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The Civil War
Resources, Strategies, & Early Battles
Fort Sumter
Remember, the Confederates fired on the fort and…
The Civil War Begins!
North & South
Blue/USA
Gray/CSA
United States of America or Union
Confederate States of America
President: Abraham Lincoln
President: Jefferson Davis
Capital: Washington, D.C.
Capital: Richmond, VA
Yanks--Yankees
Rebs--Rebels—“Johnny Rebs”
Bluecoats
Graycoats
Lincoln vs. Davis
Abraham Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
Born in Kentucky
Born in Kentucky
Self Educated
Served as Secretary of State
Congressmen from Illinois
Senator from Mississippi
Abolitionist
Slave Owner
First Presidential candidate from the
Republican Party.
First and Only President of the
Confederate States of America
North vs. South Facts
North
South
22 States
11 States
23 million people
10 million people
(includes 4 million slaves)
Industrial Economy
Agricultural Economy
(exports, not food)
Majority of transportation
Limited manufacturing and
railroad lines.
Lincoln, a military novice.
Asks Robert E. Lee to command
Union troops and declines.
Davis, military experience.
(Better military leaders)
Belief war is about preserving the
Union and later in the war… slavery.
Belief war is about states rights,
independence and preserving their way
of life.
“The North’s major advantage would be its economy
and the South’s main disadvantage was its economy”
Union Strategy
 Aggressive offensive to crush the rebellion.
o War of attrition: South has less manpower…
 Gen Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan
o Control river systems:
Ohio and Mississippi
o Blockade and seizure
of ports
 War goal: Preserve Union
and later abolish slavery
 Capture Richmond, VA
 Don’t allow Confederacy to rest.
 Napoleonic tactics at first-later “trench warfare”
Confederate Strategy
 Defend and delay until Union gives up.
 Quick victories to demoralize Union
 Alliance with Great Britain
 Capture Washington, DC
 Defend Richmond
 Sought decisive battle that would convince the
Union it wasn’t worth it
 Use better military leadership to your advantage
and outsmart Union generals.
Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
1. Lincoln sent 30,000 inexperienced soldiers to
fight at Bull Run.
2. Northern troops were pushed back to D.C.
3. South won this battle but “lost the war” Why?
4. Failed to capture Washington, D.C.
5. Would never be that close to Wash., D.C. again.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The Civil War
African Americans & the War
Key Battles in the East
 Union
o Strategy: Capture Richmond, Virginia
o Leaders: Several different leaders: Winfield Scott, George McClellan, John
Pope, Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Ulysses Grant
o Army: Army of the Potomac
 Confederate
o Strategy: Capture Washington, D.C.
o Leader: General Robert E. Lee
o Army: Army of Virginia
Date
Battle
Victor
Result
July 1861
Bull Run
(Manassas)
South
Union retreats to Wash, DC.
June 1862
7 Days
South
August 1862
Bull Run
South
*Sept. 1862
Antietam
Draw
Lee stops McClellan from taking
Richmond
Lee stops John Pope from taking
Richmond
McClellan stops Lee from taking
Washington, D.C. Lincoln issues
Emancipation Proclamation
*Turning Point Battle
Key Battles in the West
 Union
o Strategy: Control river systems and split the
Confederacy in half and isolate the 3 sections.
o Leader: General Ulysses Grant
o Army: Army of the West
 Confederate
o Strategy: Fight a defensive war and drive the Union
out of the South
o Leaders: Several different generals
o Army: Army of Tennessee
Date
Battle
Victor
Result
Feb. 1862
Fort Donelson
Union
Controlled the Ohio River
March 1862
Fort Henry
Union
Controlled Cumberland River
April 1862
Shiloh
Union
Controlled Tennessee River
April 1862
New Orleans
Union
Controlled mouth of Mississippi
River
*July 1863
Vicksburg
Union
Controlled Mississippi River
(split Confederacy in half)
*Turning Point Battle
Lincoln’s “Necessary” Actions
Lincoln suspended “civil liberties” or parts of the Constitution.
1. Writ of Habeas Corpus: Protects from unfair
Oh yeah…what are you
arrest and trial by jury.
going to do about it, huh!!!
2. Occupation of Baltimore: Controlled by military –
“martial law”
3. Arrested over 15,000 civilians: Without “probable
cause” – suspicious “Rebel” sympathizers.
4. Closed “rebel” newspapers: Violated 1st
amendment rights of “free speech and press.”
5. Lincoln acts just like Andrew Jackson by telling
the Chief Justice…
Emancipation Proclamation
 Abolitionists pressured Lincoln to free the slaves.
 After the Battle of Antietam, he announced that the
slaves would be freed.
 Became effective on Jan. 1, 1863, in those states
still in rebellion.
 Emancipation Proclamation did NOT end slavery in US
 Lincoln’s “first” step towards ending slavery.
 “Final step” 13th Amendment to the Constitution on Dec. 1865 would legally and
constitutionally abolish slavery.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VII.
Freed all slaves in states in rebellion against the U.S.
Did not apply to slaves in border states fighting for U.S.
No affect on southern areas already under U.S. control.
War was NOW fought to end slavery.
U.S. soldiers were “Freedom Fighters”
Kept Great Britain from
siding with the South and
becoming an ally.
VIII. War was now a war to:
a. Abolish Slavery
b. Destroy the South
c. Preserve the Union
Black Troops
 Over 200,000 freed slaves
fought for the US.
 Famous 54th Black Regiment
Massachusetts, which was
organized by Frederick
Douglass.
of
The Civil War
Life During the War
Andersonville Prison
+45,000 Union soldiers were POWs– 13,000 died
13th Amendment ~ Slavery Abolished
 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
 The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions
of this article.
Supporting the Civil War
How the North/South raised armies:
North
South
Volunteers – 1861
Volunteers – 1861
Conscription – 1863
20-45 years
Buy exemption from military - $300
Caused riots
Conscription – 1862
18-35 years
Hire a substitute
1864 - 17-50 years
(Highly unpopular)
Bounty system – government paid a
bounty of $1000 to volunteer
Recruited slaves.
Total service: 4 million & 186,000 Blacks
Total service: 1.5 million
New York Draft Riots
+Conscription was extremely
unpopular.
Finances for the War
+Lincoln ordered the military to put
down a riot in NYC where protesting
citizens were killed.
Finances for the War
North
South
Tariffs
Wealthy lent over $100 million
War Bonds
Foreign aid of $15 million
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
Paper Money “Greenbacks”
Paper Money
Friends or Foes?
 Many officers from both sides knew each other and were
good friends, or even family members.
 Picture shows George Armstrong Custer on the right
Confederate soldier who was a prisoner.
 He and Custer were good friends before the war.
and a
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The Civil War
Turning Points of the War
Vicksburg ~ On July 4, 1863
I. 30,000 Confederate troops defending Vicksburg
surrendered their arms.
II. Grant captured 260 cannons, 60,000 stand-of-arms,
and more than 2 million rounds of ammunition.
III. Former slaves celebrated Independence Day for
the first time.
IV. 4 days later, the Mississippi River was in the
hands of the Union army
V. Effectively cutting the Confederacy in half.
VI. Grant captures Vicksburg, splits the CSA in half.
VII. USA controls the Mississippi River.
Key Battles in the East
Date
Battle
Victor
Result
Dec. 1862
Fredericksburg
South
Lee stops Burnside from taking
Richmond.
Jan. 1863
Chancellorville
South
Lee stops Joe Hooker from taking
Richmond.
*July 1863
Gettysburg
Union
George Meade stops Lee from
moving into Washington DC
*Turning Point Battle
Gettysburg
 General Lee invades the North.
 The “High Tide of the Confederacy”.
South’s last chance to capture Wash., D.C.
 The defeat of Lee at Gettysburg would be
the last time Lee would invade the North
and try to take Washington, D.C.
 Lee’s retreat at Gettysburg on July 3rd
and Grant’s defeat of the South at Vicksburg on July 4th would lead to the eventual
surrender of the South by 1865.
Gettysburg Address
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
On November 19, 1863, some 15,000 people gathered at
Gettysburg to honor the Union soldiers who had died
there just four months before.
President Lincoln delivered a two - minute speech, which
became known as the Gettysburg Address.
He reminded people that the Civil War was being fought
to preserve a country that upheld the principles of
freedom, equality, and self-government.
The Gettysburg Address has become one of the bestloved and most-quoted speeches in the English language.
It expresses grief at the terrible cost of war and the
importance of preserving the Union.
Military Preparedness
I. Professional development of officers.
 West Point is formed in 1802.
 55 of 60 largest battles, both sides were commanded by West Pointers.
 Artillery and Infantry schools opened.
 Professional staff begins in earnest
II. Greater independence for military leaders.
 Politicians focus on strategy and are less involved in operational and tactical
decisions.
III. Mexican War
 Many leaders on both sides gain valuable experience.
 First great post - Industrial Revolution war.
Inventions/Innovations
I. Telegraph
 Davis uses to gather forces for Shiloh.
 Fredericksburg sees first extensive use on
the battlefield.
II. Railway
 Greatly changes logistics and strategic
maneuver.
 North had good system; South had
acceptable quantity, but no standardized track width.
Weapons
I. Outdated muskets replaced with rifle
 greatly changes tactics.
 more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets
 Minié ball (more destructive bullet)
II. Calvary used for reconnaissance
III. Artillery
 invention of shells, devices that exploded in the air.
 fired canisters, special shells filled with bullets.
 Grenades
 land mines are used
IV. Ironclads
 replaces wooden ships
V. Trench warfare replaces Napoleonic tactics
Union Change in Leadership
 After Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, President Lincoln appointed
General Grant as the Commanding General of all Union troops.
 Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac in the East and was instructed by
Lincoln to force General Lee to surrender.
 Grant appointed his 2nd in command, General William T. Sherman, to head up the
Army of the West.
 It is here that Lincoln, Grant and Sherman devise a new strategy of “total war” or
bring the civilian population into the war, destroying the South and free the slaves.
Total War
 Tactic of war where the Union marched through
the South and destroyed all resources the civilian
population needed to survive.
 Goal: To make war as horrible and destructive
as possible to force your enemy to surrender.
 Total war brings the civilian population into the
war to demoralize the enemy and force them to
surrender.
 It is “in your face warfare” or you (South) started
this war and until you surrender, we will destroy
you.
Let’s March to
the Sea &
destroy
everything!!
War Hero or War Criminal?
I. Grant’s right hand general.
II. Fought with Grant in the West.
III. Most noted for this saying:
“War is hell and the worse you
make it the sooner it will be over.”
IV. Put in charge of the Army of the West after Lincoln
appoints Grant as head of all Union troops.
V. Responsible for the March to the Sea and
using “total war” in destroying the South.
Key Battles in the West
Date
Sept. 1864
Battle
Atlanta
Victor
Result
Union
Sherman’s March to the Sea to
destroy the South and free the
slaves.
Dec. 1864
Columbia
Union
March 1865
Raleigh
Union
*April 1865
Appomattox
Union
*Turning Point Battle – War Ends
Union destroyed Georgia and South
Carolina. Turned to the north to
meet up with Grant.
Sherman destroys North Carolina
and continues north to meet up with
Grant.
Lee surrenders to Grant, which
ends the war.
Key Battles in the East
Date
Battle
Victor
Result
Sept. 1864
Wilderness
Union
Grant pursues Lee to Richmond.
April 1865
Richmond
Union
Grant takes Richmond and moves
to surround Lee.
*April 1865
Appomattox
Union
Lee surrenders to Grant, which
ends the war.
*Turning Point Battle – War Ends
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
The Civil War
The War’s End & Impact
The Final Surrender
April 7, 1865
To: General U.S. Grant:
General: I have received your note of this date. Though not entertaining the opinion you express of
the hopelessness of further resistance on the part of the Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate
your desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and therefore, before considering your proposition,
ask the terms you will offer on condition of its surrender.
Commanding General of CSA,
R. E. Lee
Lincoln’s Assassination
i. Abraham Lincoln did not live to see the official end of the war.
ii. Throughout the winter of 1864–1865, a group of Southern
conspirators in Washington, D.C., had plotted to kidnap
Lincoln and exchange him for Confederate prisoners of war.
iii. After several unsuccessful attempts, their leader,
John Wilkes Booth, assigned members of his group to
assassinate top Union officials.
iv. On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot
President Lincoln while he was watching a
play at Ford’s Theater.
v. Davis and his cabinet had just arrived in Charlotte when he
heard the news. Davis responded, "I certainly have no special
regard for Mr. Lincoln; but there are a great many men of
whose end I would much rather have heard than this. I fear
it will be disastrous for our people and I regret it deeply.“
vi.
vii.
Booth was shot to death after he had fled
from the theater and was found hiding in a
tobacco barn.
Lincoln’s funeral train took 14 days to travel from Washington, D.C., to his
hometown of Springfield, Illinois.
Lincoln’s Death
 “Our country owed all her troubles to him, and God simply made me the instrument
of his punishment” – John Wilkes Booth
 Born (May 10 1838-April 26, 1865) was an American actor who is most famous for
being the assassin of Abraham Lincoln.
 A professional and extremely popular stage actor of his day.
 Booth was a Confederate sympathizer who was dissatisfied by the outcome of the
American Civil War.
President Andrew Johnson
 Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War.
 Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the South’s
Reconstruction.
 Was a democrat, southern and unpopular with Congress
 Was the wrong man at the wrong time to be president….
Civil War Deaths
Impact on Future Conflicts
1. Expanding battlefield due to new technology.
2. Defense is favored.
a. fortification.
3. Beginnings of trend toward dispersal and increased
“individual” combat.
4. Shift to Total War
a. Whole government had to be removed for
success.
b. Civil and military “targets”
i. Sherman’s March to the Sea.