____
6. Which blood vessels are thick, elastic, and carry blood AWAY from the heart? ____arteries____
7. Which blood vessels are thinner, less elastic, and carry blood TO the heart? ___veins____
8. Which microscopic blood vessels are responsible for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes?
capillaries
9. What are the top two receiving chambers of the heart? ____atria____
10. What are the bottom two pumping chambers of the heart? ____ventricles____
11. What is the largest artery of the heart that delivers O2 rich blood to the body? ____aorta____
12. When the brain is deprived of oxygen due to a blocked blood vessel, the condition is known as?
Stroke
13. Cancer of the white blood cells is known as ____leukemia____.
14. The ____trachea____, or windpipe is lined with cartilage rings to prevent it from collapsing.
15. What is the name of the structure at the top of the trachea that is responsible for producing sound as
air passes through it? ____larynx____
16. What is the name of the small, grape-like air sacs in the lungs where O2 and CO2 are exchanges?
____Alveoli____
17. What large sheet-like muscle located below the lungs aids in breathing? ___diaphragm___
DIGESTION AND EXCRETION
1. What flat, muscular tube carries food from the pharynx to the stomach? ____esophagus____
2. What is the name of the wave-like muscular contractions of the digestive tract? ___peristalsis___
3. Chemical digestion of food in the stomach occurs with the aid of which secretion? __hydrochloric
acid_
4. What is the function of the villi in the walls of the small intestine?
_____Increase the surface area for maximum absorption______
5. The last part of the large intestine in which undigested wastes are stored until they are eliminated
from the body is called the ____rectum____
6. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the digestive tract? Small intestine
7. Which organ has a function of producing digestive fluids as well as secreting the hormone insulin?
Pancreas
8. _Liver_ is the organ that produces bile, while the _gall bladder_ is the organ that stores bile.
9. What is the main function of the excretory system?
To remove metabolic wastes from the blood stream
10. Name some metabolic waste products. excess salt, water, carbon dioxide, and urea
11. Which bean shaped organs are responsible for filtering the waste products from the blood?
Kidney
12. Which tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder? Ureters
13. Which muscular structure stores urine until it is expelled from the body? Urinary bladder
14. In addition to the urinary system, what other body systems remove waste products from the body?
Integumentary, Respiratory
15. What is ADH and when would your body release it?
Anti-Diuretic hormone; to tell your body that the amount of water in your blood is low so the
body can reabsorb some.
Organ Identification
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
lungs
stomach
liver
Heart
Trachea
Esophagus
Urinary Bladder
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Kidney
Diaphragm
E
A
A
D
A
F
A
C
M
A
B
K
A
J
L
A
A
H
I
A
A
G
A