Download Standard USHC-8: The student will demonstrate an

Standard USHC-8: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the impact of World War II on United States’ foreign and
domestic policies.
USHC-8.1 Analyze the United States’ decision to enter World War II, including the rise and aggression of totalitarian regimes in Italy
under Benito Mussolini, in Germany under Adolf Hitler, and in Japan under Hideki Tojo; the United States’ movement from a policy
of isolationism to international involvement; and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
It is essential for the students to know:
World War I, the Treaty of Versailles and economic depressions laid the groundwork for the rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and
Germany. Nineteenth century imperialism by western powers and rapid industrialization in Japan led to that nation’s government
coming under the control of the military. Students should recall some details about the rise of Mussolini, Hitler and Tojo from both 7th
grade and Global Studies. They should know that a totalitarian government is a 20th century phenomenon in which the interests of the
state supersede all interests of the individual. Fascism, however, was not a communist form of government but rather was a
manifestation of capitalism’s fear of communism. They should understand the influence of propaganda on effective control of the
population by these governments.
Students should know that both Adolph Hitler and Franklin Delano Roosevelt came into office in 1933 amidst the social and economic
upheaval of the Great Depression. FDR told the American people that they had “nothing to fear but fear itself,” while Hitler raised the
longstanding fear of and prejudice against the Jews as the source of all of Germany’s political and economic troubles. Hitler justified
his aggressive military actions as corrections to the punitive Versailles Treaty and European powers acquiesced with a policy of
appeasement. During the 1930s, the Congress passed a series of neutrality acts designed to prevent war based on America’s
experiences prior to their entrance into World War I and on Americans’ disillusionment with the Great War. These acts prohibited the
sale of arms or lending of money to countries involved in any military action. This initiated a policy of isolationism from foreign
conflicts and severely restricted the ability of President Roosevelt to respond to the aggression of Nazi Germany and a militaristic
Japan. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 initiated the aggressive Japanese policy against China and Indochina that was
designed to create a Japanese sphere of economic domination. The response of the United States to Japan’s aggressive actions was
hampered by isolationism, but included trade restrictions which the Japanese viewed as threatening. When Hitler broke the Munich
Pact by invading Czechoslovakia, the European policy of appeasement ended. The German invasion of Poland in 1939 led to war in
Europe. French and British forces fell back against the onslaught of the Nazi blitzkrieg and the British came under devastating air
attack. FDR sought ways to provide aid within the confines of the neutrality acts and to change American policy from isolationism to
international involvement. This led to the progressively more involved policies of “Cash and Carry,” the destroyers-for-bases deal
and Lend Lease. Roosevelt’s commitment to oppose German and Japanese aggression was evidenced by the Quarantine Speech and
the signing of the Atlantic Charter. Prior to the official entry of the United States into World War II, the American navy was involved
in protecting shipments of Lend Lease goods to the Allies and therefore lost ships in the Atlantic to German attacks. By 1941, the
United States was in a state of undeclared naval war with Germany. The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7,
1941 forced the United States to officially abandon its policy of isolationism. The subsequent American declaration of war against
Japan led Germany to declare war on the United States, making the United States officially at war with Germany and its allies, Japan
and Italy.
Standard 8.1 – The US enters WWII
Nazis Germany
What document ended
WWI?
What was the War Guilt
Clause?
What was the reparation
clause?
How did the reparations
effect the economy of
Germany?
Define Totalitarianism.
How are totalitarianism
and militarism connected?
Who was Adolf Hitler?
Who was Benito
Mussolini?
Who was emperor Tojo?
Define Fascism.
Standard 8.1 – The US enters WWII
How did the Great
Depression impact Hitler’s
rise to power?
FDR came into office the
same year as Hitler (1933).
FDR said only to fear fear
itself. How did Hitler use
fear to solidify his power?
Who did Hitler target as a
“scapegoat”?
How did Hitler use the
Treaty of Versailles to
justify his rise to power?
The man giving out
lollipops in the center is
labeled “appeasers”.
Define appeasement
What do the “monsters”
represent?
What is the message of this
cartoon?
How do you think the United States reacted to Germany’s aggression?
Standard 8.1 – The US enters WWII
What is the message of the
cartoon on the right?
How do Congress’s 1930s
Neutrality Acts relate to
the cartoon on the right?
What did the Neutrality
Acts do? (more than just
remain neutral)
Explain what is meant by
“Isolationism”.
How did isolationism limit
FDR’s ability to limit
Germany?
What country did Japan
invade in 1931?
Foreign Aggressions
Why did Japan invade
these territories?
What was the US response
to Japan’s invasion?
What country did Germany
invade when it broke the
Munich Pact?
What country did Germany
invade in 1939 leading to
an end to appeasement and
war in Europe?
How could the German threat have been stopped before WWII? Explain.
Standard 8.1 – The US enters WWII
WWII and the United States
Explain “Blitzkrieg”
FDR had to find ways
around the neutrality acts.
One way was the “Cashand-carry” system. Explain
this policy.
Another policy was
“destroyers-for-bases”.
Explain this policy.
A final policy was known
as “lend-lease”. Explain
this policy.
“It seems to be unfortunately true that the epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading.
When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins
in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the
spread of the disease....War is a contagion, whether it be declared or undeclared....We are
determined to keep out of war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against the disastrous
effects of war and the dangers of involvement. We are adopting such measures as will
minimize our risk of involvement, but we cannot have complete protection in a world of
disorder in which confidence and security have broken down.”
- Roosevelt, 1937
What is the contagion that
FDR is referring to?
What piece of legislation is
FDR criticizing with this
speech?
Use the info from this page and discuss how the United States had lost naval ships to the German submarines BEFORE
the US had declared war on Gernmany.
Standard 8.1 – The US enters WWII
This was drawn on
December 8, 1941. What
major WWII event is
likely represented by
“WAR”?
What happened to the US
policy of Isolation?
What is the message of this
cartoon?
After this event, what
countries did the US
declare war on?
Which did we decide to
attack first?
Why?
USHC-8.2 Summarize and illustrate on a timeline the major events and leaders of World War II, including the battle of the Bulge and
major battles at Midway, Normandy, Iwo Jima and Okinawa; turning points for the Allies; dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki; and roles of Roosevelt. Churchill, and deGaulle.
It is essential for the students to know:
An understanding of the timeline of major events during World War II is vital to comprehending the war itself and the postwar
tension that developed between the wartime allies, the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USHC 9.2). Allied
leaders, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, Franklin Delano Roosevelt of the United States, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union and
Charles DeGaulle of the free French, met throughout the war to plan strategy and to make post-war plans. Students should understand
the critical role of the major battles in the European Theater, such as Operation Torch, Stalingrad, D-Day and the Battle of the Bulge.
They should also understand that the Soviet Union, taking the brunt of German aggression in 1941-1944, desperately wanted the other
Allies to open a second front in Europe. Its delay increased tensions between the allies. The first invasion of North Africa [Operation
Torch] was to free the Mediterranean Sea from German control, protect the oil fields of the Middle East and to take some pressure off
of the USSR. The Soviet’s resistance at Stalingrad turned the tide on the eastern front. Allied landings in Italy brought its surrender
but German forces continued the bitter fight on the Italian peninsula. The invasion of Normandy on D-Day finally provided the long
awaited western front. The Battle of the Bulge was the last German offensive and the beginning of the end for the Nazis. American,
British and French forces marched towards Berlin from the west as the Soviets moved toward Berlin from the east, laying the
foundation for the post-war division of Berlin and Germany and Cold War tensions there.
Battles in the Pacific theater, such as Midway, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa demonstrate the United States’ strategy of island-hopping to
get close enough to the Japanese home islands to launch air attacks. Each of these battles represents a major turning point in the
Pacific theater. The unexpected naval victory at Midway stopped the Japanese advance and put them on the defense. Iwo Jima was
needed as a base for the Allied heavy bombers and Okinawa was the last major island needed before the invasion of the home islands
of Japan. Battles for these islands demonstrated the tenacity of Japanese soldiers and the cost in American lives that any invasion of
the Japanese home islands would entail. They explain why the United States was determined to have the Soviet Union help in the
Pacific theater and why the Soviets occupied northern Korea at the end of the war. The decision to drop the atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki was designed to prevent the necessity for landing and fighting on the Japanese home islands and
consequently prevent large numbers of American casualties. As a result, the Japanese surrendered unconditionally before American
troops landed on their home islands.
Standard 8.2 – Fighting WWII
Leaders of WWII
Who was the leader of
Great Britain?
Who was the leader of the
United States?
Who was the leader of the
Soviet Union?
Who was the leader of the
free French?
WWII European Theater Battles
During the early stages of
WWII the USSR asked the
Allies to “open a second
front”. What does this
mean?
The Allies delayed opening
this front. What effect do
you think this had on the
Soviet Union?
What effect did the delay
have on the relationship
between the Soviet Union
and the United States?
Create a timeline of the major European Theater Battles of WWII.
Standard 8.2 – Fighting WWII
Operation Torch
What was the significance
of Operation Torch?
Describe the basic plan or
draw a basic map for
Operation Torch.
How did this impact Italy?
What was the significance
of The Battle of
Stalingrad?
The Battle of Stalingrad
Describe the basic results
of the Battle of Stalingrad.
What was “D-Day”>
Operation Overlord
What was the main beach
attacked by the Allies?
What Soviet Union request
was fulfilled by the
invasion?
Why was the Western Front so important?
Standard 8.2 – Fighting WWII
The Battle of the Bulge
What was the significance
of the Battle of the Bulge?
Why is it called the Battle
of the Bulge?
Which of the Allied armies
took Berlin to effectively
end the war?
WWII and the Pacific Theater
What is meant by “the
Island Hopping
Campaign”?
What was the overall goal
of this strategy?
Battle of Midway
What was the significance
of the Battle of Midway?
What was the significance
of the Battle of Iwo Jima?
Battle of Iwo Jima
Create a Timeline of Pacific Theater Battles.
Standard 8.2 – Fighting WWII
How did the Japanese fight
during the island hopping
campaign?
What did this suggest
about a direct attack on the
mainland?
Who did the United States
ask for help in defeating
the Japanese even after the
end of the European
Campaign?
What Asiatic territories
did this ally take?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
What was the rational for
using nuclear weapons on
the Japanese mainland?
What was the result of the
dropping of the nuclear
weapons?
Do you agree or disagree with the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan? Defend your position.
USHC-8.3 Summarize the impact of World War II and war mobilization on the home front, including war bond drives, rationing, the
role of women and minorities in the workforce, and racial and ethnic tensions such as those caused by the internment of Japanese
Americans.
It is essential for the students to know:
The fighting of World War II required the total mobilization of the American economy and the United States government and
American society on the home front. At the urging of the Roosevelt administration, private industries converted to war production
even before Pearl Harbor to supply the allies through Lend Lease. In order to finance the war, war bond drives marshaled all of the
techniques of modern advertising to persuade citizens to lend money to the American government by purchasing war bonds. Although
citizens were urged to plant victory gardens and conserve resources as during World War I, persuasion was not enough. During World
War II, rationing of scarce resources was made mandatory through the allocation of ration coupon booklets.
It was the war effort that finally pulled the United States out of the Great Depression by providing jobs for not only men but also for
women and minorities. Because young men were needed on the battle field, women were urged to join the workforce and often took
traditionally male jobs. “Rosie the Riveter” became an icon of the period. A leader of an African American labor union [A. Philip
Randolph] threatened to organize a march on Washington demanding equal access to war-time jobs. In response, President Roosevelt
issued an executive order establishing a commission to ensure that war time jobs be open to African American workers. Mexican
workers were also welcomed into the United States to take the place of American farm workers who had enlisted or been drafted.
Racial and ethnic tensions impacted American society despite the unifying experience of the war effort and wartime propaganda.
African American soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination as they trained on military bases in the South. Many
young northern African Americans experienced the humiliation of Jim Crow laws for the first time. Young Mexican Americans were
attacked in Los Angeles because their clothing was considered un-American. After Pearl Harbor, the western states, fearing a surprise
attack and expressing their ethnic prejudices, urged President Roosevelt to take action against their Japanese residents and Japanese
American citizens. Without any evidence of wrong doing, Japanese residents and Americans of Japanese descent were ordered to sell
their property and belongings and to report for deportation to camps in inland deserts. The Supreme Court upheld the establishment of
these internment camps by the United States government.
Standard 8.3 – WWII on the home front
Draw a picture that
accurately describes “Total
Mobilization” or “Total
War”.
What is the message of this
cartoon?
What is a War Bond?
What is the message of the
second cartoon?
What role can the
American public take in
fighting the “Central
Powers”?
How do you think labor unions were impacted by messages like the second cartoon?
Standard 8.3 – WWII on the Homefront
What was “Rationing”, in
terms of WWII?
How was rationing
administered during
WWII?
Women and WWII
What is the message of this
political propaganda?
What is the name of the
figure on this poster?
How did WWII impact the
employment of women?
What led to this new
opportunity?
What do you think
happened after WWII
ended?
Minorities and WWII
Which African-American
labor leader threatened a
March on Washington?
What was the result of this
threatened march?
Connect any two answers on this page. Explain the connection.
Standard 8.3 – WWII on the Homefront
What minority group was
welcomed into the country
to take the place of
American farmers who
enlisted or were drafted?
What area of the country
do you think most of these
new immigrants were
located?
What is the message of the
cartoon to the right?
Racial Tensions on the Homefront
How do you think minority
soldiers being trained in
the South were treated?
This led to a “Double V”
campaign. What does this
mean?
What caused the “Zoot Suit
Riots” in Las Angeles?
Based on the reason for fighting WWII, why is the above information suprising?
Standard 8.3 – WWII on the Homefront
After the attack on Pearl
Harbor, what ethnic group
faced increasing
discrimination?
Based on this photograph,
what do you think
happened to the majority of
Japanese-Americans
during WWII?
What was the rationale for
this action by the US
Government?
The Supreme Court upheld
the Actions of the
Governemnt in Korematsu
v. United States.
Summarize the two
arguments found in the
Supreme Court case..
". . . we cannot reject as unfounded the judgment of the military authorities and of
Congress that there were disloyal members of that population, whose number and strength
could not be precisely and quickly ascertained. We cannot say that the war-making
branches of the Government did not have ground for believing that in a critical hour such
persons could not readily be isolated and separately dealt with, and constituted a menace
to the national defense and safety, which demanded that prompt and adequate measures
be taken to guard against it." Korematsu v. United States Majority Opinion
We uphold the exclusion order as of the time it was made and when the petitioner
violated it. In doing so, we are not unmindful of the hardships imposed by it upon a large
group of American citizens. But hardships are part of war, and war is an aggregation of
hardships. All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater
or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities as well as its privileges, and in time
of war the burden is always heavier. Compulsory exclusion of large groups of citizens
from their homes, except under circumstances of direst emergency and peril, is
inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when under conditions of
modern warfare our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be
commensurate with the threatened danger. Korematsu v. United States Majority Opinion
Summarize the impact of WWII on race relations in the United States.
USHC-8.4 Summarize the responses of the United States and the Allies to war crimes, including the Holocaust and war crimes trials.
It is essential for the students to know:
German action against the Jews was part of the Nazi propaganda machine and was based on both Social Darwinism and longstanding
prejudice against the Jews. Anti-Semitism became the official policy of the German government in the early 1930s with the
Nuremberg Laws, which restricted the rights of Jews in Germany and culminated with the Holocaust, Hitler’s effort to rid Europe of
its entire Jewish population. The program of genocide carried out by the German government resulted in the extermination of 6
million Jews and 5.5 million others.
Before the end of the war, the response of the United States and the Allies was severely limited. Although passage of the
Nuremberg laws and the organized attacks on Jews such as Kristallnacht were widely reported, little action was taken by the world
community to stop the Nazis. Immigration laws were not eased to grant asylum to Jewish refugees. No military action was taken to
interrupt the shipment of people to the death camps. As the war ended, the death camps of the Final Solution horrified the soldiers
who liberated these camps and the public. The Allies responded to the war crimes committed during World War II by Adolph Hitler
and the German Nazis by identifying war criminals and putting them on public trial. At the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, 24 Nazi
officers and civilians were charged with crimes against humanity. Although many pleaded that they were “just following orders,” the
conviction and death sentence of 12 Nazis demonstrated that individuals are responsible for their own actions. The Nuremberg trials
established the precedent for future trials on war crimes. It has not, however, brought an end to genocide.
The establishment of the state of Israel after the war, the prompt recognition by the United States of Israel and the U.S.’s continuing
support for Israel in the Middle East are a result of the impact of German war crimes on the conscience of the world and of the United
States.
Standard 8.4 – Responses to WWII atrocities
Nazis War Crimes
Explain how Social
Darwinism impacted
German actions against the
Jewish people.
Define Anti-Semitism.
What were the Nuremberg
Laws?
How did they impact the
Jewish people?
What was Kristallnacht?
What was the World’s
response to Kristallnacht?
What was “The
Holocaust”?
How many Jews were
killed during this period?
How many other people
were killed during the
Holocaust?
How did American Immigration laws effect Jewish immigrants fleeing Nazis Germany?
Standard 8.4 – Responses to WWII atrocities
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
What was the goal of the
Nuremberg Trials?
What did the term “Crimes
Against Humanity” mean?
How did the court react to
the Nazis line of defense
that they were “just
following orders”?
What implication does this
have on current US
military members?
What nation was created
soon after WWII as a
result of the Holocaust?
What impact has this had
on the United States even
to this day?
How can the Nuremberg Trials be seen as a statement of guilty conscience by the Allies?
USHC-8.5 Explain the lasting impact of the scientific and technological developments in America after World War II, including new
systems for scientific research, medical advances, improvements in agricultural technology, and resultant changes in the standard of
living and demographic patterns.
It is essential for the students to know:
Scientific and technological developments after World War II were stimulated by military funding during World Was II in such
programs as the Manhattan Project and included the development of jet aircraft, radar, microwaves, computers and synthetic rubber in
addition to the research and development of the atomic bomb. The Cold War further stimulated the production of weapons systems
which resulted in a myriad of military products including the hydrogen bomb. The space race, accelerated by the launch of Sputnik by
the U.S.S.R., included the launching of unmanned satellites (impacted worldwide communication), manned space flights, the U.S,
moon landing, and the development of the international space station. These advancements soon impacted the standard of living and
the consumer culture with microwave ovens, personal computers and an ever-expanding array of television channels through use of
satellites. Consumer products such as the automobile and air conditioning had a significant impact on travel and migration patterns
and led to a greater dependence on foreign oil. Nuclear energy held a potential for cheap and available energy that was limited by
popular concern about its safety. The postwar period also saw medical advancements that impacted the health of the American
people. Penicillin was used extensively during the war and stimulated the search for other miracle drugs. In the postwar period,
scientists developed various vaccines to prevent childhood and other diseases, such as polio. Surgeons who had treated wounded
soldiers came home to develop new surgical techniques including advancements in heart surgery. These life-saving techniques
impacted demographic patterns as Americans lived longer and the infant mortality rate fell. Such changes profoundly impacted
society and politics.
The demand for foodstuffs during the war and prosperity of the postwar period led to improvements in agricultural technology. The
widespread use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers provided a greater array of foods and improved nutrition which further impacted
demographics. Reliance on chemicals to increase crop yields also had a long-term environmental impact and resulted in environmental
legislation in the 1970s and, eventually, a worldwide concern about global warming.
Standard 8.5 Science and Technology after WWII
In the top box under each WWII
technological innovation, explain
how it effected life in the 1950s.
Jet Aircraft
Radar
Microwaves
Computers
Synthetic Rubber
Atomic Weapons
In the second box, explain how
each technology impacts your life
today.
What was the Manhattan
Project?
Go to
http://www.carloslabs.com/node/16
And play around with the
various types of nuclear weapons.
Little Boy was an atomic
weapon. Tsar Bomba is a
hydrogen bomb. What is the
difference?
How do you think the increase in nuclear weapons impacted USA and USSR (Soviet Union) relations?
Standard 8.5 Science and Technology after WWII
The Space Race
What was “Sputnik”?
How did Sputnik lead to
the US Moon Landing?
What sort of impacts does
Sputnik have on your life
today?
Other Consumer Products
How did the automobile
impact where people live?
What impact would air
conditioning have on
settlement patterns?
What is the “Sunbelt”?
What foreign product did
Americans become
dependent on due to
increased automobile and
energy demands?
How might atomic weapons and Sputnik be related?
Standard 8.5 Science and Technology after WWII
What are the advantages of
nuclear energy?
What are the perceived
disadvantages?
Medical advances in Post-WWII US
What sort of medical
advances occurred
according to this poster?
What was penicillin?
Why is it called a “Miracle
Drug”?
What is meant by
“Demographic Patterns”?
How were these patterns
effected by these new
medical techniques?
How do you think these new medical techniques and technologies impacted American life?
Standard 8.5 Science and Technology after WWII
Improvement in Agriculture
What is a pesticide?
What is a chemical
fertilizer?
What are the positives of
using these new products?
How might these positives
impact the demographics of
the US?
What are some potential
negatives of these new
products?
How might reliance on
these products have led to
the “Environmental
Protection Agency” in the
1970s?
How is your life impacted
by these products (positive
or negative)?