Download Unit 11 Student Guided Notes Respiratory System Respiratory

Unit 11 Student Guided Notes
Respiratory System
Respiratory Structures
1. Nasal Cavity
- ______________________________
_______________________________
2. Pharynx
- ______________________
- ________________________________
_______________________
3. Glottis
- Top of the _____________
- Upper part of _________________
- Covered by ________________ when
swallowing food
4. Larynx
- ____________________, which
contains the vocal cords
- The _________________________
5. Vocal Cords
- ______________, as air is forced past, producing sound
6. Trachea
- ___________________
- Made of rings of ______________ to prevent __________________
- ____________: move debris laden mucous out of the respiratory system
7. Bronchi
- Branches of the ____________
- One to each _____________
- Bronchus; singular
8. Bronchioles
- ___________________________ of the bronchi
- ________________________ for support
9. Alveoli
- ____________________________
_________ of very small bronchioles
- Area where ___________________
_______________________
10. Pleural Membranes
- ____________________________
________________ of the lungs
- ____________________________
- Allows the surface of the lungs to
____________ over the body wall
easily
- Seals off _____________________
___________________
11. Thoracic Cavity
- Chest cavity
- From diagram to throat
12. Diaphragm
- Horizontal muscle
- Separates the _________________________________________________________
13. Ribs
- Protects _____________________________
- When ribs contact with the intercostal muscles, they rise and increase _____________
________________________
Air passageways: Filters, Warms, Moistens
Several things happen to the air on its journey into the alveoli:
1. Cleansed of debris. This is a two-part process:
a. The initial cleaning is by the _________________________
______________in the nasal Passageways.
b. The second is the process that occurs further along were the
accumulation of debris can no longer get out of through the nose.
This is the role of the mucous lining and the _____
__________________________________. Pretty well any
material other than the gasses of the inhaled air will get caught in
the mucous. The cilia are in __________________
_______________ beating the debris-laden mucous upward
towards the ________________. When this material is detected
at the back of the mouth, it is _________________ (or coughed
up and spit out)
2. Adjusted to body temperature.
The more contact the air has with moist tissues that
are 37°C, the closer the air itself gets to 37°C. By the
time air gets to the alveoli, there will be no ________
_____________________________________ than
that of the surrounded tissues.
3. Adjusted to 100% humidity.
The air in the lungs is ____________________________
_____________. One of the things that happens to inhaled
air is that it, too, becomes saturated with water. This is an
obvious outcome of having passed over the mucous lined
passageways.
Specializations of Alveoli
1. They are ______________________. Up to 300 million alveoli in
the human lung. This provides _____________________________
________________________________.
2. They are _________________________________. Alveolar walls are only _____________
___________. This aids in ______________.
3. The alveoli have a coating of lipoprotein on their inner surface. This helps to maintain
surface tension thus preventing them from ___________________________________
together during exhalation.
4. They are supplied with __________________________. These are nerve endings that are
______________________________. During inhalation, these signal when the alveoli are full
enough (stretched). This marks the onset of ______________________.
5. The alveoli surfaces have a very rich blood supply from the pulmonary capillaries to ensure
maximum diffusion. They are highly ____________________.
6. Made up of Squalmous (flat) Epithelial cells.
3 Things That Make the Lungs Very Efficient at Gas Exchange
1. Huge surface area
2. Only 2 cell layers separate air in lungs from the blood
3. Moist
Click on the Flash Video to enlarge Animation
http://www.teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu/studentresources/AnatomyofBreathing3.swf
Processes of the Respiratory System
The Respiratory System supplied the body with oxygen for tis energy production. Without
Oxygen, the body shuts down in minutes. The Respiratory System works closely with the
Circulatory System.
Four Processes make up the Respiratory System
A. Breathing
- Inspiration - ___________________________
_____________________
- Expiration - ___________________________
____________________
B. External Respiration
- _____________________________________________________________________
C. Internal Respiration
- _____________________________________________________________________
D. Cellular Respiration
- Production of _______________________ within the
cells.
Pleural Membranes
- 2 sets of membranes
a. one joined to the lung
b. one joined to the ribs and diaphragm
- The two sets are close together separated by a slight amount
of fluid. (vacuum is created)
- If the membranes are punctured, air enters the intrapleural
space, destroying the vacuum. _______________________.
- They maintain an interpleural pressure that is less than
atmospheric pressure; keeping the lungs open.
Mechanics of Breathing: Inhalation and Exhalation
The chest cavity is domeshaped. The top and sides
are surrounded by the ribs.
The bottom is made up by
the diaphragm. It is a
_______________________
___________________.
Inhalation
1. ____________________
_______________________
________ are the PRIMARY
STIMULI that cause us to
breathe. When Carbon
Dioxide and/or Hydrogen ion concentration gets too high, the Breathing center in the
__________________________ is stimulated.
2. A nerve impulse is sent from the Medulla Oblongata to the __________________________
______________.
3. The diaphragm contracts and ____________; the rib muscles contract (intercostal muscles)
and raise the ribs. These actions increase the size of the chest cavity. Increased volume,
________________________________.
4. A partial vacuum is created in the lungs (air pressure in the lungs is reduced).
5. Air Rushes into the lungs from outside in order to rebalance the pressure. This is the
process of inspiration.
**NOTE: Air comes in because the lungs have already opened. The air does not force the
lungs open. This is why it is said that we breathe by ________________________.
(Low pressure sucks the air into out lungs)
**NOTE: The lungs themselves have no muscles**
Exhalation:
1. When the lungs are full, stretch
receptors in the alveoli are stimulated
2. The Medulla Oblongata is notified
and stops sending messages.
3. The diaphragm and rib muscles
relax.
4. The chest cavity gets smaller.
Decreasing volume, which increases
the pressure in the lungs. __________
___________________________.
In addition to the Respiratory Center in
the Medulla Oblongata, there are other
receptors that can respond to stimuli:
a. Carotid bodies - in the
______________________
b. Aortic bodies - in the ___________
These respond to high concentration of Hydrogen Ions but can also respond to levels of
carbon dioxide in the blood.
Gas Exchange
When _____________________ diffuses from the cells into the blood, only a small amount of
it (9%) reaching the blood is held in simple solution. (as dissolved carbon dioxide)
Another ______ attaches directly to the Hemoglobin to form ___________________________.
This remaining 64% combines with water to form ___________________ and hydrogen ions.
Each time blood passes through the tissues it picks up large quantities of ________________.
This then reacts with water to form Bicarbonate (_______) and Hydrogen Ions (____). There
are many substances in the blood capable of binding the excess free __________________.
________________________ is one of the most impotant of these substances. When
Hydrogen (H+) combines with the hemoglobin (Hb), the Hb releases some of the oxygen
attached to it.
Gas Exchange in Tissues
Internal Respiration
1. 9% of CO2 diffuses into the
blood from the cell and travels
through the blood as dissolved
CO2.
2. 27% of CO2 binds to
hemoglobin to form
carbaminohemoglobin.
2. 64% of CO2 joins with water
to temporarily make carbonic
acid which breaks down right
away to the _______________
_________________________.
(Carbonic Anhydrase) Enzymes that runs this reaction.
3. Most of the released H+ is
picked up by the combined form
O2 and hemoglobin.
__________________________ The binding of H+ by HbO2 produces
_____________________________________ aids in the release of oxygen. The H+
concentration and the slight increase in temperature alter the hemoglobin (protein denatures
slightly) and releases oxygen easily.
4. Oxygen then enters the tissue moving from an area of high concentration to areas of low
concentration.
The blood leaving the tissues now contains large quantities of hemoglobin which is free of
oxygen, and is called ____________________________ (HHb). The blood also contains large
amounts of __________________________ (HCO3-). No further changes occur until the blood
reaches the lungs.
What to know…..
**Be sure you understand all of the equations shown in the diagram to the right. Be able to
name all the molecules and identify the equations as internal respiration.**
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
External Respiration
1. High concentration of Oxygen in lungs. Oxygen diffuses into blood.
2. Oxygen joins with reduced hemoglobin to form Oxyhemoglobin and Hydrogen ions.
3. H+ picked up by Bicarbonate to teporarily form carbonic acid which breaks down right away
to produce CO2 + H2O.
4. The dissolved CO2 simply diffuses into lung alveoli where it is expelled by normal breathing.
5. The carbaminohemoglobin breaks down to CO2 and a hemoglobin molecule. The CO2
diffuses into the lungs and is expelled and the hemoglobin pick up oxygen.
**NOTE: H+ does not accumulate because as soon as it released from HHb, it combines with
HCO3- to release Carbon Dioxide.
Hemoglobin is essential in the blood because it serves as a carrier for oxygen, carbon dioxide,
and hydrogen ions (acts like a buffer).***
___________________________ which allows hemoglobin to grab oxygen easier.
What to know…..
**Be sure you understand all of the equations shown in the diagram above. Be able to name all
the molecules and identify the equations as external respiration. It's easy if you just reverse the
equations from internal respiration.**