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Biographical Dictionary Renaissance and Reformation 1. John Calvin ● Born: France 1509 ● Supporter of Martin Luther ● Fled to Geneva Switzerland (dangerous for Protestants in France) ● Founder of Calvinism ○ work hard, behave well, and obey laws ○ predestination ○ church members should choose clergy not the kings or bishops 2. Desiderius Erasmus ● Born 1466 Rotterdam, Netherlands ● Christian humanism leader ● Best way to reform the church humanist learning and bible study ● Believed people should use reason to become better Christians ● Wrote book - Praise of Folly o criticized the wealth and power of church leaders 3. Vasco da Gama ● Born 1460’s Portugal ● Explorer ● 1st person to sail directly from Europe to India ● Sailed around Africa to get to India 4. Leonardo da Vinci ● Born 1452 Vinci, Italy ● Leading figure of the Renaissance ● Mathematician, engineer, architect, inventor, artist, sculptor, etc. ● Famous paintings: Mona Lisa and The Last Supper “Three classes of people: Those who see. Those who see when they are shown. Those who do not see” Leonardo da Vinci 5. Bartolomeu Dias ● ● ● ● Born 1450 Portugal Explorer Explored the coast of Africa First to explore to the Cape of Good Hope 6. Elizabeth I ● Daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn ● Half-sister of Queen Mary I ● Became queen in 1558 when Mary I died ● Stopped the persecution of English Protestants ● Restored the Anglican Church ● One of England’s greatest rulers 7. Johann Gutenberg ● German Printer ● 1450’s developed a printing press that used movable metal type. ● Books could be printed quickly by machine ● Made books available to the people ● 1st European printed book The Christian Bible 8. Henry V ● Born 1387 ● A great warrior king of medieval England ● Famous for his victory against the French at the Battle of Agincourt ● English king during the Hundred Years War ● William Shakespeare wrote a play about him - Henry V 9. Henry VIII ● Ruled England 1509 to 1547 ● Wanted a son to succeed him. Only had 1 daughter from his marriage to Catherine survive - Mary ● Wanted to divorce wife - Catherine. ● The pope said no! Catherine was the daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. ● Henry got the Archbishop of Canterbury to end his marriage. ● Pope excommunicated him. ● He married Anne Boleyn and started the Anglican Church Henry VII - A member of the Tudor Family 10. Jesuits ● Member of the Society of Jesus - a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola ● A main agent of the Counter Reformation ● Later a leading force in modernizing the Catholic Church 11. Ferdinand Magellan ● Born 1480 Portugal ● Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition that circumnavigated the world. ● He died on the voyage but his crew continued on. 12. Martin Luther ● Born 1483 Germany ● Catholic Monk ● Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral, in Germany, protesting Catholic Church practices ● Pope Leo X - claimed Luther dangerous and excommunicated him. ● His ideas became Lutheranism. o faith in Jesus - not works o Bible final source for truth about God. o church is made up of people not just clergy 13. Mary I ● Daughter of King Henry VIII and Catherine ● Became queen when her father died ● Restored the Catholic Church in England ● Had 300+ Protestants burned at the stake ● Known as “Bloody Mary” 14. Marco Polo ● ● ● ● ● Born 1254 Venice, Italy Explorer, Merchant, and Traveller Traveled from Europe to Asia Lived in China for 17 years wrote book - The Travels of Marco Polo ● Worked as Special Envoy to Kublai Khan while in China Interesting Fact: There is a “debate among historians as to whether Marco Polo ever really made it to China”. biography.com 15. Medici Family ● Controlled Florence’s government during the Renaissance ● A banking family and political dynasty ● Used wealth to support artists, architects, and writers leading to Florence being the cultural center of Europe 16. Michelangelo ● Born 1475, Italy ● Renaissance artist and sculptor ● Pope Julius II hired him to work at the Vatican ● Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel ● Famous sculpture - David Interesting Fact: “If people only knew how hard I work to gain my mastery, it wouldn’t seem so wonderful at all” - Michelangelo 17. William Shakespeare ● Born 1564 England ● English poet, playwright, and actor ● Considered by many to be the greatest playwright of all time ● Some famous works: o Henry V o Romeo and Juliet o Macbeth o Hamlet 18. St. Ignatius of Loyola ● Born 1491 Spain ● Spanish noble and soldier ● While recovering from a battle injury, read about Christ and the lives of the Saints ● Decided to become a soldier for Christ ● Founder of the Jesuits - Society of Jesus 19. William Tyndale ● English Scholar and Translator ● A leading figure in the Protestant Reformation ● Wanted to make the Bible available to everybody ● 1st man to print the New Testament in the English language ● Convicted of heresy and treason. He was strangled and his body burned at the stake.