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Human Physiology, Saddleback College,
Exam No. ______________________
Lecture Exam 1A
I. Multiple Choice. Select the letter corresponding to the best selection for each question and code it onto
your scantron form. Where indicated in the question, some of the following questions may have multiple
correct answers requiring more than one letter to be coded. In those cases, code in all correct answers
1. A patient presents with all the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Blood tests show elevated plasma TRF but
depressed plasma TSH and TH. The etiology (source of the problem) is the__( a-c)__, which is __( d-e)___.
a) hypothalamus
b) thyroid
c) adenophyphysis
d) oversecreting
e) undersecreting
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The reason plasma TRF levels are elevated, in the question above, is ___the TRF-secreting gland.
failure of positive feedback mechanisms to stimulate
overstimulation by positive feedback mechanisms of
failure of negative feedback mechanisms to inhibit
overinhibition by negative feedback mechanisms of
3. Graves Disease is autoimmune; antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland. In this case, we’d expect
a) elevated TH, elevated TSH, elevated TRF
b) elevated TH, depressed TSH, depressed TRF
c) depressed TH, elevated TSH, elevated TRF
d) depressed TH, depressed TSH, elevated TRF
e) none of the above
___________________________________________________
More than one choice may be correct. Choices may be used more than once.
a) Pernicious anemia b) Sickle Cell anemia c) Thalassemia
d) Iron deficiency anemia e) Aplastic anemia
4. Cooley’s anemia
5. megaloblastosis
6. gastric atrophy
7. erythropoietic failure
8. hereditary, genetic defect
9. failure to make one type of globin chain
___________________________________________________
Select one from the choices (a-e) for each of the following. Choices may be used more than once.
a) 45% b) 34% c) 32 μμg d) 16 gm% e) 0.9-1.1
10. MCHC
11. chromicity
12. Hb concentration
13. MCH
14. Tallquist method or detergent-coated toothpick
15. Capillary tube centrifugation
___________________________________________________
Select one from the choices (a-e) for each of the following. Choices may be used more than once.
a) tyrosine b) thymidine c) thyroglobulin d) uracil e) thyroxine ab) T3
16. RNA
17. also known as T4
18. DNA nucleotide
19. amino acid hormone precursor
20. colloidal protein, storage molecule
1A
21. HbF has an oxygen affinity that is ____than that of HbA. In the absence of any globin chains, heme’s
affinity for oxygen would be excessively____.
a) Less than, high
b) Less than, low
c) Higher than, high
d) Higher than, low
22.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The cellular role of vitamins is to
act as cofactors
act as apoenzymes
act as coenzymes
act as substates for enzyme reactions
provide cellular metabolic energy
23.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which of the following statements is true?
Persons with malaria are unable to contract sickle cell.
Persons with sickle cell are immune to malaria.
Persons with malaria are resistant to sickle cell.
Persons with sickle cell are resistant to malaria.
24.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
The event that triggers erythrocyte sickling in HbS is
Reproduction of parasite within the erythrocyte
Low oxygen pressure at the erythrocyte
Contraction of malaria
Being bitten by the mosquito
Parasite entering the erythrocyte
25. Which one of the following statements about the reticulocyte is false?
a) It is an erythrocyte precursor
b) It contains residual endoplasmic reticulum
c) It is never found in circulation
d) It lacks a nucleus
e) It contains hemoglobin
26. The hematocrit is expressed as the ratio of
a) Plasma volume / volume of packed cells
b) Plasma volume / volume of whole blood
c) Volume of packed red blood cells / volume of plasma
d) Volume of packed red blood cells / volume of whole blood
27. The hemocytoblast is considered the stem cell to all future blood cells. Substances, known as _____,
are responsible for directing populations of cells down the various cell lines.
a) Differentiation inducers
b) Growth inducers
c) Antigen inducers
d) Hormones
28. Erythropoiesis in the older, normal adult (over 40 yrs) occurs mainly in _____.
a) The axial skeleton
b) The liver and spleen
c) The appendicular skeleton
2A
29. The site of erythropoiesis changes during development. Embryonic synthesis occurs predominantly in
the ____ and gradually shifts to the _____ in the fetus.
a) Yolk sac, spleen and liver
b) Yolk sac, bone marrow
c) Bone marrow, yolk sac
d) Spleen and liver, yolk sac
e) Spleen and liver, bone marrow
30. Which one of the following is not a role of the macrophage?
a) Conjugate bilirubin.
b) Degrade globin chains to amino acids.
c) Convert heme to bilirubin.
d) Release free iron
31. Which one of the following best exemplifies a positive feedback system?
a) The blood clotting pathways
b) Maintaining the RBC count
c) Maintaining blood pressure levels
d) Regulating plasma levels of thyroid hormone
32. The liver plays several vital roles. Which of the following is not a function of hepatocytes? They
a) conjugates molecules.
b) are the site of erythrocyte removal from circulation.
c) manufacture antibodies.
d) synthesize important plasma proteins.
e) produce bile.
__________________________________________________________
a) apotransferrin
b) bilirubin
c) ferritin
d) globulin
e) hemosiderin
33. The form of intracellular iron that is less soluble and prone to form visible crystals in iron overload.
34. Is the plasma protein carrier for iron
_______________________________________________________________
35.
a)
b)
c)
d)
ELISA and RIA are methods for measuring plasma levels of
hormones
radioactive materials
antibodies
electrolytes
36. Gene transciption refers to conversion of information from ___. This occurs in the ____.
a) mRNA to protein, nucleus
b) DNA to mRNA, nucleus
c) mRNA to protein, cytoplasm
d) DNA to mRNA, cytoplasm
37. Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are involved in maintaining homeostasis. One
major difference between these two systems is the
a) time frame over which they work.
b) lack of a sensory component to the endocrine system.
c) lack of a motor component to the nervous system.
d) nervous system works by negative feedback, while the endocrine system works by positive feedback.
3A
38. More than one selection may be correct. Select all correct choices. Leukemias vary greatly in the types
of white cells that are affected. Which of the following statement is not true of the leukemic state?
a) Bones become painful and easy to fracture.
b) White cells invade spleen, liver and lymph nodes, destroying those tissues.
c) The affected person suffers from anemia and tendency to bleeding episodes.
d) The patient is more resistant to infections and disease.
e) White cells grow in great numbers
39. An increase in hemolytic rate will eventually result in
a) Increased HCT
b) Decreased plasma bilirubin levels
c) Increased plasma EPO levels
d) Decreasing the levels of circulating reticulocytes
40. If a person's MCH and RBC count are normal, but cells are clearly megaloblastic, then MCHC values
should _____ and MCV should ___.
a) Increase, decrease
b) Increase, increase
c) Decrease, decrease
d) Decrease, increase
e) All values should remain unchanged
41. Thymidine is important for synthesis of _____. In the case of developing cells, a lack of this can limit the
rate of ____.
a) DNA, cell division
b) DNA, protein synthesis
c) RNA, cell division
d) RNA, protein synthesis
e) Both DNA and RNA, division and protein synthesis
42. In the ABO blood group classification only (without regard to Rh factor), a person with type ____ blood is
called the universal donor because of their lack of appropriate ____.
a) AB, cell surface antigens
b) AB, antibodies
c) O, cell surface antigens
d) O, antibodies
43. MCHC refers to the
a) amount of Hb in 100 ml of whole blood
b) amount of Hb in a single erythrocyte
c) ratio of the amount of Hb to water in a single erythrocyte
d) amountt of Hb in the whole circulatory system
44.
a)
b)
c)
The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, a hormone that regulates our body’s handling of _____.
steroid hormones
sugar
salts, particularly sodium and potassium
45.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Which one of the following is a hypophyseal hormone that regulates adrenal secretion of cortisol?
TH
CRF
GH
ACTH
MSH
4A
46.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Approximately what percentage of body weight is plasma volume?
25%
12%
8%
5%
2%
The figure represents a capillary and nearby cells. (not drawn to scale)
X
Select from the following choices. Choices may be used more than once, and more than one choice may
apply to each description.
a) Plasma fluid
b) Intracellular fluid c) Interstitial fluid d) Transcellular fluid
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Compartment lined by epithelium; includes GI tract, synovial joints and ocular fluid.
Compartment that is rich in sodium, chloride and protein.
Compartment concentration is normally 300 mOsmolal.
The largest body fluid compartment, overall.
Compartment X in the diagram
52. Consider this: If a person ingests a non-absorbable solute into the gastrointestinal tract, (before any
redistribution occurs) solute concentration is____ and the relative water concentration is _____.
a) decreased, increased
b) decreased, decreased
c) increased, increased
d) increased, decreased
53. As a result of the disturbance (in the above question), there will be a net diffusion of water _____.
a) into the gastrointestinal tract
b) out of the gastrointestinal tract
c) equally into and out of the gastrointestinal tract, so that there will be no net change in volume
__________________________________________
a) Conjugated
b) Unconjugated
54. Liver disease, such as hepatitis, may result in elevated levels of circulating______ bilirubin.
55. Gallstones and blocked biliary secretion may result in elevated levels of circulating ___ bilirubin.
_______________________________________________
56. The hypothalamus is the site of temperature regulation. If the hypothalamic set point for body
temperature is suddenly readjusted to 34oC, then the temperature that was earlier considered "normal" (that
is, 37o) is now perceived by the hypothalamus to be a _____.
a) deviation
b) variable
c) setpoint
d) correction
57. In the question above, the consequence of the change in set point to 34 oC will be to
a) Initiate shivering
b) Initiate sweating
c) Return the set point to the original value
d) Bring the set point to a value lower than the original value.
____________________________________________________________
5A
Choices may be used more than once
a) Bacterial endotoxins
b) Prostaglandin E2
c) IL-1
d) COX-1
e) Arachadonic acid
58. Leukocyte cytokine
59. Fatty acid, membrane-derived, precursor molecule
60. Considered an exogenous pyrogen
61. Antipyretic agents block the enzymatic activity of this molecule
62. Molecule that acts directly on cells of the central nervous system
_____________________________________________________________
63.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Which one of the following is not a building block of hormones?
Carbohydrates
Amino acids
Proteins or peptides
Steroids
64. Specific, direct and "one-on-one" communication between an endocrine gland and its target cells is
determined by ______.
a) The distance between the endocrine gland and its target
b) The anatomical connections between the endocrine gland and its target
c) The chemical nature of the hormone (i.e. the class of molecule it is)
d) The presence of receptors for the hormone on or in the target cell
65. Which of the following adrenal hormones plays a major negative feedback role on secretion from the
hypothalamus?
a) cortisol
b) aldosterone
c) testosterone
d) epinephrine
66.
a)
b)
c)
d)
HDN is a disease that is treated by transfusing ____ blood into the ____.
Rh positive, mother
Rh positive, newborn
Rh negative, mother
Rh negative, newborn
67.
a)
b)
c)
d)
RhoGam consists of ____.
Rh positive antigen
Rh positive antibodies
Rh negative antigen
Rh negative antibodies
68.
a)
b)
c)
d)
RhoGam is administered to the ___ for the purpose of ____.
Newborn, removing maternal antibodies
Newborn, removing maternal antigens
Mother, removing fetal antibodies
Mother, removing fetal antigens
69.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Which one of the following would be increased in a person with hypothyroidism?
Basal metabolic rate
Cardiac output
Food intake
Neural excitability
Body weight
6A
70. “Anisocytotic, hypochromic, microcytic” are words that might characterize erythrocytes in this disease:
a) Pernicious anemia
b) Sickle cell disease
c) HDN
d) Iron deficiency anemia
e) Polycythemia vera
71. A person climbs to high altitude. There, the concentration of gases in the air is ___ than normal. This
means that after several weeks, this person will be ____.
a) Lower, anemic
b) Lower, polycythemic
c) Higher, anemic
d) Higher, polycythemic
72. Methemoglobin is a form of Hb that lacks iron, and is due to an iron deficiency.
a) True
b) False
73.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Blood viscosity, or “thickness” of blood, is mainly a function of
RBC count
WBC count
Hb concentration
Albumin concentration
74. An erythrocyte's biconcave shape is an advantage over a spherical shape because this gives the cell
a(n) ___ surface to volume ratio, _____ gas exchange.
a) Increased, enhancing
b) Decreased, enhancing
c) Increased, limiting
d) Decreased, limiting
e) Shape does not affect surface/volume ratio
75. Antibodies or immunoglobulins are
a) Proteins capable of attacking specific foreign antigens
b) Able to bind to the specific antigen which induced their production
c) Typically contain two (and sometimes more) "variable" regions that bind antigen
d) Classified into 5 groups based on their size and structure
e) All of the above
76. The situation in which HDN is a potential problem is when the pregnant mother is Rh ___ and the fetus
is Rh_____. This results in the ____ immune system going on the attack.
a) Positive, negative, baby’s
b) Positive, negative, mother’s
c) Negative, positive, baby’s
d) Negative, positive, mother’s
77.True or false. Sickle cell disease is a hereditary disease and its effects can be observed in the fetus
carrying these genes. This disease may even affect fetal development and the viability of the pregnancy (ie.
failure of the fetus to come to full term.)
a) True
b) False
78.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Sickle cell "disease" is indicative of a patient who is _____ for the defect. This patient ______.
heterozygous, will most likely suffer from a sickling "crisis" during his lifetime
heterozygous, is said to have an evolutionary advantage in the population
homozygous, will most likely suffer from a sickling "crisis" during his lifetime
homozygous, is said to have an evolutionary advantage in the population
7A
79. Which of the following is most associated with allergies and hypersensitivity? Immunoglobulin (Ig)
a) A
b) D
c) E
d) G
e) M ab) Y
80. More than one selection may be correct. Select all correct choices. Even though a mature erythrocyte
does not have a nucleus, its cytoplasmic enzymes keep that cell viable for its limited lifespan. These
enzymes are responsible for
a) allowing the cell to carry out protein synthesis
b) maintaining the flexibility of the membrane
c) allowing the cell to carry out membrane transport
d) allowing the cell to carry out mitosis
e) keeping the iron in hemoglobin in the correct redox state
81. More than one selection may be correct. An AB - person is tested for blood type. We should see
agglutination in the drop(s) containing:
a) anti A
b) anti B
c) anti D
d) none of the above
82. A sample of blood sent for typing. We find agglutination in the drop treated with anti A, but not anti B or
anti D. What is the blood type of this individual?
a. A +
b. A c. B +
d. B e. O +
ab. O ac. AB +
ad. AB 83. If the person in the question above required a transfusion, which of the following types would be
compatible?
1. A +
2. A 3. B +
4. B 5. O +
6. O 7. AB +
8. AB a) 1-8 b) 1-7
ae) 2,4,5,6,8
c) 1,3,5,7 d) 2,4,6,8 e) 4, 6 only ab) 5,6 only ac) 6 only
bc) none of these choices are correct
ad) 2, 6 only
84. Hb can bind up to 1.34 ml O2/gm Hb. This is called the “oxygen carrying capacity” of Hb. After testing,
we find that a patient’s Hb value is 14.0 gm%. How much oxygen is transported by this patient’s blood?
a) 18.8 ml O2
b) 18.8 ml O2%
c) 18.8 gm O2
d) 18.8 gm O2%
e) 18.8 gm O2/gm Hb
85.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
A person with B positive blood has the following molecules on their erythrocyte cell membrane:
A only
A, Rh
B only
B, Rh
None of these molecules are present
86. More than one selection may be correct. Select all correct choices. Type O - erythrocytes membranes
___ capable of stimulating an immune response
a) Completely lack surface carbohydrate (oligosaccarhide) chains
b) Contain surface carbohydrate chains, but they are missing the terminal antigenic group
c) Contain surface carbohydrate chains with a terminal antigenic group
d) Contain the integral marker protein that contains surface loops
e) Lack the integral marker protein that contains surface loops
8A
87.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
In the embryo, Hb formed is composed of the following chains:
22
2ε2
22
22
22
88. More than one selection may be correct. Select all correct choices. Our immune system protects and
defends us against invading pathogens. It is our population of T cells that
a) engage in humoral immunity
b) engage in cellular immunity
c) produce antibodies when activated
d) complete their maturation and "education" in the bone marrow
e) recognize and target foreign surface antigens presented to them
89.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
An example of an antigen presenting cell is the ___.
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Macrophage
Eosinophil
90. Kernicterus is a condition related to ____
a) a thyroid disorder
b) oversecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
c) osmotic imbalances across the cell membrane
d) bilirubin excess
e) folic acid deficiency
_______________________________
Continue to next page
9A
YOUR NAME___________________________________SID No. _________
Circle: Enrolled Lab Day T or Th Time 2-5 or 7-10
I. Conversion (1 pt)
2 dl = _________ml
II. Relationships. READ INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY.
Below are 2 relationship essays questions. Select one (1). Provide the physiologic relationship between all
terms in each problem. Explain how they are related functionally, be specific, and explain “how” and “why”
things occur. Be “to the point.” Provide only information that is relevant to the question. You are limited to
using only the space provided below. WRITE ON THIS PAGE. Paragraphs that exceed the space provided
will be graded down. (6 pts ea)
1. Intrinsic factor /
DNA replication / megaloblastosis
2. globin chain / gene defect of HbS / Plasmodium
Topic: _________________________
___________________________________________END______________
10A