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Review III
WHAP/Napp
I. Jesus
A. Major teachings: devotion to God and _______ for fellow man
B. His message, “The kingdom of God is at hand” seemed to threaten Rome
because it ________ allegiances
C. After the Crucifixion, devotion to him grew rapidly; called the _____ (Greek
for Messiah, or “the anointed one”)-His teachings ________ throughout the
Roman Empire
II. Early Christianity
A. Christians would not worship the _______ of the Roman Empire
B. Worshipped a ______ God
C. Appealed to the lower classes (urban dwellers and women)-Taught equality
of the sexes - Early Christians were _________ by the Romans for failing to
worship the Roman godsApproximately three hundred years after the
Romans crucified Jesus, a Roman emperor (___________) converted to
Christianity
III. Silk Road
A. Southeastern Asia, China, and India traded: silk and _______ west to
consumers in central Asia, Iran, Arabia, and the Roman Empire
B. Spices were important because they had _______ purposes (food preservative
and flavoring and pharmaceutical) - Central Asia _______ horses, jade, and
magic potions west
C. Trade route that __________ the Han and Roman Empires in classical times
D. Facilitated the _________ of goods, ideas, and disease
E. Following the fall of the Han and Roman Empires, the route was revived in
post-classical times, first by the Tang and Song and later the _________
IV. Fall of the Roman Empire
A. Problems: internal opposition, power struggle (26 people claimed the
throne), generals struggled for power and died violently, empire was simply
too _____, epidemics
B. Diocletian _________ the empire into two districts: eastern (Anatolia, Syria,
Egypt, and Greece) and western (Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and North
Africa)
C. Germans migrating from the north __________ the western half; especially
powerful were the VisigothsHun invasions, led by _______, pressured
other Germanic tribes to invade: Ostrogoths, Vandals, and Franks
V. Germanic Invasions
A. Ended imperial Roman power in ________ Europe by 476 C.E.; power later
shifts to Byzantium in the east
B. Nomadic __________ tribes – Visigoths, Huns (led by Attila), Ostrogoths,
Vandals, and Franks – encountered little effective resistance
C. Controlled the western half of the Roman empire: Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain,
and North Africa - Led to decentralized rule and to the establishment of the
_______ system
VI. Early Byzantine Empire
A. Emperor Constantine accepted ___________ in 313 C.E.
B. He then relocated the capital of the Roman Empire to ___________ in the
east because the eastern Mediterranean was wealthier and allowed him to
spy on enemies in the East
C. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the eastern half became known
as the _________ Empire and included lands in Greece, the Balkans,
Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and northeastern Africa
D. Roads and communication systems, emperors above law  divine ______
VII. Justinian’s Code
A. Justinian (reigned 527-565 C.E.) was a very important emperor during the
early Byzantine empire; his wife, _________, advised him on political,
religious, and diplomatic issues
B. Built great public works, including the Hagia Sophia, a ________ that
became a mosque following the Ottoman Turks’ conquest of Constantinople
C. After a systematic review of all laws of the republic, Justinian codified
Roman _____, keeping legal principles of ancient Rome
D. Published Corpus juris civilis (Body of Civil Law)Justinian’s Code has
remained an inspiration for civil law _______
VIII. Byzantine Economy and Society
A. Lower Danube region was the breadbasket of the ________
B. Byzantine government prevented ______ classes from seizing peasants’ lands
C. The wealthy could buy exemptions from ______
D. Craftsmen were highly respected for their handiwork in areas of glassware,
gems, jewelry, and mosaics (used to decorate _______)
E. Architectural gems – Hagia Sophia (church, later _______)
F. Byzantine government recognized the importance of the silk industry (a
trade borrowed from the _______) and subsequently closely supervised its
production and saleTrade  important as a direct result of __________
IX. Legacy of Classical Greece
A. Greek replaced Latin as the official language of the _________ Empire
B. Byzantine scholars, like Greek scholars, focused on literature, history, and
philosophy; their legacy was the preservation of ________ culture
C. Byzantine preservation of Greek and Roman cultures was transmitted back
to western Europe during the __________
X. Fall of the Byzantine Empire
A. Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople (later renamed it
__________)Byzantines lost Anatolia (their breadbasket), which led to
their ultimate demise (they had no _______ source)
XI. Byzantium and Russia
A. Russia created several trading centers, including ___ along the Dnieper River
B. In 989 C.E., Prince Vladimir of Kiev _______ to Orthodox Christianity as a
result of his exposure to Byzantium; his subjects followed
C. Other Byzantine influences included the Cyrillic _______, writing, codified
laws, and art and architecture (for example, onion domes)
D. After Constantinople fell, Russia named Moscow the world’s third Rome –
Center of Orthodox Christianity shifts northward
XII. Long-Distance Trade
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
A. Specialized _____ and efficient means of transportation encouraged trade
between groups such as the Mesopotamians and the Egyptians as early as
3500 B.C.E.
B. Sumerians, who needed natural resources, traded regularly with the _______
society by 2300 B.C.E.
Spread of Epidemic Diseases
A. Smallpox devastated the _____ Empire – reduced population by
approximately one-quarter during the second century B.C.E.
B. Epidemics appeared later in China
C. Epidemics led to social change; trade ______, and people learned to be selfsufficient
Muhammad
A. About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and
traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last
______ of AllahHe believed in ___ God (Allah)
B. Allah’s words were given to Muhammad and collected by his followers and
compiled in the _______
C. Hadith, a record of _______ attributed to Muhammad and accounts of the
prophet’s deeds, serve as a guide for the interpretation of the Quran and for
social and legal customs
D. Muhammad’s journey to Mecca became a symbolic starting point of the
official Islamic calendar and a religious _________ for the followers of Islam
Expansion of Islam
A. Rapid expansion in the century after Muhammad’s death was the work of
early _______ who spread the word through pilgrimages
B. Between 633 and 637, Muslims took control of Byzantine Syria and Palestine
and seized most of _________ from the Sassanids
C. During the 640s Muslims conquered Byzantine Egypt and North _______
D. By 651, Muslims controlled the Sassanid dynasty and _______
E. By 718, Muslims controlled Hindu India, northwestern Africa, and the
Iberian _______
F. Muslims allowed conquered people (Christians and Jews) to maintain
traditions but paid jizya (_____)
Abbasid Dynasty
A. In 750, the Umayyad Dynasty ______ after a rebellion in Persia led by Abu
al-Abbas, who founded the Abbasid dynasty, the main source of power in dar
al-Islam (House of Islam)
B. Abbasids were headquartered in _______
C. Trade arrangements held the empire _______
D. Officials included ulama, religious experts, and qadis, judges; both resolved
local disputes and set moral __________
Trade within Eastern Hemisphere
A. Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhara, and Samarkand facilitated the
revival of trade over the ______ Road (perpetuated by Muslims)
B. Classical roads, originally commissioned by India and Persia and revived by
Muslims, provided quick and efficient ________ through dar al-Islam
C. Overland trade was conducted by camel ______
D. Caravansaries provided lodging, food, and water for traveling ________and
their animals
E. Technological advances, such as the compass, the lateen sail, and the
astrolabe led to increasing travel in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea,
and _______ Ocean
F. Abbasids encouraged large-scale trade by reinstituting letter of _____ – sakk
(checks)
XVIII. The Quran and Women
A. The Quran helped and hurt _______
B. Improved the security of women in Arabian society: outlawed female
infanticide and ruled that dowries go to brides, not ________
C. Described women as honorable individuals equal to ___, not property
D. Both the Quran and sharia (Islamic ___) emphasized male dominance:
descent through the male line, male inheritance, strict control of women by
male guardians
E. Social customs were influenced by Islamic beliefs: men were permitted to
take up to four wives (________), women were veiled in public
XIX. Influences on the Dar al-Islam
A. Arabic term referring to the “house of Islam”the lands under Islamic ____
B. Persian influences: administrative techniques; ideas of kingship (greatly
influenced caliphs); Persian, the language of ________, poetry, history and
political thought (for example, The Arabian Nights)
C. Indian influences: mathematics, Arabic/Hindi numbers, symbol for ____,
algebra, trigonometry, geometry
D. Greek influences: philosophy, science, medical writings (especially _____ and
Aristotle), Arabic libraries and museums held translated Greek and Roman
works
XX. Islam in Northern India
A. Muslim forces reached _____ by the mid-seventh century
B. Muslim merchants reached the northern and southern coasts of India; Islam
was spread _____ using connections established through relationships with
Arabs and Persians prior to Muhammad
C. Migrations and invasions of Turkish-speaking people from central ____
D. Mahmud Ghazni, the Turkish leader in Afghanistan, destroyed hundreds of
Hindu and ______ sites; Buddhism’s decline ironically did not tarnish
Islam’s reputation with Indians
E. Sultans ruled Punjab to the ______ valley from 1206 to 1536
XXI. Sui Dynasty
A. After centuries of turmoil following the Han dynasty, the Sui emerged to
restore peace and _____
B. Public works included palaces, granaries, and repair of defensive walls; most
elaborate project was the Grand _____
C. Grand Canal: a series of artificial waterways that _______ Hangzhou to
Chang’anThe Grand Canal linked north and south economies of China
D. 610s: rebellions broke out in northern _____
E. 618: emperor Sui Yandi was assassinated and dynasty ______
XXII. T’ang Dynasty
A. Ruled ______ beginning in 618 C.E.
B. Expanded into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and _____
C. By 907, the empire became so large that local warlords gained more and
more power, and the T’ang dynasty _______ A golden age
D. Poetry made the T’ang Dynasty truly _____
E. Also, ____, architecture, science, philosophy, porcelain, silk, and
transportation systems
XXIII. Song Dynasty
A. Followed the Tang Dynasty; first emperor, Song Taizu, started policy of
distrust of military leaders – focused on civil service ______ (based on
Confucian philosophy), industry, education, and the arts
B. Financial ________ faced by the Song: bureaucracy too big
C. Military problems: scholar bureaucrats’ limited military experience led Song
to military failuresAlso, considered a ______ age along with T’ang
D. Many advances in _______ and arts
XXIV. Technological Developments of Tang and Song Dynasties
A. Advances were made possible as a result of abundant ____ supplies
B. High-quality porcelainMetallurgical technologies: iron and steel were
made stronger by using coke instead of _____ to get a higher furnace
temperature
C. Military advances: __________ was ultimately used effectively in military
battlesPrinting technology: texts were produced ______, cheaper, and in
greater quantities
XXV. Neo-Confucianism
A. Developed in response to growing popularity of _________
B. Combined Confucian beliefs with the writing of Buddhism but civil ________
examination continued to be used to staff government positions
C. Buddhism was appealing because it offered a tradition of logical _______
D. Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi (1130-1200) wrote Family Ritual 
stressing appropriate personal behavior and social ________
E. Neo-Confucianism is important because it shows the influence that
Buddhism had on Chinese society and throughout East ______
XXVI. Early Japan
A. An agricultural society inspired by T’ang China, instituted a series of
reforms to centralize power  Nara was ______ as a replica of Chang’an
B. Japan fused traditional ______ beliefs with Chinese Buddhism and
ConfucianismHeian period  power centralized in Fujiwara family
C. Women contributed to Japanese _______ (Lady Murasaki’s Tale of Genji)
D. Decline resulted from a failure of the equal-field system; ____ became
concentrated in the hands of a small group of wealthy elite
XXVII. Medieval Japan
A. _______ Kamakura and Muromachi periods
B. Characterized by decentralized political power in which regional _____
(daimyo) controlled land and economy (Chinese-style bureaucracy was
abandoned)
C. Valued military talent and disciplineSamurai (mounted warriors) played
an important role in Japanese society  observed _____ (way of the warrior)
 emphasized loyalty to the warrior’s lord
D. Medieval period ended by Tokugawa dynasty, which centralized power and
______ Japan
E. European feudalism valued warriors (knights) and way of warrior (_______)
XXVIII. Frankish Empire
A. Franks built a society based on ________ in northern region of Europe and
oversaw the development of decentralized political institutions in those areas
B. Clovis (strong political and military leader) led successful campaigns; one
campaign finally ______ Roman authority in Gaul and established Franks as
most powerful and dynamic of new states in western Europe
C. Clovis converted to __________ and thereby gained the support of Christians
from former Roman Empire
D. Frankish unification of western Europeans made possible Muslim defeat at
_______ in 732
XXIX. Carolingian Empire
A. High point for the Franks came under __________, who quelled disputes
between local leaders when he reclaimed centralized imperial rule
B. Charlemagne extended the empire into northeastern Spain, Bavaria, and
Italy and as far south as _____
C. Traveled through his empire during _____ of his reign
D. Legitimacy of his empire pronounced by the Roman _______ Church
E. Established a new group of imperial officials in an effort to increase control
of _______ government; missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler”)
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2003 Change Over Time Essay from the World History AP
Describe and analyze the cultural, economic, and political impact of Islam on ONE of
the following regions between 1000 C.E. and 1750 C.E. Be sure to discuss continuities as
well as changes.
West Africa
South Asia
Europe