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The Reformation 1517-1600
POLITICAL
1529 German Lutheran princes ―protest‖ =Protestants against the Emperor Charles V policies
1531 Lutheran princes form Schmalkaldic league against Charles V
1530‘s Charles V fighting Turks & French
1545, Luther dies. War breaks out in 1545. divisions among Catholics weaken support for
Charles V
1555 Peace of Augsburg: cuius region eius religio (Whose realm, his religion)This is a great
victory for Protestants
FRANCE
Francois I supports Turks against Charles
His successor Henry II manages to keep France stable despite the fact that the Huguenot
(Calvinist) population is growing
I.
France
A. Francis I (1494-1547)
1. Very strong ruler
1. Supported the arts (such as Leonardo da Vinci)
[Movie Ever After]
2. Castles in the Loire valley (Chambourg)
3. Already had considerable ecclesiastical power and so
he had no need to create a separation from Roman
Catholicism to maintain power
4. Fierce rival of the Hapsburg family (Charles V)
2. Francis I
1. Wanted the Pope's support in his conflicts with
Charles V
2. Initially gave some freedom to the Protestants
3. When the Pope criticized this support, Francis
suppressed the Protestants
4. Threatened the Pope with invasion and won the right
to name bishops, although the Pope still had
theoretical veto power
3. Francis died in 1547
B. Henry II succeeded Francis I
1. Married Catherine d'Medici
2. Henry suppressed Protestantism
3. Calvin's influence from Geneva (next to France) and Calvin's
desire to convert his motherland raised pressure on the
French Catholic Church
1. Many Protestant missionaries sent into France who
converted many even in the face of official
suppression
2. The French converts were called Huguenots
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3.
C.
D.
Many aristocratic French women (and later their
husbands) became Protestants, thus giving the
Huguenots some armed forces (the private armies of
the aristocrats)
4. Henry II died in 1559 without a male heir
Francis II, Charles IX, and the Henry III ruled successively
1. All were controlled by their mother, Catherine d'Medici, a
strong Catholic
1. Francis II married Mary Queen of Scots
2. Francis II died without a male heir
3. Charles IX approved the St. Bartholomew Day
massacre and a war against the Huguenots ensued
4. Charles IX died without a male heir
5. Henry III was elected king of Poland but returned to
rule France when his brother, Charles IX died
6. Henry III tried to stop the war with the Huguenots but
was attacked by his cousin, Henry of Lorraine (of the
Guise family), who had the backing of the Catholic
church
7. Henry III was able to withstand his cousin and
eventually had him and his brothers assassinated
8. Henry III named Henry of Navarre his heir
9. Henry III was eventually stabbed by a monk for being
too accommodating to the Protestants (Henry III was
the last of the Valois dynasty in which succession
had been in dispute since 1328, when the Capetian
dynasty ended)
2. St. Bartholomew Day massacre (1572)
1. During the reign of Henry III, Catherine authorized the
ambush of French Protestant leaders who had come
to Paris to attend the wedding of Henry of Navarre
(leading pretender to the French throne and a
Protestant)
2. After midnight these leaders were awakened, only to
be stabbed or thrown from windows
3. The killing of the leaders encouraged roving bands of
Paris Catholics to hunt out and kill all Protestants they
could find
4. It is said that the Seine River was clogged with bodies
5. Scores of bodies were hung as warnings to others
who may want to convert to Protestantism
3. Protestants united their forces to stop the slaughter and the
king tried to accommodate some of their wishes
Henry of Navarre
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1.
2.
3.
4.
II.
He was a Protestant (from a family whose estates were in
northern Spain) who was offered the crown if he would
convert to Catholicism
His family name was Bourbon
He accepted and became Henry IV (first of the Bourbon
dynasty)
Henry signed the edict of tolerance (Edict of Nantes) and
Huguenots were no longer persecuted
England
A. Catholicism in England
1. England considered itself to have a Christian Church before
the formation of Roman Catholicism (claims?)
1. Joseph of Arimathea and others (The Lost Disciples,
Whence Came They? and other books)
2. Sailed to England about 50 AD, Avalon colony (also
built a church at Glastonbury)
3. Converted Celtic nobility to make England first
Christian country in the 1st C
1. Druid priests also accepted Christian practices
2. Romans persecuted the Christians in Britain
4. Paul visited England and ordained the first English
Bishop
5. Sent missionaries to France and Rome
6. English missionaries spread Christianity to France,
Ireland and other places within the Roman Empire
7. First Roman Bishop (Linus) was a missionary from
England who was sent to assist in establishing the
church in Rome and was ordained by Peter (thus
becoming the Bishop of Rome)
2. St. Augustine of Canterbury visited Britain in 604 AD (sent
by Pope Gregory I)
1. Had success because of the large number of
Christians already in England, including the wife of
the Saxon king Ethelbert
2. Established the presence of the Roman Catholic
Church
3. Roman Catholic church gained support over the period of
the Middle Ages (in England and throughout Europe)
because of their strong central coordination among the
various Christian countries in Europe and their establishment
of the Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne
B. Luther-believing Protestants in England
1. Gained support secretly
2. Tyndall's English translation of the Bible
1. Notes and comments were Lutheran in tone
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2.
C.
Followed a tradition in England of giving the common
people access to the Bible
3. Died as a martyr after being captured by agents of the
Holy Roman Emperor when Tyndale went to Holland
3. Henry VIII was a supporter of the Catholic Church during the
early days of the reformation
1. Wrote a pamphlet condemning Luther
2. Named "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope
Henry VIII
1. Henry's older brother, Prince Arthur, married Catherine of
Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella and aunt to
Charles V) but then Arthur died before becoming king (1501)
2. Henry's father decided that Henry VIII should marry
Catherine to cement relationships with Spain
1. A Papal dispensation was given to permit the
marriage of a women to her dead spouse's brother
(1510)
2. Henry and Catherine had 6 miscarriages and still
born.
3. One infant, Mary, survived to maturity
3. Henry became concerned that his marriage was cursed
1. Lev 20:21 -- And if a man shall take his brothers's
wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his
brother's nakedness; they shall be childless.
2. Lack of a male heir (Catherine was 42) convinced
Henry that the marriage was cursed
3. Henry knew that he was not at fault as he had
fathered an illegitimate son (who was Lord Mountjoy,
Erasmus's patron in England)
4. Henry informed Catherine that their marriage was
never valid and that their only child (Mary) could not
inherit the throne
5. Passion for Anne Boleyn and her pregnancy
4. Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) was Catherine's nephew
and put pressure on the Pope to not grant the dispensation
for the divorce or to state that the original dispensation had
been in error
5. The French king, Francis I, also put pressure on the pope to
not grant the annulment
1. Henry had betrothed Mary Tudor (his daughter by
Catherine) to the Dauphin of France when she was
very little
2. Should Mary inherit the English throne, England
would become a possession of the French
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3.
D.
E.
F.
This was especially galling since the Hundred Years
War had been fought over just this type of confused
inheritance
Dissent in England over the proposed divorce (and separation from
the Catholic church)
1. University professors gave support to scriptural law over
papal law and thereby gave Henry intellectual and
theological authority to defy the Pope
2. Cardinal Wolsey tried to accommodate both Pope and King
but was convicted for placing a foreign power (the Pope)
above the English King (treason) and was beheaded (1529)
3. Thomas More (King's chancellor) resigned rather than make
a choice of Pope versus king but was eventually executed
4. Thomas Cromwell succeeded as chancellor and becomes a
strong proponent of Protestantism
5. Trial held and Henry's marriage to Catherine declared
annulled
6. Henry squelched internal dissent by restricting religious
choice only to the Church of England (which retained most of
the rituals of the Roman Catholic Church)
7. Luther-like Protestantism discouraged by Henry
8. Henry dissolved all Catholic monasteries and confiscated
their property (approximately 1/4 of all land in England)
9. Money became as important as religion in the separation
from the Catholic church
Wives of Henry VIII after Catherine
1. Anne Boleyn
1. Mother of Elizabeth
2. Executed for infidelity
2. Jane Seymour
1. Mother of Edward VI
2. Died shortly after birth of Edward
3. Anne of Cleves
1. German princess
2. Divorced when her principal backer in court
(Cromwell) lost favor
3. No children
4. Catherine Howard
1. No children
2. Convicted of misconduct and executed
5. Catherine Parr
1. Outlived Henry
2. No children
Edward VI (son of Jane Seymour, the wife who succeeded Anne
Boleyn)
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1.
G.
Reasonable laws enacted (some wondered at his
reasonableness -- Twain's The Prince and the Pauper)
1. Revoked all laws restricting religious freedom
2. Parliament approved Book of Common Prayer which
contained both Protestant and Catholic prayers
2. Died in 1553 after only 6 years reign
3. Attempted to prevent Mary Tudor from succeeding by
recognizing his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, as the heir
1. Lady Jane Grey declared queen
2. Forces of Mary Tudor protested and parliament
recognized Mary's claim after 9 days
3. Lady Jane Grey convicted of treason and executed
Mary Tudor (Daughter of Catherine of Aragon)
1. Married Phillip II of Spain
1. Very unpopular marriage with the English people
2. Strong rivalry with Spain during this period
3. Fear of becoming a Spanish colony through marriage
(as happened with Holland, Austria, Naples, etc.)
2. Re-instituted the Catholic Church as the only acceptable
church but this was resisted by the people and parliament
3. Persecuted all dissenters from Catholicism
1. Became known as Bloody Mary
2. Over 300 Protestants executed during her reign
4. Full reconciliation with the Catholic Church not achieved
1. Pope insisted on full restoration of Church lands and
properties
ENGLAND
Henry VIII divorces Catherine of Aragon. Splits the English (Anglican) Church from Rome.
Act of Supremacy in 1529. Thomas More does not sign and is executed. Marries Anne Boleyn.
Henry initially did not want to change doctrines of Catholic church. However, over time
Protestant influence grows.
He is succeeded by: Edward VI (Protestant)
Mary (bloody Mary—Catholic)
Elizabeth (Protestant—but not a fanatic) ascends throne in 1558.
ECONOMIC
Protestant England and Holland soon undergo rapid Capitalist development.
Lands are confiscated from Catholics in England and form the great estates that will dominate
Parliament in future. The competition between the faiths on both a religious and economic level
lead to unprecedented growth and ingenuity.
RELIGIOUS
Martin Luther issues 95 Theses October 31, 1517
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• Luther believes that Salvation is by faith alone
• Bible is the ultimate source of authority
• Criticizes indulgences sold by church
• Two sacraments only: baptism and communion
Confronts the young Emperor, Charles V at Diet of Worms.
Emperor issues Edict of Worms: Luther is forbidden to preach.
H.
III.
Political consequences of Luther's movement
1. Initially individual cities proclaimed that the local church
could preach according to Luther's teaching
2. A peasants' war (1524-1525) occurred but was criticized by
Luther as being too radical and violent
3. Charles V lost support of Germany
1. The Pope withheld support from Charles because of
political pressure from Francis I
2. Charles eventually abdicated the
German/Austrian/Bohemian throne in favor of his
brother as a compromise with the German princes
4. Northern Europe (Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Low
Countries) become Protestant
1. German princes supported Protestantism as a
method of exerting political independence from
Charles V and his Hapsburg successors
2. Scandinavian kings were anxious to counter French
influence
3. Low Countries were anxious to overthrow Spanish
rule
1. Phillip II, Charles V's son, attempted to stop the
Protestant movement in the Low Countries
2. Phillip was defeated in the Low Countries after
many years of war
3. The Low Countries became largely protestant,
although the French-speaking portions
remained Catholic
Counter reformation
A. Jesuits (Society of Jesus) formed (1534)
1. Founded by Ignatius Loyola
2. Originally formed to strengthen the Catholic Church
3. Used as both intellectual and moral warriors
4. Did not originate but eventually controlled the inquisition
5. Many explorers from the order were missionaries to new
lands
1. Francis Xavier in the Far East
2. Marquette in the New World
6. Eventually evicted from several countries for their fanatical
support of the Catholic Church and the order
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1.
IV.
Fomented some rebellions against governments they
believed to be against them or their ideas
Suspended in Portugal and France in mid-1700's
Suspended by the Pope from 1773-1814
2.
3.
B. Inquisition
1. Started prior to the reformation but used strongly after Luther
became popular throughout Catholic Europe
2. Was a method of insuring that the people were not adopting
Protestant ideas
3. Strongest in Spain because the Catholic Kings (Ferdinand
and Isabella) were anxious to rid Spain of the Moslems and
Jews (and to take over their property)
4. Charles V and his successors also used the Inquisition to
suppress dissent
5. Sought to control what people read, thought, and how they
acted
C.
Council of Trent (1545-1560)
1. Defined Catholic doctrine in light of the reformation
2. Suggested reforms to the Catholic Church
3. Allowed greater liberty of opinion (as a method of dealing
with Protestant concepts that were infiltrating the Catholic
Church)
4. Stated that the king of each country could define the official
church of the country and that the king could insist that all
people belong to the same church
5. Tried to effect a reconciliation with Protestants but it was too
late
Zwingli (Zurich)
A. Began preaching against papal authority before Luther
B. Strong Swiss patriot, social reformer, and theologian
C.
Supported Luther and convinced Zurich city officials to let him
change parts of the mass
1. Lay members received both bread and wine
2. Priests wore normal clothes
3. Language was German
4. Idols removed
D.
Zwingli's church in Zurich is now a national treasure
E. In 1531 there was a battle for control of Switzerland's religion
between Protestant and Catholic cantons
1. Zwingli died in the battle
2. Individual cantons given control over religion
F.
Zurich Anabaptists ("baptized again")
1. In 1525 separated themselves from Zwingli because they felt
he did not go far enough in his reforms
2. Adults must proclaim devotion to Christ and be baptized
publicly
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3.
4.
V.
Kicked out of churches in Zurich and expelled from the city
Fled to Münster (communal living, polygamy, New
Jerusalem)
5. Mennonites, Amish, and Hutterites are related groups
Calvin (Geneva)
A. Early life
1. Born in France
2. Not trained as a priest but as a lawyer
3. Taught school and was a writer
4. Worked for the Catholic Church as a bureaucrat (appointed
by his father)
B. Effect of Luther's teachings
1. Calvin was strongly converted to the ideas of Luther
2. Became almost militarist in his opposition to the Catholic
Church
3. Wrote and taught with careful skill (versus Luther who wrote
while still formulating concepts)
4. Not nationalistic (like Luther) because he taught people from
many countries
C.
Teachings
1. God governs all things and is all powerful
2. Bible is the sole source of the will of God and no Pope or
any other person or tradition can overturn it
3. Mankind is inherently evil and can be saved only by the
grace of God
1. God chooses whom he will save (predestination)
1. Note: Don't confuse predestination with
predictability.
2. Example: All men in the class raise their hands
3. I can predict who will raise their hands, but the
individuals are still free to choose whether they
will raise their hands
2. Mankind can improve chances of being saved by
living a righteous life (The elect will follow God's
commands)
3. Profession of faith is required
4. Universal priesthood where all are equal in the faith
D.
Geneva
1. Had just overthrown the local Catholic authorities and were
looking for a protestant leader
2. Wanted to establish the perfect Christian community
3. Calvin accepted the leadership of the community
4. Established a church/state government
1. The ruling body was 200 elders
2. Called a Presbyterian (elders) government
5. All Catholics either kicked out or forced to convert
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Liquor, singing, pleasure seeking were prohibited except
when the purpose of the activity was seeking Christian
brotherhood
Literal interpretation of the scriptures
1. Copernicus was declared to be a fraud
2. Any contrary interpretation was persecuted
Details in the peoples' lives were controlled to eliminate any
Catholic influence
1. Curfews
2. Naming of children to avoid any names associated
with Catholic beliefs
3. Some people executed for disagreeing with Calvin
Calvin objected to government dictates on ecclesiastical
issues (infringing his power) and was exiled from Geneva;
moved to Strasbourg
Returned to Geneva at request of new city council (on his
own terms)
Established an academy to teach his principles
1. People from many countries were taught by Calvin
2. His teachings founded protestant movements in many
countries
OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS
Anabaptists: take over city of Munster. John of Leyden later killed. Persecuted and drowned,
they are the forerunners to Baptists.
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Catholic Counter-Reformation: Council of Trent met from 1545-1563.
• Salvation is by Faith and Works combined.
• Uphold‘s seven sacraments.
• Papal/clerical authority is supreme.
• Tried to define proper use of relics, saints, and indulgences.
• Print an Index of Prohibited Books.
JESUITS formed in 1540. Led by Ignatius Loyola, he used a military model to recruit and
train missionaries who woulc be told to re-gain Protestants, or travel throughout the globe so
that the Catholic church would make converts. Jesuit priests serve kings, form schools and
educate much of Europe‘s Catholic elite. They will be powerful for over 200 years until they,
too, are disbanded. Many lapsed Catholics re-convert. The Northern part of Europe will
remain Protestant while the South is Catholic.
INTELLECTUAL
Christian humanists combine love of classical learning with emphasis on Christian piety:
They are very influential during reformation.
SIR THOMAS MORE: Writes Utopia, about an imaginary land where economic and social
structure end poverty and greed.
Erasmus (1466-1536) from Rotterdam (Netherlands) was a Northern Renaissance Humanist.
Erasmus criticizes church corruption but not doctrine. His two important works were In
Praise of Folly and Handbook of a Christian Knight. Later, he is blamed for inspiring Luther
to criticize the church. Erasmus belongs to both the Renaissance and Reformation.
SOCIAL
Religion reform prompts social reform. Peasants‘ revolt (1524-25) is brutally suppressed by
princes of Germany. Luther supports state authority over peasants.
Protestants establish State schools to indoctrinate youth.
Protestants strongly support marriage and family as ideal state.
Women are now placed firmly in the home, whereas in the Catholic church, many women
had positions of power in the abbeys.
Literacy will now advance less slowly in Southern (Catholic) Europe.
Bible now read in vernacular.
The State will start to support public charity. Work ethic rises, but disdain for poor develops.
ARTISTIC
Hymns sung by congregation. Luther himself writes many hymns.
Printing developed in 1450: diffusion of printing produces more literacy.
Mannerism, then Baroque: Flamboyant facades of churches, ornate decoration with ceiling
paintings. St. Peter‘s in Rome is Baroque. Titian‘s paintings capture Charles V‘s power.
There is some overlap between Renaissance and Baroque.
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