Download Ch. 9 Study Guide Answers

Chapter 9 Study Guide “Rocks and Minerals (Answer Key)
1.Both minerals and rocks are Solid, Naturally occurring, structures with a Fixed
Chemical composition and Crystalline structure.
Difference: Minerals are “Inorganic”.
Rocks can be either “Inorganic or Organic”; rocks are made of
two or minerals combined.
2. The seven properties of minerals include:
a) Color
e) Streak—powdered form of mineral
b) Hardness
f) Luster—how well a mineral reflects light
c) Density
g) Special Properties
d) Cleavage and Fracture
(*Cleavage—breaks along flat smooth surfaces; Fracture—breaks along jagged irregular, curved surfaces)
3. The rock cycle is a continuous cycle that marks the journey of a rock: (True)
4. Gems are rare minerals that can be cut and polished; are often valuable.
5. Ores are minerals that are plentiful; they can be mined in large amounts to be
used for profit.
6. Crystals are minerals with a solid geometric shape and a repeated pattern of
atoms.
7. The three main types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
8. Igneous rock form from magma or lava that has cooled and solidified.
9. Sedimentary rock often form from fragments of other rocks that have been
weathered and eroded over a long period of time. Sediments are deposited in
lakes and rivers where they are compacted and cemented to harden into
layers of sedimentary rock.
10. Metamorphic rock is formed from heat and pressure. They often form from
rocks that were once igneous and sedimentary rock.
11. The Mohs scale is a scale (or scratch test) used to measure the “hardness”
of a mineral.
12. The powdered form of a mineral is known as its streak.
13. Sedimentary rock can be formed from broken pieces of all types of
rock: True.
14. The word “metamorphic” mean “changing form”.
15. Foliated metamorphic rock has distinctive layers/bans. The minerals are
aligned by pressure.
Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks do NOT have layers and are made of only
a few minerals.
16. Four ways in which minerals form:
a) from magma that has cooled c) from evaporation of dissolved minerals
b) from lava that has cooled
d) from precipitation
17. Intrusive rock forms from magma inside the volcano; often has large crystals;
are coarse-grained.
Extrusive rock forms from lava outside of the volcano; often has small or no
Crystals; are fine-grained.
18. Texture is the “quality of a rock or how it feels. Composition describes what
a mineral is made of (or chemical make-up).
19. Crystal formation and texture of rocks that formed from fast cooling
magma result in small or no crystals and fine-grained texture.
20. Crystal formation and texture of rocks that formed from slow cooling
magma result in large minerals with a coarse-grained texture.
21. The word “inorganic” means that it did NOT come from a plant or animal.
22. Cleavage—breaks along flat smooth surfaces; Fracture—breaks along
jagged irregular, curved surfaces
23. Four types of igneous rock obsidian, pumice, granite, and basalt.
24. Four types of sedimentary rock include shale, sandstone, limestone, and
conglomerate….even Coal.
25. Metamorphic rock examples include Schist, Marble, and Gneiss.
26. The four geological process that shape our Earth include:
Weathering—breaking down of rocks into smaller bits and pieces
Erosion—transporting soil and sediments from one place to another
Deposition—occurs when sediment deposits settle and come to rest
Lithification—(Compaction and Cementation)
27. The two steps of lithification include:
compaction—the squeezing out of fluids and spaces that exist in a rock
cementation—the fluids are then replaced by minerals
28. The word “Ignis” means fire.
29. Uplifting occurs when rocks that are buried beneath the earth are lifted up to
the surface because of movements within the earth’s crust.
30. Be able to label and interpret a diagram of the rock cycle!!!!
Flashback question:
Independent variable---the SMELL-A-WAY 2000
Dependent variable-----the disappearance of the odor
Control Group----the untreated area of the locker
Constants---------same amount of deodorizer; same time each day
What did Timmy do wrong?---tested two many variables (he hung the deodorizer pod in his locker; now
he doesn’t know if the SMELL-A-WAY or the pod is what made the smell disappear)…Also he only sprayed the
SMELL-A-WAY every other day; the deodorizer pod was hung all week.