Download 7th Grade Science

7th Grade Science
Knowledge Map
Measurement and Investigation
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A triple beam balance is used to measure the mass of an object.
A ruler or meter stick is used to measure distance or length.
A graduated cylinder is used to measure volume.
The meter is the basic unit of distance for the S.I. system of measurement.
The basic S.I. unit for liquid volume is the liter.
The gram is the basic unit of mass in the S.I. system of measurement.
There are 10 millimeters in a centimeter.
There are 100 centimeters in a meter.
There are 1000 meters in a kilometer.
The metric system is based on the number 10.
There are 1000 milliliters in a liter.
There are 1000 milligrams in a gram.
There are 1000 grams in a kilogram.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius, or 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
Volume measures how much space is occupied by an object.
The mass of an object equals the amount of matter it has.
Weight is the measure of the force of gravity pulling down on an object.
Microscopes, binoculars and other lenses are used to extend the range of the human eye.
Graphs and charts are some of the ways to display information.
On a graph, the horizontal line is the X-Axis.
On a graph, the vertical line is the Y-Axis.
All graphs and charts should have a title, clear labels, and show the relationship between
variables.
A topographic map shows elevation, or height above sea level.
Most maps are oriented with North at the top.
A map is a representational drawing of a location.
A map’s scale shows the relationship between the true distance and the distance on the
map.
The Scientific Method
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The scientific method is a series of steps used to solve a problem.
The first steps in the scientific method are to make an observation and form a testable
question.
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A possible answer to a scientific question based on observations is called a hypothesis.
To test a hypothesis, scientists collect and analyze data by performing a controlled
experiment.
Scientists study the results of their experiment and form a conclusion based on evidence.
Scientists may form a new hypothesis based on the results of an experiment
A quantitative observation involves measurement and numbers.
A qualitative observation involves words and is based on observation using the senses.
Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful
investigations.
Experiments must be controlled.
A hypothesis must be testable.
Experiments produce data.
Data must be reproducible and accurate.
Experimental results can be used to support or disprove a hypothesis.
Scientists construct scale models, maps, charts and labeled diagrams to communicate
scientific knowledge.
Structure and Function of Cells and Living Systems
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An organism is an individual form of life.
Living things use energy.
Living things are classified according to similar characteristics.
A scientific name is made up of both a genus and a species classification.
All living organisms are composed of cells.
An organism can be made of one cell or many trillions of cells.
Cell details are usually only visible through a microscope.
Cells function similarly in all living organisms.
Plant cells contain chloroplasts and animal cells do not.
Plant cells have cell walls and animal cells do not.
Genetic material in plant and animal cells is found in the nucleus.
Mitochondria make energy for the work that cells do.
In a plant cell, chloroplasts capture sunlight energy for photosynthesis.
Cells divide to increase their numbers through the process of mitosis.
Mitosis results in two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes
As multicellular organisms develop, their cells differentiate into types of cells that can
perform different functions.
Physical Principles Control the Structure and Function of Living Systems
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Visible light is a small band within a very broad electromagnetic spectrum.
For an object to be seen, light must enter the eye.
Light travels in straight lines unless the material it travels through changes.
Simple lenses are used in magnifying glasses, the eye, cameras, telescopes and
microscopes.
White light is a mixture of many wavelengths (colors) of light.
Cells in the eyes retina react differently to different wavelengths of light.
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When light passes through matter it is called transmission.
Refraction is the bending of light as is passes from one material into another.
When matter absorbs light energy is transferred.
When light bounces off an object it is called reflection.
The angle of reflection of a light beam is equal to the angle of incidence.
Levers give a mechanical advantage.
The musculoskeletal system relies on a system of levers to produce movement.
Contractions of the heart generate blood pressure.
Heart valves prevent blood from flowing backwards in the circulatory system.
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A typical cell of any organism contains genetic instructions that specify its traits.
Traits may be modified by environmental influences.
In asexual reproduction, a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical
to itself.
Sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit half of their genes from each
parent.
Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are not genetically identical to either
parent.
An inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes.
Plant and animal cells have many thousands of different genes.
Plant and animal cells typically have 2 copies of every gene.
Each copy of a gene is called an allele.
The two copies (or alleles) of a gene may or may not be identical.
One allele may be dominant while the other is recessive for a particular trait.
The phenotype is the physical expression of genetic inheritance.
The genotype is the inherited combination of alleles.
DNA is the genetic material of living things.
DNA contains the blueprints for living organisms.
DNA is located on the chromosome of each cell.
Chromosomes are located on the nucleus of a cell.
Genetics
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Change Over Time
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Biological evolution accounts for the diversity of species developed through gradual
processes over many generations.
Genetic variation is one factor in the process of evolution.
An organism’s environment is one factor in the process of evolution.
Charles Darwin concluded that natural selection is the mechanism of evolution.
Fossil evidence provides a basis for the theory of evolution.
The Earth’s geology provides a basis for the theory of evolution.
Comparative anatomy among organisms provides a basis for the theory of evolution.
Extinction occurs when the environment changes and a species cannot adapt quickly
enough to survive.
Evidence of Life on Earth and Geologic Processes
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Evidence from rocks allows us to understand the evolution of life on Earth.
Earth processes today are similar to those that happened in the past.
Slow geologic processes add up to large changes over long periods of time.
The history of life on Earth has been disrupted by major catastrophic events.
The rock cycle includes the formation of new sediments and rocks.
Rocks are often found in layers with the oldest generally on the bottom.
Evidence from geologic layers and radioactive dating indicate that the Earth is
approximately 4.6 billion years old.
Evidence from geologic layers and radioactive dating indicate that life on Earth has
existed for at least 3 billion years.
Fossils provide evidence of how life and environmental conditions have changed.
The movement of tectonic plates has affected the past and present distribution of
organisms.
Structure and Function of Living Things: Plants
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Plants and animals have levels of organization for structure and function.
The failure of any part of the system can affect the entire system.
In a plant, the pollen contains the male sex cells.
Roots anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals and store food.
Stems transport water, minerals and food as well as support leaves and other structures.
The main function of leaves is photosynthesis.
Flowers usually have 4 parts: sepals, petals, stamens and one or more pistils.
Stamens produce the sperm cells in pollen.
In plants, the ovary in the pistil contains ovules.
In plants each ovule contains an egg.
In plants, ovules become seeds after fertilization.
In plants, a fruit is a ripened mature ovary.
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Levels of organization include: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole
organism.
Bones and muscles work together to provide a structural framework for movement.
The reproductive organs of the male produce sperm.
The reproductive organs of the female produce eggs.
Fertilization and pregnancy are the result of sexual activity.
The placenta provides the developing baby with nutrients and oxygen.
The umbilical cord connects the developing baby to the placenta.
Structure and Function of Living Things: Animals
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