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Unit 11 Student Guided Notes Respiratory System Respiratory Structures 1. Nasal Cavity - ______________________________ _______________________________ 2. Pharynx - ______________________ - ________________________________ _______________________ 3. Glottis - Top of the _____________ - Upper part of _________________ - Covered by ________________ when swallowing food 4. Larynx - ____________________, which contains the vocal cords - The _________________________ 5. Vocal Cords - ______________, as air is forced past, producing sound 6. Trachea - ___________________ - Made of rings of ______________ to prevent __________________ - ____________: move debris laden mucous out of the respiratory system 7. Bronchi - Branches of the ____________ - One to each _____________ - Bronchus; singular 8. Bronchioles - ___________________________ of the bronchi - ________________________ for support 9. Alveoli - ____________________________ _________ of very small bronchioles - Area where ___________________ _______________________ 10. Pleural Membranes - ____________________________ ________________ of the lungs - ____________________________ - Allows the surface of the lungs to ____________ over the body wall easily - Seals off _____________________ ___________________ 11. Thoracic Cavity - Chest cavity - From diagram to throat 12. Diaphragm - Horizontal muscle - Separates the _________________________________________________________ 13. Ribs - Protects _____________________________ - When ribs contact with the intercostal muscles, they rise and increase _____________ ________________________ Air passageways: Filters, Warms, Moistens Several things happen to the air on its journey into the alveoli: 1. Cleansed of debris. This is a two-part process: a. The initial cleaning is by the _________________________ ______________in the nasal Passageways. b. The second is the process that occurs further along were the accumulation of debris can no longer get out of through the nose. This is the role of the mucous lining and the _____ __________________________________. Pretty well any material other than the gasses of the inhaled air will get caught in the mucous. The cilia are in __________________ _______________ beating the debris-laden mucous upward towards the ________________. When this material is detected at the back of the mouth, it is _________________ (or coughed up and spit out) 2. Adjusted to body temperature. The more contact the air has with moist tissues that are 37°C, the closer the air itself gets to 37°C. By the time air gets to the alveoli, there will be no ________ _____________________________________ than that of the surrounded tissues. 3. Adjusted to 100% humidity. The air in the lungs is ____________________________ _____________. One of the things that happens to inhaled air is that it, too, becomes saturated with water. This is an obvious outcome of having passed over the mucous lined passageways. Specializations of Alveoli 1. They are ______________________. Up to 300 million alveoli in the human lung. This provides _____________________________ ________________________________. 2. They are _________________________________. Alveolar walls are only _____________ ___________. This aids in ______________. 3. The alveoli have a coating of lipoprotein on their inner surface. This helps to maintain surface tension thus preventing them from ___________________________________ together during exhalation. 4. They are supplied with __________________________. These are nerve endings that are ______________________________. During inhalation, these signal when the alveoli are full enough (stretched). This marks the onset of ______________________. 5. The alveoli surfaces have a very rich blood supply from the pulmonary capillaries to ensure maximum diffusion. They are highly ____________________. 6. Made up of Squalmous (flat) Epithelial cells. 3 Things That Make the Lungs Very Efficient at Gas Exchange 1. Huge surface area 2. Only 2 cell layers separate air in lungs from the blood 3. Moist Click on the Flash Video to enlarge Animation http://www.teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu/studentresources/AnatomyofBreathing3.swf Processes of the Respiratory System The Respiratory System supplied the body with oxygen for tis energy production. Without Oxygen, the body shuts down in minutes. The Respiratory System works closely with the Circulatory System. Four Processes make up the Respiratory System A. Breathing - Inspiration - ___________________________ _____________________ - Expiration - ___________________________ ____________________ B. External Respiration - _____________________________________________________________________ C. Internal Respiration - _____________________________________________________________________ D. Cellular Respiration - Production of _______________________ within the cells. Pleural Membranes - 2 sets of membranes a. one joined to the lung b. one joined to the ribs and diaphragm - The two sets are close together separated by a slight amount of fluid. (vacuum is created) - If the membranes are punctured, air enters the intrapleural space, destroying the vacuum. _______________________. - They maintain an interpleural pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure; keeping the lungs open. Mechanics of Breathing: Inhalation and Exhalation The chest cavity is domeshaped. The top and sides are surrounded by the ribs. The bottom is made up by the diaphragm. It is a _______________________ ___________________. Inhalation 1. ____________________ _______________________ ________ are the PRIMARY STIMULI that cause us to breathe. When Carbon Dioxide and/or Hydrogen ion concentration gets too high, the Breathing center in the __________________________ is stimulated. 2. A nerve impulse is sent from the Medulla Oblongata to the __________________________ ______________. 3. The diaphragm contracts and ____________; the rib muscles contract (intercostal muscles) and raise the ribs. These actions increase the size of the chest cavity. Increased volume, ________________________________. 4. A partial vacuum is created in the lungs (air pressure in the lungs is reduced). 5. Air Rushes into the lungs from outside in order to rebalance the pressure. This is the process of inspiration. **NOTE: Air comes in because the lungs have already opened. The air does not force the lungs open. This is why it is said that we breathe by ________________________. (Low pressure sucks the air into out lungs) **NOTE: The lungs themselves have no muscles** Exhalation: 1. When the lungs are full, stretch receptors in the alveoli are stimulated 2. The Medulla Oblongata is notified and stops sending messages. 3. The diaphragm and rib muscles relax. 4. The chest cavity gets smaller. Decreasing volume, which increases the pressure in the lungs. __________ ___________________________. In addition to the Respiratory Center in the Medulla Oblongata, there are other receptors that can respond to stimuli: a. Carotid bodies - in the ______________________ b. Aortic bodies - in the ___________ These respond to high concentration of Hydrogen Ions but can also respond to levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. Gas Exchange When _____________________ diffuses from the cells into the blood, only a small amount of it (9%) reaching the blood is held in simple solution. (as dissolved carbon dioxide) Another ______ attaches directly to the Hemoglobin to form ___________________________. This remaining 64% combines with water to form ___________________ and hydrogen ions. Each time blood passes through the tissues it picks up large quantities of ________________. This then reacts with water to form Bicarbonate (_______) and Hydrogen Ions (____). There are many substances in the blood capable of binding the excess free __________________. ________________________ is one of the most impotant of these substances. When Hydrogen (H+) combines with the hemoglobin (Hb), the Hb releases some of the oxygen attached to it. Gas Exchange in Tissues Internal Respiration 1. 9% of CO2 diffuses into the blood from the cell and travels through the blood as dissolved CO2. 2. 27% of CO2 binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin. 2. 64% of CO2 joins with water to temporarily make carbonic acid which breaks down right away to the _______________ _________________________. (Carbonic Anhydrase) Enzymes that runs this reaction. 3. Most of the released H+ is picked up by the combined form O2 and hemoglobin. __________________________ The binding of H+ by HbO2 produces _____________________________________ aids in the release of oxygen. The H+ concentration and the slight increase in temperature alter the hemoglobin (protein denatures slightly) and releases oxygen easily. 4. Oxygen then enters the tissue moving from an area of high concentration to areas of low concentration. The blood leaving the tissues now contains large quantities of hemoglobin which is free of oxygen, and is called ____________________________ (HHb). The blood also contains large amounts of __________________________ (HCO3-). No further changes occur until the blood reaches the lungs. What to know….. **Be sure you understand all of the equations shown in the diagram to the right. Be able to name all the molecules and identify the equations as internal respiration.** Gas Exchange in the Lungs External Respiration 1. High concentration of Oxygen in lungs. Oxygen diffuses into blood. 2. Oxygen joins with reduced hemoglobin to form Oxyhemoglobin and Hydrogen ions. 3. H+ picked up by Bicarbonate to teporarily form carbonic acid which breaks down right away to produce CO2 + H2O. 4. The dissolved CO2 simply diffuses into lung alveoli where it is expelled by normal breathing. 5. The carbaminohemoglobin breaks down to CO2 and a hemoglobin molecule. The CO2 diffuses into the lungs and is expelled and the hemoglobin pick up oxygen. **NOTE: H+ does not accumulate because as soon as it released from HHb, it combines with HCO3- to release Carbon Dioxide. Hemoglobin is essential in the blood because it serves as a carrier for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions (acts like a buffer).*** ___________________________ which allows hemoglobin to grab oxygen easier. What to know….. **Be sure you understand all of the equations shown in the diagram above. Be able to name all the molecules and identify the equations as external respiration. It's easy if you just reverse the equations from internal respiration.**