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Biology Honors Final Review
Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
Steps of the Scientific Method
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
Control and Variable / Experimental Groups
1.) a group of subjects without the factor being tested2.) a group of subjects with the factor being tested3.) All other factors (except the variable) in the experiment must be kept ____________.
Ways to Improve Experimental Design
1.)
2.)
3.)
Basic Units of Length, Mass, Volume, and Temperature in the Metric System
___ Length
a. Gram
___ Mass
b. Degrees
___ Volume
c. Meter
___ Temperature
d. Liter
___°C is the freezing point of water.
____°C is the boiling point of water.
Convert between Units within the Metric System
1.) 1000 cl = ___ L
2.) 1 g = ____ cg
3.) 8 kg = ______ g
4.) 9 cl = _____ ml
5.) 5 cm = _____ mm
Hypothesis vs. Theory
A ________________ is a prediction of what you think the outcome of the experiment
will be while a ___________ is a collaboration of accepted, identical conclusions by the
work of many scientists over time (generations).
______________ develop throughout the process of the scientific method, and form
once a ________________ is proven by many scientists.
Characteristics of Living Things
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
Further Description of each of the Characteristics of Living Things
1.) What organisms are made of only one cell?
2.) What organisms are made of many cells?
3.) ____________ reproduction is completed with only one parent.
4.) ___________ reproduction is completed with two parents.
5.) __________ is an increase in cell number or size.
6.) __________ is a change as the organism grows.
7.) The process of making energy inside the cell is called _________________
_______________________.
8.) Energy is used for an organism to perform chemical reactions that are known as its
____________________.
9.) What is a metabolism that breaks down compounds into their smaller components?
10.) What is a metabolism that builds up smaller subunits into bigger compounds?
11.) What is the term for eliminating wastes that a cell makes?
12.) List two examples of excretion.
1.)
2.)
13.) An outside stimulus is something an organism reacts to to keep a stable condition
known as _____________________.
14.) List three examples of homeostasis.
1.)
2.)
3.)
15.) What is the genetic code that is made of the same type of molecule for all
organisms?
Types of Microscopes
________________________________ Microscope
•
•
•
•
Uses light to view specimen
Uses 2 lenses: ocular and objective lenses to focus and magnify specimen
Used for viewing live or dead thin specimens, can see a single cell
Magnifies up to 1000x
______________________ or _____________________ Microscope
•
•
•
•
Uses light to view specimen
Gives a 3-D image
Can be used to view larger live or dead specimens
Not capable of high definition / resolution
____________________ Microscope
•
•
•
•
Uses a beam of electrons to view specimen
Capable of high magnifications
Uses electromagnets to magnify and focus image
Can only view dead specimens
19.) What type of electron microscope scans the surface of the specimen and gives a
3-D image of the whole specimen?
20.) What type of electron microscope sends a beam of electrons through a thin
specimen and gives a 2-D image of internal cell parts?
Microscope Parts
_____ contains a magnifying lens
a. Stage
_____ provides a magnification of 4x, 10x, or 40x
b. Eyepiece / Ocular
_____ maintains the proper distance between
the eyepiece / ocular and the objectives
c. Tube
_____ holds the objectives and can be rotated to
change the magnification
d. Objective
_____ supports the slide being observed
e. Nosepiece
_____ regulates the amount of light passing up
toward the eyepiece
f. Diaphragm
____ produces light or reflects light up toward
the eyepiece / ocular
g. Arm
____supports the body tube
h. Fine Adjustment
____ supports the microscope
i. Coarse Adjustment
____ moves the body to focus the image
j. Mirror
____ moves the body slightly to focus the image
k. Base
Microscope Use
____ the area that can be seen by the eye / microscope
a. Magnification
____ relates to the level of distinctness or clarity of a
specimen through the microscope
b. Cell Staining
____ the process that can be used to add color to a slide
to better view a specimen
c. Resolution
____ can be calculated by multiplying the power of the
ocular lens by the power of the objective lens being used
d. Focus
____ the ability to separate two objects that are close
together, or distinguish detail
e. Field of View
Branches of Biology
37.) Some divisions of Biology are based on the type of ____________ being studied.
38.) ______________ study animals.
39.) _____________ study plants.
40.) Other divisions of Biology are based on studying life from from a particular
_________________.
41.) _______________ study animal behavior.
42.) __________________ study life as it was in the past.
Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
Important Properties of Matter
1.) ___________________ is the basic unit of matter that can retain its chemical
properties.
*Mass, Volume, Weight, and Density are all key properties of matter (this was not in our
notes).
The Structure of an Atom
2.) Made up of subatomic particles:
____ Protons
a. Neutrally charged / carry no charge
____ Neutrons
b. Negatively charged
____ Electrons
c. Positively charged
3.) _____ million atoms would make a row about ___ cm long (the width of your pinkie).
4.) ______________ and ________________ have about the same mass.
5.) An ______________ has 1/1840 the mass of a proton.
6.) _______________ and _______________ form at the nucleus / center of the atom.
7.) Atoms have an equal number of ________________ and _____________________.
Elements, Compounds, Isotopes, and Ions
8.) What is a pure substance that contains only one type of atom?
9.) What is Atomic Number?
10.) What is Mass Number?
11.) What is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
in definite proportions?
12.) What are atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they
contain?
13.) What is an atom that has a different number of protons and electrons?
14.) Is Na+ an isotope or an ion?
15.) Is 12H an ion or an isotope?
Electron Arrangement in Relation to an Atom's Reactivity
16.) Is an atom with a full valence shell more or less reactive than an atom with only one
electron in its valence shell?
17.) What is the maximum number of electrons that an atom can hold in its first shell?
18.) What is the maximum number of electrons that an atom can hold in its second
shell?
19.) What is the maximum number of electrons that an atom can hold in its third
(valence) shell?
Chemical Bonds
20.) ____________________________ is when atoms are bonded by a sharing of
electrons.
21.) ________ is an example of a compound made of these bonds.
22.) ____________________________ is when atoms are bonded by a transfer of
electrons.
23.) _________ is an example of a compound made of these bonds.
Balance Chemical Equations
Balance the following Chemical Equations:
24.) Nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) form ammonia (NH3).
What are the reactant(s) and product(s) for this equation?
25.) When it is burned, natural gas (CH4) combines with oxygen gas (O2) to produce
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
What are the reactant(s) and product(s) for this equation?
Important Properties of Water
26.) A water molecule is _______ because there is an uneven distribution of electrons
between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
27.) What is an attraction between molecules of the same substance?
28.) What is an attraction between molecules of different substances?
Mixtures, Solutions, and Suspensions
29.) What is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are
physically mixed together but not chemically combined?
30.) Components are evenly distributed, ions depressed in the water, forming a type of
mixture called a _____________.
31.) A ______________ is the substance that is dissolved.
32.) A ________________ is the substance in which the solute dissolves.
33.) ____________________ are mixtures of water and non-dissolved material.
Acid, Base / Alkaline Solution, Neutralization, Buffers, and pH Scale
_____ any compound that forms H+ ions in solution;
contains higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure
water and has a pH value below 7
a. Neutralization
_____ a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH–
ions) in solution; contains lower concentrations of
H+ ions than pure water and has a pH value above 7
b. Buffers
_____ a chemical reaction in which an acid and a
base interact with the formation of salt to make a
solution neutral
c. Base / Alkaline Solution
_____ weak acids or bases that can react with
strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden
changes in pH
d. pH Scale
_____ a measurement system used to indicate
the concentration of H+ ions in solution
e. Acid
Four Most Abundant Elements in Living Things
39.) _____________________, ____________________, ______________________ ,
and ________________ are the four most abundant elements in living things
(Hint: HONC).
Inorganic Compounds and Organic Compounds
40.) What type of compound lacks both carbon and hydrogen?
41.) List two examples of this compound.
1.)
2.)
42.) What type of compound contains both carbon and hydrogen?
43.) List one example of this compound.
1.)
Important Properties of Carbon
44.) All organic compounds contain __________.
45.) With the exception of carbon dioxide, most inorganic compounds do not contain
___________.
Four Groups of Organic Compounds Found in Living Things
46.) What are the four groups of organic compounds?
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
47.) Each group has a ______________, which is a small building block or subunit.
48.) _________________ are put together to build the _____________ of the group.
49.) What is the process in which cells link monomers to form polymers?
50.) What is the reverse process in which polymers are broken down to monomers?
Structure and Function of each Group of Compounds of Life
51.) What is the function of carbohydrates?
52.) List two examples of foods with carbohydrates:
1.)
2.)
53.) The three functions of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
3.)
54.) Lipids contain three elements:
1.)
2.)
3.)
55.) List two examples of saturated foods with lipids and one example of an unsaturated
food with lipids:
1.)
2.)
3.)
56.) _____ – liquid at room temperature
57.) _____ – solid at room temperature
58.) What element do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not?
59.) The five functions of proteins are:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
60.) List two examples of foods with proteins:
1.)
2.)
61.) What is the function of nucleic acids?
62.) What element is unique to nucleic acids?
Monomers and Polymers of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
63.) What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
64.) What are the three examples of this monomer?
1.)
2.)
3.)
65.) What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?
66.) What are the three examples of this polymer?
1.)
2.)
3.)
67.) What are double sugars called?
68.) The monomers of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
69.) The polymers of lipids are:
1.)
2.)
3.)
70.) What is the monomer of proteins?
71.) How many types of this monomer are there?
72.) What is the polymer of proteins?
73.) A protein is made up of three groups. List these groups:
1.)
2.)
3.)
74.) A _____________ bond is a bond that holds two amino acids together and is
covalent.
75.) The sequence of ______________ ____________ in the chain will determine the
protein's shape and function.
76.) What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
77.) What are the polymers of nucleic acids?
Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
The Cell Theory:
1.) Principles of the Cell Theory:
1.)
2.)
3.)
2.) Exceptions to the Cell Theory:
1.)
2.)
Three Basic Structures of Most Cells:
3.) organelles where proteins are made4.) surrounds and protects the cell, made of proteins and phospholipids, is semipermeable, or selectively permeable (allows some substances to enter)5.) made of water, surrounds all cell parts, chemical reactions occur-
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryote
Membrane-bound
nucleus
Cell organelles
Approximate size
Time of appearance on
the Earth
Organisms it includes
Ribosomes, Cell
Membrane, and
Cytoplasm (Three
Basic Structures of
Most Cells)
Eukaryote
Cell Organelles:
*Note- Since you will need to know the size, structure, and shape of all of these
organelles, refer to page 174.
7.) surrounds and protects the cell, made of proteins and phospholipids, is semipermeable, or selectively permeable (allows some substances to enter)8.) only in plant cells, surrounds and protects the cell, made of cellulose9.) stores genetic information, controls all cell activities10.) surrounds the nucleus, controls what enters nucleus11.) openings in the nuclear membrane12.) found in nucleus, makes ribosome parts13.) found in nucleus, shares genetic information, makes up DNA14.) made of water, surrounds all cell parts, chemical reactions occur15.) found only in plant cells, stores pigments for the plant cell16.) found only in plant cells, stores starches for the plant cell17.) found only in plant cells, performs the function if photosynthesis18.) produces energy for the cell from food and oxygen through the process of cellular
respiration19.) makes and transports proteins and lipids through the cell20.) makes and transports proteins by ribosomes21.) takes proteins and lipids and modifies, sorts, and packages them before they are
exported from the cell22.) contain digestive enzymes that break down old cell parts and foreign material23.) storage organelles that contain food or water for the cell (very large in plant cells)24.) the fibers that give support to the cell, help in cell movement, made of proteins25.) thin fibers of the cytoskeleton26.) thick fibers of the cytoskeleton-
27.) found only in animal cells, help in the process of cell division28.) short, hair-like structures that surround some cells and help in movement29.) long, whip-like structure that is found on the outside of some cells and helps in cell
movement
30.) organelle where proteins are madePlant Cells and Animal Cells:
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Cell Wall
Centrioles
Plastids
Cell Membrane Structure / Diffusion:
32.) Two Major Components of the Cell Membrane:
1.)
2.)
33.) What is the process where molecules move from a region of higher concentration
to a region of lower concentration?
34.) What is the difference in concentration on either side of a membrane called?
35.) What is the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane called?
36.) Diffusion will occur until an _____________________ is reached.
Passive Transport and Active Transport:
37.) requires no energy use by the cell; substances move along a concentration
gradient-
38.) molecules may be moved through a process called39.) examples of this process40.) uses carrier proteins to transport molecules that are not lipid soluble41.) examples of this process42.) the movement of material from an area of lower concentration to an area of greater
concentrationHypertonic / Hypotonic Solutions, Types of Cytosis, Plant and Animal Cell Examples:
43.) the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the
cell membrane44.) the process of large particles being taken into the cell by endocytosis; extensions of
cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles45.) the removal of large amounts of material from a cell46.) a type of endocytosis on a small scale that brings dissolved material in solution into
the cell47.) solution that has a higher concentration of solute than a surrounding solution48.) solution that has a lower concentration of solute than a surrounding solution49.) two solutions have the same concentration50.) If an animal cell is placed in fresh water, what will happen?
51.) If a plant cell is placed in fresh water, what will happen?
52.) If an animal cell is placed in salt water, what will happen?
53.) If a plant cell is placed in salt water, what will happen?
Extra Facts:
*The Fluid Mosaic Model (Cell Membrane Structure) is composed of both protein
and phospholipids, which are made up of hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic
phosphate heads.
Levels of Cell Organization:
Tissues
Muscles
Organs
Organ Systems
Chapters 8 and 9: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis:
1.) Overall reaction for Photosynthesis:
Requirements for Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis requires:
2.) ___________ ___________, which is obtained through openings called
____________ that are located under the leaves
3.) _____________, which provides energy for the reaction
4.) ______________, such as chlorophyll, carotene, and xanthophyll
Reactions for ATP, NADPH, Light-dependent Reaction, and Light-independent Reaction
5.) Reaction for ATP:
6.) Reaction for NADPH:
7.) Reaction for Light-dependent reaction:
8.) Reaction for Light-independent reaction:
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Organisms:
9.) What are organisms that make their own organic compounds (food)?
10.) What organisms that cannot make their own food?
Pigments: Chlorophyll, Carotene, and Xanthophyll
11.) ________________ absorbs red and blue light.
12.) ____________ and ________________ absorb different wavelengths of light.
Light-dependent Reaction:
13.) Where does the light-dependent reaction occur?
14.) Water is split using light energy in a process called what?
Comparison between Light-dependent Reaction and Light-independent Reaction:
15.) Does photolysis occur during the light-dependent or light independent reaction?
16.) Energy is transferred to ATP and NADPH in which reaction?
17.) Are ATP and NADPH reactants in the light dependent reaction or the lightindependent reaction?
18.) Which reaction yields 2 PGAL which then is converted to 1 Glucose as its final
product?
19.) In which reaction is carbon dioxide used to create a carbohydrate (glucose)?
Light-independent Reaction:
20.) What is the light-independent reaction also known as?
21.) Where does the light-independent reaction occur?
Cellular Respiration:
22.) Reaction for Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation):
23.) Reaction for Aerobic Respiration:
Glycolysis:
24.) What is the process in which a glucose is partially broken down to gain 2 ATP?
Anaerobic Respiration:
25.) What uses alcoholic fermentation?
26.) What is pyruvic acid turned into during alcoholic fermentation?
27.) What uses lactic acid fermentation?
28.) What is pyruvic acid turned into during lactic acid fermentation?
Aerobic Respiration:
29.) Where does aerobic respiration occur?
30.) What are the two processes involved in extracting all of the energy from pyruvic
acid aerobically?
Steps in which Glucose is completely broken down during
Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
31.) First, _____________ occurs and yields 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP. Then,
__________ is used to completely break down the __________ acid and make _____
and _____ as wastes along with ____ more ATP, for a total of _____ ATP.
Comparison between Anaerobic and Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
32.) Which type of cellular respiration is also known as fermentation?
33.) Oxygen is a reactant in which type of cellular respiration?
34.) In which reaction is 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP the product?
35.) In which reaction is 36 ATP + 6CO2 + 6 H2O the product?
Chapter 10: Cell Growth, Stages of the Cell Cycle / Mitosis
Cell Growth
1.) ________ __________ usually involves an organism making more cells.
2.) The size a cell reaches is limited to the cell’s ______________ ________ to
____________ ratio. As the cell grows, its ____________ ________ doesn’t grow as
quickly as it __________ does (therefore, its _______________ ________ to
__________ ratio _______________ as it grows in size).
3.) If a cell gets too big, the _____________ _______ of its membrane cannot bring
____________ and _____________ fast enough to meet the needs of its volume.
4.) What can uncontrolled cell growth result in?
5.) The phase specifically focused on Cell Growth is the _____ phase.
Relating Cell Growth to Cell Division
6.) After the cell grows throughout the ____ phase, has its DNA replicated in the ___
phase, and prepares for ____________ in the ______ phase, it reaches a process
known as ______ ________________, or the _____ phase.
Stages of the Cell Cycle
7.) _____ cells increase in size and synthesize new
proteins and organelles
a. G 2 phase
8.) _____ chromosomes are replicated and the
synthesis of DNA molecules takes place
b. G1 phase
9.) _____ many of the organelles and molecules
required for cell division are produced
c. Interphase
10.) _____ phase that includes G1, S, and G2 phases
d. The Cell Cycle
11.) _____ includes Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
e. S phase
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
12.) Define Mitosis.
13.) Define Cytokinesis.
Phases of Mitosis
14.) ____ the nuclear envelope breaks down and
a spindle forms between two centrioles;
centrioles separate; chromosomes become
visible
a. Anaphase
15.) ____ the chromosomes align at the equator
of the cell.
b. Telophase
16.) ____ the duplicated chromosomes (called
chromatid) are separated
c. Metaphase
17.) ____ the chromosomes reach the mitotic
poles and the cell begins to pinch in
d. Prophase
Identifying Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis
18.) ____________________Two daughter cells are formed.
19.) ____________________ Doubled chromosomes first appear.
20.) ____________________ Replication of genetic material occurs.
21.) ____________________ Chromosomes uncoil.
22.) ____________________ Doubled chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles by
the spindle fibers.
23.) ____________________ Cytoplasmic division occurs.
24.) ____________________ Nuclear membrane reappears.
25.) ____________________ Nuclear membrane disappears.
26.) ____________________ Cells appear to be resting.
27.) ___________________ Doubled chromosomes line up on the equator.
Additional Identification Practice
28.) ___ structures that hold chromatids together
in double-stranded chromosomes
a. sister chromatid
29.) ____ keep the chromatids in place during
metaphase; pull the chromatids to the poles
of the cell during anaphase
b. centrioles
30.) ____ organelles that play a role in mitotic
cell division but not in plant cells
c. spindle fibers
31.) ____ one of the two identical copies of
DNA making up a duplicated chromosome;
d. chromosome
32.) ____ mass of genetic material composed of
DNA and protein that condenses
into chromosomes
f. centromeres
33.) ____ name for thread-like structures that are
located within the nucleus, share genetic
information, and make up DNA
g. chromatin
Chapter 11.4: Meiosis, Asexual / Sexual Reproduction,
Background Information on Chromosomes
Meiosis
34.) ______________ is a special type of cell division used to make sex cells called
______________.
35.) ______________ is used to give sex cells half the species’ normal chromosome
number.
36.) What types of cells are made using meiosis?
37.) What is a gamete?
38.) How many times does a cell divide during meiosis?
39.) How many cells are made as a result of meiosis?
40.) What happens to the original chromosome number as a result of meiosis?
41.) Describe the daughter cells that are made as a result of meiotic cell division. How
does their genetic information compare with the parent cells’ genetic information?
42.) Describe Prophase I of Meiosis I.
43.) What is synapsis?
44.) What is a tetrad?
45.) In what phase does synapsis occur and tetrads form?
46.) Describe Metaphase I of Meiosis I.
47.) Describe Anaphase I of Meiosis I.
48.) Describe Telophase of Meiosis I.
49.) Which chromosomes are actually divided during meiotic division?
50.) Describe Prophase II of Meiosis II.
51.) Describe Metaphase II of Meiosis II.
52.) Describe Anaphase II of Meiosis II.
53.) Describe Telophase II of Meiosis II.
54.) How many cells are produced as a result of meiotic cell division?
55.) How many chromosomes would be found in a human cell as a result of meiosis?
How does Meiosis result in Sex Cells that have Variety?
Two ways:
56.) ________________ ______________ - a process where homologous
chromosomes will swap chromatid parts during Prophase I.
57.) _____________________ _____________________ - a process where
homologous chromosomes from each parent line up randomly on the metaphase plate
on Meiosis
Comparing Similarities and Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
58.) List two similarities and two differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
How Meiosis is Different in Males and Females
59.) Males- _____ haploid, functioning, ________ cells are created.
60.) Females- _____ haploid, functioning _____ and nonfunctioning _________
___________ are produced.
61.) Draw a diagram showing these differences.
Males
Females
Asexual Reproduction vs. Sexual Reproduction
62.) Which type of reproduction uses mitosis to create offspring?
63.) Which type of reproduction produces offspring that are similar but not identical to
either parent or each other?
64.) Which type of reproduction uses meiosis to make sex cells called gametes?
65.) Which type of reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the parent?
66.) Which type of reproduction uses two parents that each contribute genetic
information to the offspring?
67.) Which type of reproduction uses one parent?
68.) Starfish, bacteria, ameba, strawberries, some plants, and yeast are all examples of
which type of reproduction?
69.) Mammals, animals, plants, and fungi are all examples of which type of
reproduction?
Asexual Reproduction: Binary Fission, Budding, Sporulation,
Regeneration, Vegetative Propagation
70.) Asexual reproduction is more common in __________________ animals than in
__________________ animals.
71.) Name three types of asexual reproduction.
1.)
2.)
3.)
72.) During ______________ _______________, a one-celled organism divides by
mitosis to form two daughter cells of equal size.
73.) Name two organisms that divide by binary fission.
1.)
2.)
74.) ______________ results in equal division of the ____________ and unequal
division of the _____________.
75.) A one-celled organism that reproduces by budding is __________.
76.) ___________ is a multicellular organism that reproduces by budding.
77.) A ________ is a specialized asexual reproductive cell that contains a nucleus and
a small amount of cytoplasm.
78.) State one advantage of spore formation.
79.) _____________________ is the development of a new organism from a part of the
parent organism; the replacement of lost body parts
80.) Name two animals that reproduce by regeneration.
1.)
2.)
81.) ______________________ ______________________ is a form of asexual plant
reproduction.
82.) Name three plants that reproduce by vegetative propagation.
1.)
2.)
3.)
Background Information on Chromosomes
*Note- the fill-in the blank section for the rest of this page was not in our notes (only on
the bottom of "Human Chromosomes" worksheet) and is just here in case we are
expected to know this information as well. Answers to this section are at the top of the
next page.
83.) A _________________ is a very long DNA molecule and associated proteins, that
carry portions of the hereditary information of an organism.
84.) A _________________ is formed from a single DNA molecule that contains many
_________. A chromosomal DNA molecule contains _______ specific nucleotide
sequences which are required for _____________.
85.) DNA Replication ___________
86.) A ________________ to attach the DNA to the ______________ _____________
87.) A ________________ located at each end of the linear chromosome.
88.) Small proteins are responsible for packing the DNA into units called
___________________.
A chromosome is a very long DNA molecule and associated proteins, that carry portions
of the hereditary information of an organism.
A chromosome is formed from a single DNA molecule that contains many genes. A
chromosomal DNA molecule contains three specific nucleotide sequences which are
required for replication.
DNA Replication Origin
A centromere to attach the DNA to the mitotic spindle
A telomere located at each end of the linear chromosome
Small proteins are responsible for packing the DNA into units called nucleosomes.
*The rest of the information below on chromosomes was in our notes.
89.) Humans have _____ chromosomes organized in each body cell.
90.) These ____ chromosomes are organized into ____ pairs.
91.) These are known as _____________________ pairs.
92.) In each pair humans have, ____ of the chromosomes was donated from the
mother’s ____ and ____ from the father’s _______.
93.) Pairs of chromosomes contain information for the _____ types of _______.
94.) During __________, __________________ chromosomes will be separated and
only ____ will be passed to each sex cell that is made.
Chapter 12: DNA and RNA
Discovery of DNA
1.) At one time, scientists thought that ____________ carried the genetic code. There
were several important experiments in the 1900's that showed that _______ is the true
carrier of the genetic code.
Experiment #1
2.) In 1928, a scientist named _______________ _______________ studied
___________ called Streptococcus pneumonia.
3.) There were two types of this _____________:
4.) A ___________ strain, which was _____________ or virulent.
5.) A __________ strain, which was __________________.
This was his experiment:
6.) When the ________ strain was injected into a group of mice, the mice ________.
7.) When the ________ bacteria were injected, the mice _______.
8.) When he __________ the _________ strain with heat and injected it into the mice,
the mice ________.
9.) When he __________ the __________ strain with heat and added the ______
_______ _________, injected it into the mice, the mice _______.
10.) Griffith concluded that
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
11.) He concluded this genetic material was passed to another bacteria and called it
______________________.
Experiment #2
12.) Around 1944, three scientists, __________, _____________, and
______________ expanded upon Griffith's original experiment.
13.) They tried to transform harmless rough bacteria into __________ bacteria in the
same manner, by mixing it with heated, dead smooth bacteria.
14.) One by one, they used _____________ to destroy each group of organic
compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, _____________ and _____________ __________.
15.) Through process of elimination, they concluded that the _____ was the only
substance that transformed the rough bacteria.
Experiment #3
16.) In 1952, _____________ ___________ and ___________ _________ studied
viruses that infected bacteria, called __________________, specifically the T2 phage.
17.) They knew all viruses were made of a ______________ _________ and ______.
18.) They assumed whatever was injected into their host cell and coded for the
assembly of new viruses was the ____________ of the _____________ code.
The experiment:
19.) They cultured viruses in a medium with radioactive ____________, a component of
proteins.
20.) They cultured viruses with radioactive __________________, a component of
DNA.
21.) This meant some viruses had proteins labeled with radioactive ____________ and
some had DNA labeled with radioactive _________________.
22.) The two groups were allowed to infect bacteria known as ____________.
23.) After injection, they tested the bacteria cells (with the viral genetic code) and the
virus capsules for radioactivity.
24.) They found that the radioactive ____________________ had been found in the
bacteria cells. Therefore, _______ was injected into the cell and was the ____________
of ____________ information.
25.) After the Hershey-Chase experiment in 1952, there was a race to determine the
structure of _____.
26.) Linus ___________ - California (proposed 3 strands)
27.) Maurice ______________ and Rosalind ____________ - London
28.) ____________ and _____________ discovered the structure of ______ and called
it the ______________ __________, or ______________ ____________.
Discovery of DNA Review
Fredrick Griffith
29.) What was the difference between the smooth and rough strains of pneumonia
bacteria that Griffith used?
30.) How did the heat-treated smooth mixed with live rough bacteria cause the group of
mice to die?
31.) According to Griffith, what was passed to the rough bacteria from the dead smooth
bacteria?
Avery, McCarty and McCleod
32.) Explain how these three scientists carried Griffith's experiment further? Make sure
to mention what the heat-treated smooth bacteria was treated with (in different trials)
before mixing with the live rough bacteria.
Hershey and Chase
33.) What type of virus did Hershey and Chase use?
34.) What part of the virus was labeled with radioactive phosphorous?
35.) What part of the virus was labeled with radioactive sulfur?
36.) When the labeled viruses were allowed to infect the bacteria, which radioactive
material was found inside the bacteria?
37.) This result showed that _______ was injected into the bacteria from the virus.
38.) What was the significance of this experiment?
39.) Which scientists are credited with discovering the structure of the DNA molecule?
DNA Structure
40.) DNA is made of many smaller subunits called _____________________.
41.) A ___________________ has three parts:
1.)
2.)
3.)
42.) Name the four nitrogenous bases.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
43.) _________________ and ________________ always pair up.
44.) __________________ and _______________ always pair up.
45.) Adenine and Guanine are ______________ (______________ bases)
46.) Cytosine and Thymine are _____________________ (_____________ bases)
47.) These subunits are arranged in a twisted ladder called a _____________
__________.
48.) What type of bond holds the nitrogen
bases together and is it strong or weak alone?
49.) The _____________ (or ___________) of
the bases in all organisms' DNA is what makes
them _________________ from each other.
50.) Label the parts of the DNA model to the
left. Ignore the numbers “3” and “5”.
DNA Replication
51.) ______ _____________________ is the process by which identical doublestranded DNA molecules are formed.
52.) Where does the original strand of DNA "unzip" or break down prior to replication?
53.) __________________ bonds are broken to "unzip" the original strand.
54.) ____ strands of DNA will be produced as a result of DNA replication.
55.) What will these ____ strands look like?
DNA Structure and DNA Replication Review
56.) Name the building block (monomer) of a nucleic acid like DNA.
57.) What are the three components of a nucleotide?
1.)
2.)
3.)
58.) Draw the arrangement of the three nucleotide parts as you would find them
connected in a molecule of DNA. Label each part of the nucleotide.
59.) What is the twisted ladder shape of DNA known as?
60.) Which two scientists discovered this structure of DNA?
61.) Name the four types of nitrogen bases found in DNA.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
62.) List the bases that will always match up together in a DNA molecule
__________________ and __________________
__________________ and __________________
63.) Adenine and Guanine are _______________ or the larger of the bases.
64.) Cytosine and Thymine are ______________________ or the smaller of the bases.
65.) What type of bonds hold the nitrogen bases together?
66.) What makes your DNA different than the DNA of the person sitting next to you?
67.) What is DNA replication?
68.) Where does the original strand of DNA "unzip" or break prior to replication?
69.) Which bonds are broken to "unzip" the original strand?
70.) How many strands of DNA will be produced as a result of DNA replication?
71.) What will these strands look like? (similar, different, etc.)
Protein Synthesis
72.) DNA tells our cells how to put _______________ together.
73.) Proteins have specific ______________ for specific ________________.
74.) Proteins are made from long chains of ______ types of amino acids.
75.) Different proteins exist because amino acids are assembled in different
__________________.
Steps of Protein Synthesis
76.) ______________________- In the nucleus, the DNA code is "copied" onto a
molecule of ____________________ ______ (__________) by matching up base
pairs. RNA contains ____________ (___) instead of thymine (T).
77.) After _____________________, the _______ leaves the nucleus and moves to the
___________________.
78.) ______________________- The _______________ reads the ______ in ____base sequences called ____________.
79.) Specific amino acid are added to a growing _____________ __________. They are
matched up with an _______-_______ found on a _______________ _______
(_______) molecule.
End Result
80.) Different __________________ or _____________ chains can be made from
different __________ _________ sequences. These proteins will have different
______________.
Protein Synthesis Review
81.) The four bases in DNA code for assembling ____________ in the ribosomes.
82.) The building blocks (monomers) of proteins are __________ ________.
83.) There are _____ types of ________ _______ the cell can use to make a
__________ chain.
84). The first step of protein synthesis occurs in the ___________. The DNA code is
copied by matching up _____ pairs onto a messenger molecule called
___________________ ______ (_________).
85.) This is the first step of protein synthesis and is known as
_____________________.
86.) Where does the messenger RNA travel to after leaving the nucleus?
87.) What process occurs in the ribosomes where the messenger RNA is decoded or
read?
88.) Each set of 3 bases on the mRNA is known as a _________.
89.) A molecule of transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes and adds the
correct amino acid by matching up the _______-________ with the _______ on the
mRNA.
90.) What type of chain is produced when the process of translation is complete?
91.) Explain how many different types of protein chains are made in your body for
different functions?
92.) Name three differences between two types of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA.
1.)
2.)
3.)
*Note- Refer to page 300 to see all three types of RNA (this will come in useful, as one
type of RNA that was not mentioned in our notes is on this page).
93.) List the three types of RNA and describe the functions of each.
1.)
Function-
2.)
Function-
3.)
Function-
DNA codon
mRNA codon
tRNA
Anticodon
Amino Acid
AAA
GTC
GGA
Methionine / "Initiator"
GAT
GUG
*Note- Identical table above was provided in class
Point, Frameshift, and Chromosomal Mutations
94.) ________________ are changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic
information.
95.) _______ mutations result from changes in a ________ gene.
96.) __________________ mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.
97.) Mutations that affect one nucleotide are called _______ _______________
because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
98.) What happens if a nucleotide is deleted? The base is still read in groups of ____,
but now the groupings are __________ for every codon that follows. ___________ an
extra nucleotide has a similar effect.
99.) Changes like these are _______________ ________________ because they shift
the “____________ ________” of the genetic message.
100.) By changing the ____________ frame, _______________ _______________
affect every ________ ______ that follows the point of insertion or deletion.
101.) A ________________ ______________ involves changes in the _________ or
_____________ of chromosomes.
102.) ________________ ______________ may change the _____________ of genes
on chromosomes and even the number of copies of some genes.
Four Types of Chromosomal Mutations
103.) _____________ - the loss of all or part of a chromosome
104.) _______________ - opposite of a deletion; a segment of a chromosome is
repeated
105.) ______________ - when part of a chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse
of its usual direction
106.) __________________ - occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and
attaches to another, nonhomologus, chromosome
107.) In most cases, ___________________ chromosomes exchange ___________ so
that _____ ____________________ occur at the same time.
Chapter 11-1, 11-2, and 11-3: Introduction to Genetics
Mendel's study of Heredity in Pea Plants
p= white
P= Purple
___________
Generation
_______-Fertilization
_______ / _____________
Plants
pp x PP
Possible Gametes:
____ , ____ and ____ , _____
____
Generation
Mendel found ____%
purple
_____- Fertilization
Pp x Pp
Possible Gametes:
___ , ___ and ___ , ___
_____
Generation
705 Purple
224 White
4.) What is the genotype ratio of the F2 generation?
5.) What is the phenotype ratio of the F2 generation?
Mendel's Conclusions, Basic Vocabulary
6.) Chemical ____________ determine traits, gene
7.) ________- different forms of a gene
8.) All organisms have two __________ for each trait, one __________ from each
parent.
9.) __________________ condition- organisms that have two identical alleles for a
particular trait
10.) ____________________ condition- organisms that have two different alleles for the
same trait.
11.) _______________- genetic makeup
12.) _______________ - physical characteristics
13.) What does Mendel's Law of Dominance state?
14.) _________________ allele- will always have that form
15.) _______________ allele- will have that form only when the _______________
allele is not present
16.) What does Mendel's Law of Segregation state?
Basic Punnett Square Problems (One-Factor Crosses)
17.) Nn x NN
Genotype ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
18.) Cross two plants that are heterozygous for green pods.
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
19.) Cross a plant that is heterozygous for smooth pods with a plant that has constricted
pods.
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
20.) When a tall plant is crossed with a short plant, some of the offspring are short.
What are the genotypes of the parents and the offspring? What is the phenotypic ratio in
the offspring?
Parent genotypes:
Offspring genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
21.) What cross would result in 1/2 of the offspring having green pods and 1/2 of the
offspring having yellow pods?
Cross:
Two-Factor Crosses
22.) Crosses that involve two traits, such as pod color and pod shape, are called _______________ crosses.
Background Information:
In mice, the ability to run normally is a dominant trait. Mice with this trait are called
running mice (R). The recessive trait causes mice to run circle only. Mice with this trait
are called waltzing mice (r). Hair color is also inherited in mice. Black hair (B) is
dominant over brown hair (b).
23.) Cross a heterozygous running, heterozygous black mouse with a homozygous
running, homozygous black mouse.
Parental genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
24.) Cross a waltzing brown mouse with a waltzing brown mouse.
Parental genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
25.) Cross a homozygous running, heterozygous black mouse with a waltzing brown
mouse.
Parental genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
26.) Cross a heterozygous running, brown mouse with a heterozygous running,
homozygous black mouse.
Parental genotypes:
Phenotypic ratio:
Mendel’s Experiments continued: Independent Assortment
27.) Mendel wanted to see if certain traits were passed along ____________ (or linked).
Ex.- Do yellow and round pea traits get passed along _____________ to offspring? Do
green and wrinkled traits get passed along _____________?
The Experiment: Y = yellow
y = green
R = round
r = wrinkled
_______
Generation
true ___________ for both traits
YYRR x yyrr
Possible Gametes:
___ , ____ and ____ , ____
___
Generation
___ Cross
Phenoratio:
____% Yellow Round
_______ x _______
Possible Gametes:
___ , ___ , ___ , ____ and ___ , ___ , ___ , ___
____
Generation
Phenoratio:
Conclusion:
32.) Mendel found that traits were ___ linked and alleles assort ___________ of one
another during ________ formation. This demonstrates the Law of _______________
_______________.
33.) _______________ ________________ holds true, providing the genes for those
traits are on ___________ chromosomes.
34.) The exception is that two genes for separate traits on the ______ chromosomes
are passed ____________ / ________.
Different forms of Inheritance (other than dominant recessive)
35.) _____________ ____________- one allele is not completely dominant over
another; heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous
phenotypes
36.) Example: Snapdragons and Carnations (both flowers) - in both cases, red is
______________ __________ over white. An intermediate _____ phenotype will be
seen in the heterozygous condition.
RR = red
rr = white
Red parent x white parent
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
Rr = pink
Pink parent x pink parent
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
________________- both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism
Red cow x white cow
Genotypic ratio:
Phenotypic ratio:
Chapter 14: The Human Genome
Blood Types
40.) In humans, blood types show __________ _________ and ______________.
41.) There are three alleles for human blood types: two are_____________, one is
__________. IA and IB are __________ to i, which is _____________.
Blood type
(Phenotype)
Possible
Genotypes
Antigen on red
blood cell
Blood Transfusion
Can give to
Can receive from
43.) Cross an individual who is heterozygous for type B with an individual who is type O.
What are the chances of having an offspring who is blood type O?
44.) Cross a heterozygous type A with a heterozygous type B. List possible phenotypes
of offspring and their ratios.
45.) ______________ ________- traits controlled by two or more genes
46.) List two examples of _____________ _______ in humans:
1.)
2.)
Common Disorders in Humans
47.) List two recessive disorders:
1.)
2.)
48.) List a dominant disorder:
1.)
49.) List a codominant disorder
1.)
50.) List three sex-linked disorders
1.)
2.)
3.)
51.) List three nondisjunction disorders (indicate which are sex-chromosome disorders)
1.)
2.)
3.)
Disorder Identification
52.) _________ _________- most common among people whose ancestors came from
Northern Europe; caused by a recessive allele on chromosome 7 and deletion of three
bases in the middle of a sequence for a protein
53.) ____-_____ __________- recessive gene on chromosomes #15; progressive fatal
nerve disorder
54.) _______________ ____________ - mental deterioration and uncontrollable
movements; appears in middle age, progressive loss of muscle control
55.) ________ _____ __________- recessive gene on chromosome #11; improper
hemoglobin formation, anemia results
56.) _________________- in males, a defective version of any one of the three human
genes associated with color vision that are located on the X chromosome produces
_________________, an inability to distinguish certain colors.
57.) _____________- two important genes carried on the X chromosome help control
blood clotting; a recessive allele in either of these two genes may produce a disorder
called ____________ , in which a protein necessary for normal blood clotting is missing
58.) _____________ ___________ _____________- sex-linked disorder that results in
the progressive weakening and loss of skeletal muscle; people with this disorder rarely
live past early adulthood; caused by a defective version of the gene that codes for
muscle protein.
59.) _________ ___________- if two copies of an autosomal chromosome fail to
separate during meiosis, an individual may be born with three copies of a chromosome;
47 chromosomes total (3 of another chromosome #21), sparse hair, lower IQ, some
webbing of hands and feet
60.) ______________ ____________ (XXY)- 47 chromosomes, large breast, small
testes, lower IQ, Male (because of Y presence), sex-chromosome disorder
61.) __________ ____________ (X)- 45 chromosomes, short heavyset, undeveloped
sexually, female, sex-chromosome disorder
*Note- The following disease below was not directly in our notes but described in the
Karyotyping Lab.
62.) _____ (_________________)- recessive gene on chromosome #12; inability to
synthesize one enzyme, dietary problems, severe mental retardation may result
Differentiating between Types of Disorders
63.) List the five types of disorders:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
64.) _______-_______ disorders- disorders that are caused by abnormalities on genes
located on the X chromosomes or Y chromosome
65.) _________________ disorders- disorders that result from homologous
chromosomes failing to separate
66.) _________________ disorders- disorders in which abnormal numbers of
chromosomes may find their way into gametes; defined as “not coming apart”
Sex Linkage
67.) Morgan discovered ____-_________ in ______________.
P
_____- white eyes x ________- red eyes
F1
All ____ eyes
(inherited)
F2
R=red
r=white
3 ___: 1 ____ eyes
(All male)
71.) After more experimentation, Morgan concluded that the gene for eye color must be
on the __ chromosome.
P
_____- white eyes x _________- red eyes
r
(non-homologous) X y x XRXR (homologous)
F1
Possible Gametes:
____ , __ and ____, ____
____% male
____% female
____% red
F2
Breed:
XRy x XRXr
Possible Gametes:
____ , ___ and ____ , ____
___% Red females ____% White males
___% Red males
____% White females
Conclusion:
76.) Most sex-linked genes are found on the ___- chromosome.
77.) Most sex-linked linked traits show up more frequently in _____ than in _________
( ______ need only 1 copy of recessive gene to show the trait).
78.) ________________ is a technique that uses enlarged photographs of
chromosomes in a cell. By looking at chromosomes at this size, the chromosomes can
be examined for _________________ in number and structure.
79.) Normal human cells should have 1 pair of ____ _______________ and 22 pairs of
_______________ (non-____ chromosomes).
*Refer to the Karyotyping Lab for the answer to question 80.
80.) What is one method of detecting genetic disorders during pregnancy?
81.) The environment can affect the way genes are ___________. In other words, the
environment does play a role in gene expression. An example of this is how two twins
having the same genetic make-up and also the same features live in different
environments, which results in remarkable differences (such as obvious height
differences due to good nutrition or lack thereof / malnutrition) between the two siblings.
Chapters 13 and 14-3: Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
1.) ______________ _____________- a process used to pass desired traits on to the
next generation of organisms
2.) __________________- crossing dissimilar organisms to result in offspring with traits
of both (example- creation of different vegetable and flower variety
3.) _______________- breeding organisms with desired characteristics to keep traits
Increasing Genetic Variety
4.) _______________- the rate of _____________ can be increased to increase genetic
variations (example- bacteria with altered DNA that allows them to metabolize oil
5.) ______________- extra chromosomes in plants gives new varieties (examplelarger, stronger, citrus, traits, lilies
6.) ______________- resistant gene in canola plants
7.) Scientists are able to _______________ DNA using other _________________
advancements.
8.) Manipulating DNA includes a process known as _____________
_________________, which is making changes in the DNA code of a living organism.
In order to manipulate DNA, scientists use many different tools and techniques:
9.) ____ _____________- the cells are opened and the DNA is separated from the
other cell parts
10.) __________ ____ - restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific sequence of
nucleotides; a restriction enzyme will cut a DNA sequence only if matches the sequence
precisely
11.) _____________ ____- Gel electrophoresis, a mixture of DNA fragments, is placed
at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel. Gel
electrophoresis is used to compare the genomes of different organisms or different
individuals.
12.) List 2 reasons why the above processes may be used in the field of genetics.
1.)
2.)
Using the DNA Sequence
13.) Reading the DNA sequence- the DNA can now be used for many purposes,
including ____________ and other uses shown below; this process is
_________________.
14.) Cutting and Pasting- ________________ DNA
15.) DNA molecules that are produced by combining DNA from different sources; short
sequences can be assembled using laboratory machines known as DNA synthesizers.
“Synthetic” sequences can then be joined to “natural” one that using enzymes that
_______ together.
15.) Making Copies- _______________ ________ ______________ (
)- at one
end of a piece of DNA a biologist wants to copy, he or she adds a short piece of DNA
that is complementary to a portion of the DNA sequence. At the other end, the biologist
adds together another short piece of complementary DNA.
Use of these technological tools in Human Genetics
Human DNA Analysis
16.) Testing for Alleles (Describe when certain alleles might be tested for, include
examples.)
17.) ____ _________________- analyzes sections of DNA that have little or no
function
18.) Describe which portions of the DNA are used for a DNA fingerprint of an individual.
19.) Describe how a DNA fingerprint is created.
20.) Describe some uses for DNA fingerprinting.
21.) ____ ___________ ___________ project22.) Describe the goal of the ___________ ____________ Project
23.) The human genome is estimated to contain approximately _______ genes.
24.) _____ __________ - the process of changing the gene that causes a genetic
disorder. In ______ therapy, an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, working
gene
25.) Ethical issues- Describe how these technologies created some ethical issues in our
society.
Cell Transformation: Creating Transgenic Organism through
Recombinant DNA Technology
26.) ____ ________________- a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external
DNA becomes a part of the cell’s DNA.
*Important Note- We did not define any of the terms in our notes in the
Transforming Bacteria section below. As a result, answers are listed below on the
top of the next page. Be sure to refer to pages 327 and 328 to get an idea of what
the process of transforming bacteria looks like though.
Transforming Bacteria
27.) ___- usually a circular (sometimes linear) piece
of double-stranded DNA found in bactera that is
distinct from the bacterium’s chromosome
a. Genetic Marker
28.) ___- is protein which cuts DNA at specific
sequences (called restriction sites) in a genome
b. Human Gene
29.) ___- single-stranded pieces of DNA left at the ends
of restriction fragments
c. Bacterial Plasmid
30.) ___- engineered plasmid molecules that contain a
DNA sequence inserted into it from a foreign source
d. Restriction Enzyme
31.) ___- basic unit of heredity in a living organism; holds
the information to build and maintain an organism’s
cells and pass genetic traits to offspring
e. Sticky Ends
32.) ___- a gene or DNA sequence with a known location
on a chromosome that can be used to identify cells,
individuals, or species
f. Recombiant Plasmid
Answers:
27.) c
28.) d
29.) e
30.) f
31.) b
32.) a
33.) List and describe some uses for genetically engineered bacteria.
34.) Transforming Plants Cells- (describe)
35.) In addition to the use of bacteria to infect plant cells with the new gene,
___________ are also used to do this process.
36.) List at least 5 uses for transgenic (genetically) modified plants.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
37.) Transforming Animal Cells- (describe)
38.) List some possible uses for transgenic animals.
39.) Cloning-
__________________ can be cloned easily.
40.) Describe the process that was used to clone a mammal.
41.) List some mammals that have cloned this way.
42.) What are some benefits of cloning?
After filling-in the blanks using the given definitions to some of the vocabulary
words, define and describe each of the following terms below again as
thoroughly as possible.
43.) DNA Extraction-
44.) Cutting DNA-
45.) Separating DNA-
46.) Recombinant DNA (Cutting and Pasting)-
47.) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-
48.) Testing for Alleles-
49.) DNA Fingerprinting-
50.) The Human Genome Project-
51.) Gene Therapy-
52.) Ethical Issues-
53.) Transforming Plant Cells-
54.) Transforming Animal Cells-
55.) Cloning-
Chapter 15: Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Life's Diversity- Darwin's Journey
1.) _______________- a change of a species over time; the process by which modern
organisms have descended from ancient organisms
2.) __________- a well supported testable explanation of phenomena that have
occurred in the natural world
3.) __________- a preserved remain of an ancient organism
4.) Describe Darwin's journeys and describe the observations he made:
5.) Explain why the observations Darwin made in the Galapagos were significant:
Ideas that shaped Darwin's thinking
6.) Describe the main contributions of Hutten and Lyell in shaping Darwin's theory:
7.) Describe the main idea of Jean Baptiste Lamarck's Theory of Evolution:
8.) Tendency toward perfection-
9.) Use and Disuse-
10.) Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics-
11.) Describe Malthus's ideas and how they influenced Darwin:
Darwin presents his Theory
12.) Describe the circumstances surrounding the publication of Darwin's work:
13.) Explain how both natural variation and artificial selection contributed to Darwin's
ideas:
Evolution by Natural Selection
14.) ______________ ____ _______________- members of each species compete
regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life
15.) ___________- the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific
environment
16.) ___________________- any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's
chance of survival
17.) _______________ ___ ____ _____________- individuals with characteristics
that are not suited to their environment either die or leave few offspring; individuals that
are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully
18.) ______________ _______________- results in changes in the inherited
characteristics of a population
19.) _______________ _______________- nature provided the variation among
different organisms, and humans selected those variations that they found useful
20.) _____________ ____ _________________- each living species has descended,
with changes, from other species over time
21.) ____________ _______________- all species were derived from common
ancestors
Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection includes the
following important ideas:
22.) __________________ of offspring
23.) _____________ exists among offspring
The sources of these variations are:
24.) - ____________ ________________ (meiosis, crossing over,
independent assortment, and fertilization)
25.) - ______________
*Darwin did not know about any of these causes for variation of the offspring.
26.) Offspring ____________ to ____________ (competition). They compete for
______, _______, _____________, ___________, and hide from _______________.
27.) Survival of the ____________ or best ___________
28.) Best _____________ (high fitness) reproduce and pass their ______ to their
____________.
Evidence for Evolution
29.) The five types of evidence for evolution include the following:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
30.) Types of fossils include:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
31.) _________________ rock often contains fossils.
Relative Dating in Sedimentary Rock
A
B
C
D
32.) Oldest fossils are usually found on the ___________.
33.) What are homologous structures / anatomy?
34.) What is comparative embryology?
35.) What is comparative biochemistry?
36.) Are vestigial structures useful or useless?
37.) List three examples of a vestigial structure:
1.)
2.)
3.)
Fossil Dating
38.) Briefly describe how fossils are formed:
39.) Define the term relative dating and describe how scientists use it:
40.) Explain how radioactive / absolute dating works. Explain what a half-life is and how
it is used to help scientists date fossils.
41.) What types of elements are useful in radioactive / absolute dating?
42.) Which types of elements are used to date fossils younger than 60,000 years?
43.) Which types of elements are used to date fossils older than 100,000 years?
44.) Describe the way the geologic time scale is organized, including eras and periods.
45.) What is the current era on the geologic time scale?
46.) What is the current period on the geologic time scale?
Chapter 15 Vocabulary Review
___- a change of a species over time;
the process by which modern organisms have
descended over time
a. fitness
___- a well supported testable explanation of
phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
b. struggle for existence
___- a preserved remain of an ancient organism
c. evolution
___- members of each species compete regularly
to obtain food, living space, and other necessities
of life
d. relative dating
___- the ability of an individual to survive and
reproduce in its specific environment
e. fossil
___- any inherited characteristic that
increases an organism’s chance of survival
f. theory
___- individuals with characteristics that
are not suited to their environment either
die or leave few offspring; individuals that
are better suited to their environemnt survive
and reproduce most successfully
g. artifical selection
___- results in changes in the inherited
characteristics of a population
h. common descent
___- nature provided the variation among
different organisms, and humans selected
those variations that they found useful
i. descent with modification
___- each living species has descended, with
changes, from other species over time
j. adaptation
___- all species were derived from common
ancestors
k. natural selection
___- the age of a fossil is determined by
comparing its placement with that of fossils
in other layers of rock; scientists use it to
estimate a fossil’s age compared with that
of other fossils
l. survival of the fittest
___- scientists calculate the age of a sample
based on the amount of radioactive isotopes
it contains
m. eras
___- the length of time required for half of the
radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
n. vestigial structures
___- similar bone and muscle arrangement
o. half-life
___- similarities in embryo development
p. periods
___- similarities in DNA, amino acid sequences, etc.
q. homologous structures
___- structures that are useless
r. radioactive / absolute dating
___- geologists divide the time between the
Precambrian and the present into three of these
s. comparative embryology
____- Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous all relate
t. comparative biochemistry
to this term; subdivisions of term that relates to Mesozoic
67.) List the five important ideas of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
and describe the ideas as necessary.
Writing about Natural Selection
69.) Imagine the environment changed where the population of beans was living.
Instead of hiding in rocks that were the size and shape of kidney beans (the background
rocks), they were larger beans that were closer to the size of the larger white Lima
beans. This means that it would be more difficult to tell Limas apart from their
background. Write a paragraph about what you would expect to happen to the
population over time in the new environment. What would happen to the frequency of
each phenotype in the population? Also, be sure to use the words below in your
description of how the population would be expected to change.
Environmental Change
Mutation
Adaptation, best adapted or adapt
Reproduce
Offspring
Survival of the fittest
Frequency
Variation
Natural Selection Practice Questions
70.) Sexual reproduction is related to evolution because sexual reproduction
a. occurs only in more recently evolved forms of animal life.
b. increases the chances of extinction of different species.
c. increases the chances for variations to occur.
d. is the more usual kind of reproduction.
71.) Which of the following is produced by mutation and is essential for evolution to
occur?
a. stability in the genetic code of organisms
b. additional DNA in an organism
c. a struggle for existence
d. variations in organisms
72.) Which two factors provide the genetic basis for variation within many species?
a. asexual reproduction and meiosis
b. mutations and sexual reproduction
c. competition and the synthesis of proteins
d. ecological succession and mitosis
73.) The sudden appearance of a light-colored moth in a large population of darkcolored moths was probably the result of
a. a mutation.
b. random mating.
c. non-random mating.
d. isolation of the moth population.
74.) Mutations can be transmitted to the next generation if they are present in
a. hormones.
b. gametes.
c. body cells.
d. muscle cells.
75.) When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some of the antelope are eliminated. Which
part of the theory of evolution can used to describe this situation?
a. asexual reproduction of the fittest
b. isolation
c. survival of the best adapted
d. new species development due to mutation
76.) A trait with low survival value to the members of a population will most likely
a. undergo a series of mutations in succeeding generations.
b. cause the reproductive rate of the individual to increase.
c. decrease in frequency from one generation to the next.
d. remain unchanged in frequency through many generations.
77.) The process by which a species passes out of existence is known as
a. endangerment.
b. deforestation.
c. extinction.
d. adaptation.
78.) The process of natural selection is based on the assumption that
a. environmental changes will cause changes in body structure in individuals.
b. most changes from generation to generation are the result of mutations.
c. part of the population of organisms always remains stable.
d. different traits inherited by offspring have different survival value.
79.) Every spring, each mature female fish of a particular species produces several
million eggs. However, the total population of this species remains at around 10,000
from one year to the next. State two reasons why the fish population remains
approximately the same from one generation to the next.
Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations
1.) In a population of organisms, they share a gene pool. Describe the term gene pool.
2.) How does relative frequency relate to the gene pool?
3.) Darwin knew organisms in a population differed from each other, but he couldn't
explain how. Describe mutations and gene shuffling below and explain how they're
important for genetic variation.
4.) Describe a single-gene trait and a polygenic trait, and how they are seen differently
in a population.
5.) Describe why evolution applies to and acts upon populations of organisms and not
individuals.
6.) Explain how evolution can affect single-gene traits in a population.
7.) Explain how evolution can affect polygenic traits on a population.
8.) Directional Selection (define / describe)-
9.) Stabilizing Selection (define / describe)-
10.) Disruptive Selection (define / describe)-
11.) Describe genetic drift and how it might occur.
12.) Explain the founder effect.
13.) Describe the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
14-18.) Describe each of the five conditions necessary for keeping genetic equilibrium.
Random Mating-
Large Populations-
No Movement In or Out-
No Mutations-
No Natural Selection-
Isolating Mechanisms
19.) Describe how populations that may be evolving may be isolated from each other.
Be sure to explain reproductive isolation.
20-22.) Describe the three ways in which populations can be reproductively isolated.
Behavioral Isolation-
Geographic Isolation-
Temporal Isolation-
Natural Selection seen in Nature
23.) How did the Grants document and record data about Natural Selection occurring
rapidly in the Galapagos finch populations?
24.) Describe how speciation probably occurred in the finches Darwin studies in the
Galapagos Islands. Be sure to describe why all bold terms apply to this speciation.
25.) Rate of Evolution (describe)-
Chapter 16 Vocabulary Review
___ the combined genetic information of all the
members of a particular population; typically
contains two or more alleles
a. mutation
___ the number of times that a particular allele
occurs in a gene pool compared with the
number of times other alleles occur
b. single-gene trait
___ any change in a sequence of DNA
c. stabilizing selection
___ controlled by a single gene that has
two alleles
d. genetic drift
___ controlled by two or more genes
e. disruptive selection
___ individuals at one end of the curve
have higher fitness than individuals in the middle
or at the other end
f. polygenic trait
___ keeps the center of the curve at its current
position, but it narrows the overall graph
g. relative frequency
___ selection acts most strongly against individuals
of an intermediate type; selection creates two
distinct phenotypes
h. directional selection
___ random change in allele frequency in
small populations
i. gene pool
___ a situation in which allele frequencies
change as a result of the migration of a small
subgroup of a population
j. random mating
___ states that allele frequencies in a population
will remain constant unless one or more factors
cause those frequencies to change
k. no natural selection
___ the situation in which allele frequencies remain
principle constant; if the allele frequencies do not change,
the population will not evolve
l. Hardy-Weinberg
___ all members of the population must have an
equal opportunity to produce offspring
m. founder effect
____ genetic drift has less effect on these than on
smaller ones
n. geographic isolation
____ the population’s gene pool must be kept together
and kept separate from the gene pools of other populations
o. no mutations
____ genes must not develop these, because if they do and
change from one form into another, new alleles may be
introduced into the population, and allele frequencies
p. behavioral isolation
____ all genotypes in the population must have equal
probabilities of survival and reproduction; no phenotypes
can have a selective advantage over another
q. temporal isolation
____ occurs when the members of two populations
cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
r. large populations
____ occurs when two populations are capable of
interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals
or other types of behavior
s. no movement in or out
____ two populations are separated by geographic
barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water;
any potential geographic barrier may separate certain
types of organism but not others
t. genetic equilibrium
____ two or more species reproduce at different times
u. reproductive isolation
Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations Extra Review Problems
47.) Two main sources of genetic variation are ______________ and ___________
______________.
48.) The number of ______________ produced for a given trait depends on how many
_____________ control the trait.
49.) Describe the source of genetic variation that involves changes in the DNA code.
50.) Why is a widow’s peak considered a single-gene trait?
51.) A particular gene pool contains only two alleles, G and H, for an inheritable trait. If
allele G has a relative frequency of 42 percent, what is the relative frequency of allele
H?
52.) Analysis shows that an organism may have a mutation, yet the organism’s
phenotype has not been affected. From this observation, what can you infer about the
mutation?
53.) How are mutations and gene shuffling alike? How do they differ?
54.) What is one difference between a single-gene trait and a polygenic trait?
55.) How might natural selection on single-gene traits lead to evolution?
56.) What is directional selection?
57.) In stabilizing selection, how does the fitness of individuals at the center of the curve
differ from the individuals at either end?
58.) How does disruptive selection result in two distinct phenotypes?
59.) What occurs during genetic drift?
60.) There are five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium. First,
__________ __________ ensures that every member of a population has an equal
chance to pass on its genes. Second, an extremely large population is necessary to
minimize genetic drift. Third, the population’s gene pool must be kept ___________
from other gene pools. Fourth, genes must not mutate from one form to another. Finally,
so that all genes have an equal probability of survival, there can be no ____________
______________.
61.) You examine two beaks. One is narrow and needlelike. The other looks like a pair
of pliers. Explain whether these beaks could have resulted from a single example of
stabilizing selection.
62.) When are two species said to be reproductively isolated?
63.) Describe the three forms of reproductive isolation.
64.) On the lines below, use the numbers 1-6 to indicate the order in which the following
events occurred in the speciation of the Galápagos finches.
____ changes in the gene pool
____ continued evolution
____ founders arrive
____ reproductive isolation
____ separation of populations
____ ecological competition
65.) Describe a situation that would result in the sudden geographic isolation of a few
members of a population.
66.) Suggest one reason that natural selection on the Galápagos Islands produced
species that were quite different from the ancestor species on the mainland.
67.) The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population is
called a _______ _______.
68.) The _____________ _______________ of an allele is the number of times that the
allele occurs in a gene pool, compared with the number of times other alleles occur.
69.) A ________-_______ ________ is a trait controlled by a single gene.
70.) _______________ ________ are controlled by two or more genes.
71.) The ______________ of an allele of a population is often represented in
percentages, such as 40 percent for a specific trait.
72.) A gene pool typically contains
a. no alleles.
b. two or more alleles.
c. one allele.
d. no more than two alleles.
73.) If a graph shows changes in the distribution of bird beak size in Galápagos finches
during a period when food was scarce, what type of natural selection would the graph
show?
a. directional selection
b. destabilizing selection
c. stabilizing selection
d. disruptive selection
74.) If a graph shows the distribution of human birth weights, what type of selection
would keep the curve narrow and in the same place?
a. directional selection
b. destabilizing selection
c. stabilizing selection
d. disruptive selection
75.) What type of natural selection takes place when individuals at the upper and lower
ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle?
a. directional selection
b. destabilizing selection
c. stabilizing selection
d. disruptive selection
76.) A random change in allele frequency is called
a. fitness.
b. genetic drift.
c. speciation.
d. the founder effect.
77.) Genetic drift is more likely to occur in
a. large populations.
b. medium-sized populations.
c. small populations.
d. a single individual.
78.) What occurs when allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small
subgroup of a population?
a. directional selection
b. the founder effect
c. speciation
d. genetic equilibrium
79.) What principle states that the frequency of an allele in a population will remain
constant unless one or more factors cause that frequency to change?
a. the speciation principle
b. the genetic equilibrium principle
c. the Hardy-Weinberg principle
d. the genetic-drift principle
80.) The situation in which allele frequencies do not change is called
a. genetic equilibrium.
b. stabilizing equilibrium.
c. behavioral equilibrium.
d. directional selection.
81.) Which of the following is required to maintain genetic equilibrium?
a. the population must be small
b. no mutations
c. individuals move between populations
d. natural selection
82.) What is the formation of a new species called?
a. directional selection
b. speciation
c. founder effect
d. temporal isolation
83.) What situation occurs when members of two different species cannot interbreed
and produce fertile offspring?
a. reproductive isolation
b. behavioral isolation
c. geographic isolation
d. temporal isolation
84.) What kind of isolation occurs when two populations are capable of interbreeding
but have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior?
a. reproductive isolation
b. behavioral isolation
c. geographical isolation
d. temporal isolation
85.) Two populations kept separate by a river are said to be in
a. genetic drift.
b. disruptive selection.
c. geographic isolation.
d. temporal isolation.
86.) What situation occurs when two or more species reproduce at different times?
a. stabilizing selection
b. behavioral isolation
c. geographic isolation
d. temporal isolation
Chapter 17: The History of Life
1.) How long ago did the earth form?
2.) Briefly describe the components of the earth's atmosphere at that time.
3.) What did organisms that formed microfossils probably live without?
4.) How and when did oxygen form in the earth's atmosphere?
5.) Why is the formation of oxygen gas important in the evolutionary history of singlecelled organisms?
6.) Describe the Endosymbiotic Theory. List three pieces of evidence that support it.
7.) How might Earth's life forms have been different today if sexual reproduction had not
evolved?
Patterns of Evolution: Macroevolution
Mass Extinctions
8.) What percent of species that lived on the planted are now extinct?
9.) How many mass extinctions have there been on the earth and what was their
cause?
Chapter 18: Classification
1.) Describe why living things are classified.
2.) Define taxonomy:
3.) Explain why scientists give scientific names to organisms and how these names are
given and written.
4.) Describe Carolus Linnaeus’s system of classification.
5.) List the seven taxonomic categories in order from most general to most specific.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
6.) Describe some problems with traditional classification.
7.) Describe how scientists now classify organisms (include phylogenic tree, cladogram,
and derived character in your description).
8.) Explain how DNA and RNA similarities and molecular clocks are used to help
classify organisms today.
9.) The broadest groups that all organisms are classified into are ___________ in the
modern classification system. There are ___ major domains that all organisms are put
into based on their cell types. These domains are further broken down into ___
_____________, which are smaller groupings.
Summary of the Classification of Living Things: Part One
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Cell Type:
Cell Structures:
Number of Cells:
Mode of Nutrition:
Examples:
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell Type:
Cell Structures:
Number of Cells:
Mode of Nutrition:
Examples:
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Cell Type:
Cell Structures:
Number of Cells:
Mode of Nutrition:
Examples:
Kingdom Fungi
Cell Type:
Cell Structures:
Number of Cells:
Mode of Nutrition:
Examples:
Kingdom Plantae
Cell Type:
Cell Structures:
Number of Cells:
Mode of Nutrition:
Examples:
Kingdom Animalia
Cell Type:
Cell Structures:
Number of Cells:
Mode of Nutrition:
Examples:
Summary of the Classification of Living Things: Part Two
Fill in the chart below for additional practice.
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
CELL STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF CELLS
MODE OF NUTRITION
EXAMPLES
Summary of the Classification of Living Things: Part Three
Based on your memory and knowledge, fill-in all of the characteristics for each of the
three domains and six kingdoms (remember that the characteristics are linked to the
five categories that you filled-in in the table above for each of the kingdoms).
17.) Domain Bacteria / Kingdom Eubacteria:
18.) Domain Archaea / Kingdom Archaebacteria:
19.) Domain Eukarya / Kingdom Protista:
20.) Kingdom Fungi:
21.) Kingdom Plantae:
22.) Kingdom Animalia:
*Important Note- Remember the Shark Lab? Think about what you used to identify and
distinguish different sharks from each other. You then made your own. You will be
required to know how to use one of these on the final.
23.) A _________________ ( or taxanomic) _____ is a method for determining the
identity of an organism by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the
correct name of the item; means “divided in two parts”; at each step of the process, the
user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the organism /
item is identified
Chapter 18 Additional Review
___ heterotrophs whose cell walls contain chitin
a. Eubacteria
___ prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan
b. Archaebacteria
___ multicellular autotrophs whose cell walls contain cellulose
c. Protista
___ prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan
d. Plantae
___ multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls or chloroplasts
e. Fungi
___ unicellular, colonial, or multicelllular eukaryotes that show
a variety of characteristics
f. Animalia
30.) In the discipline of taxonomy, what is a domain?
31.) What are the three domains into which organisms can be grouped?
32.) What characteristic is shared by all members of the domain Eukarya?
33.) What must you find out about a prokaryote to know which domain it belongs to?
34.) In the discipline known as _______________, biologists assign each kind of
organism a universally accepted name.
35.) In _______________ __________________, each species is assigned a two-part
scientific name.
36.) The seven taxonomic categories in Linnaeus’s system of classification are:
37.) The method of grouping organisms into categories that represent lines of
evolutionary descent is called
a. taxonomy.
b. cladistic analysis.
c. binomial nomenclature.
d. evolutionary classification.
38.) Comparison of DNA to determine how long different species have evolving
independently can be done using
a. cladograms.
b. molecular clocks.
c. kingdoms.
d. domains.
39.) Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
are called
a. taxons.
b. derived characters.
c. cladograms.
d. genes.
40.) What is used to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving
independently?
a. cladogram
b. derived characters
c. taxonomy
d. molecular clock
41.) The group of organisms that can be larger than a kingdom is called a
a. domain.
b. species.
c. phylum.
d. class.
42.) A prokaryote whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan belongs to the domain
a. Eukarya.
b. Protista.
c. Bacteria.
d. Archaea.
43.) Unicellular organisms sometimes found in hot springs are part of the domain
a. Eubacteria.
b. Archaea.
c. Protista.
d. Eukarya.
44.) The domain Eukarya includes the kingdom(s)
a. Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.
b. Protista, Plantae, Bacteria.
c. Eubacteria.
d. Archaea, Bacteria.
45.) The kingdom Protista contains
a. only single-celled organisms.
b. both single-celled and multi-celled organisms.
c. only multi-celled organisms.
d. neither single-celled nor multi-celled organisms.
46.) Mushrooms belong to the kingdom
a. Protista.
b. Bacteria.
c. Plantae.
d. Fungi.
47.) The kingdom Plantae contains primarily
a. photosynthetic autotrophs.
b. single-celled autotrophs.
c. photosynthetic heterotrophs.
d. protists.
48.) The organisms found in the kingdom Animalia are
a. photosynthetic heterotrophs.
b. single-celled heterotrophs.
c. multicellular hetertrophs.
d. protists.
49.) Into how many domains are organisms divided?
a. three
b. five
c. four
d. six
50.) The unicellular prokaryotes that make up the domain Bacteria are also classified in
the kingdom
a. Archaebacteria.
b. Eubacteria.
c. Fungi.
d. Protista.
51.) The prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are classified in the kingdom
a. Archaebacteria.
b. Eubacteria.
c. Fungi.
d. Protista.
Chapter 3: The Biosphere
1.) __________- the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between
organisms and their environment or surroundings
2.) _____________- contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life
exists, including land, water, and air or atmosphere
Levels of Organization in the Biosphere
3.) ___- a group of organisms so similar to one
another that they can breed and produce
fertile offspring
a. Ecosystems
4.) ___- groups of individuals that belong to the
same species and live in the same area
b. Biome
5.) ___- assemblages of different populations
that live together in a defined area
c. Species
6.) ___- a collection of all the organisms that live
in a particular place, together with their nonliving,
or physical, environment
d. Communities
7.) ___- a group of ecosystems that have the same
climate and similar dominant communities
e. Populations
Ecological Methods
8.) ______________- first step in asking ecological questions; examples- What species
live here? How many individuals of each species are there?
9.) _________________- used to test hypotheses; for example, an ecologist may set up
an artificial environment in a laboratory to imitate and manipulate conditions that
organisms would encounter in the natural world
10.) _____________- consist of mathematical formulas based on data collected through
observation and experimentation
Energy Flow in the Ecosystem
11.) ____________ is the main energy source for life on Earth.
12.) Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in ______________
_____________ (example- mineral water that flows underground)
13.) ______________ or ______________- use energy from the environment to fuel
the assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules
(examples- plants, some algae, and certain bacteria)
14.) Using ____________________- autotrophs use light energy to power chemical
reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich
carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
15.) Using ____________________- when organisms use chemical energy to produce
carbohydrates
Identifying Different Types of Consumers
16.) ___- organisms that rely on other organisms
for their energy and food supply
a. decomposers or saprophytes
17.) ___- obtain energy by eating only plants
(examples- cows, caterpillars, deer)
b. detritivores
18.) ___- eat animals (examples- snakes, dogs, owls)
c. scavengers
19.) ___- eat both plants and animals
(examples- humans, bears, cows)
d. herbivores
20.) ___- an organism that lives by preying on other
organisms (example- great white sharks, wolves)
e. carnivores
21.) ___- an animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant
material, or refuse (example- vultures)
f. heterotrophs or consumers
22.) ___- feed on plant and animal remains and other
dead matter, collectively called detritus
(examples- mites, earthworms, snails, crabs)
g. omnivores
23.) ___- break down organic matter and feed on dead
organisms (examples- bacteria, fungi)
h. predators
24.) A _____ _______ is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating
and being eaten.
25.) A _____ ____ shows the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an
ecosystem that form a network of complex interactions.
26.) ________ ___________- each step in a food chain or food web
27.) What is the order of feeding?
28.) _______________ ______________- diagrams that show the relative amount of
energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web
29.) __________ _____________- shows the relative amount of energy available at
each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes.
The rest is lost as heat.
30.) __________ ____________- represents the amount of living organic matter at
each trophic level; typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid
31.) ___________ ____ ______________- shows the relative number of individual
organisms at each trophic level
Cycles of Matter
32.) Unlike the one-way flow of _________, matter is recycled within and between
________________.
33.) ______________________ __________- elements, chemical compounds, and
other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the
biosphere to another
The Water Cycle
34.) The process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas is
called ________________.
35.) Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in
the process of __________________.
36.) How is water recycled?
37.) _____________ ___________- every living organism needs nutrients to grow and
carry out life functions; nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment
through biogeochemical cycles
The Carbon Cycle
38.) List the four different kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
39.) List an example for each of the four different kinds of above processes
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
40.) How is carbon recycled?
The Nitrogen Cycle
41.) The process in which nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia is known as
____________ _____________.
42.) The process in which soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas is known as
________________.
43.) How is nitrogen recycled?
The Phosphorous Cycle
44.) Unlike carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, phosphorous does not enter the
_______________. Instead, phosphorous remains mostly on _____ in rock and soil
minerals, and in _______ sediments.
45.) How is phosphorous recycled?
Nutrient Limitation
46.) ____________ ________________- rate at which organic matter is created by
producers
47.) _____________ _____________- an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that
is scarce or cycles very slowly; fertilizers (contain nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium) counter this
48.) ________ _______________- sea water contains at most 0.00005% nitrogen; in
some areas silica or iron can be the limiting nutrient; in streams, lakes, and freshwater
environments, phosphorous is typically the limiting nutrient; in ocean and saltwater
environments, nitrogen is the limiting nutrient
49.) _______ _______- when an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting
nutrient; for example, runoff from heavily fertilized fields – the result is often an
immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers; if there are not enough
consumers to eat the excess algae, conditions can become so favorable for growth that
algae cover the surface of the water; can sometimes upset the health of an ecosystem
Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities
The Role of Climate and Ecosystems
1.) __________- the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and
precipitation in a particular region; caused by many factors such as the trapping of heat
by the atmosphere and latitude
2.) __________- the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and
place
3.) What is the role of sunlight?
4.) What is the Greenhouse Effect?
5.) What is the role of Greenhouse Gases?
Factors that Shape an Ecosystem
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
6.) What are biotic factors?
7.) List three examples of biotic factors.
1.)
2.)
3.)
8.) What are abiotic factors?
9.) List three examples of abiotic factors.
1.)
2.)
3.)
10.) Abiotic factors are considered to be ____________ factors.
Niches in an Ecosystem
11.) What is a niche?
12.) Parts of a niche would include:
13.) If two or more species try to fill the same niche, _______________ will result.
Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
14.) ___- occurs when organisms of the same or
different species attempt to use and ecological
resource in the same place at the same time;
resource refers to any necessity of life, such as
water, nutrients, light, food, or space
a. Predation
15.) ___- states that no two species can occupy
the same niche in the same habitat at the
same time
b. Competition
16.) ___- an interaction in which one organism
(predator) captures and feeds on another
organism (prey)
c. Competitive Exclusion Principle
17.) ___- any relationship in which two species
live closely together; means “living together”
d. Parasitism
18.) ___- both species benefit from the relationship
e. Commensalism
19.) ___- one member of the association benefits
and the other is neither helped nor harmed
f. Mutualism
20.) ___- one organism lives on or inside another
organism and harms it
g. Symbiosis
21.) What is an example of predation?
22.) What is an example of mutualism?
23.) What is an example of commensalism?
24.) What is an example of parasitism?
Ecological Succession
25.) How ecosystems change over time-
26.) The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is
______________ _______________.
27.) Is the succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists primary succession
or secondary succession?
28.) The first organisms to populate the area are ___________ organisms. These
organisms are often _________, which are made up of a ________ and an ______ and
can grow on bare ______.
29.) Is the succession that can follow when a disturbance of some kind changes an
existing community without removing the soil (occurs when land cleared and plowed for
farming is abandoned) primary succession or secondary succession?
Land Biomes
30.) A particular physical environment that contains a characteristic assemblage of
plants and animals is a _______.
31.) The climate within a small area that differs significantly from the climate around it is
___________________.
*Important Note- for the Final, you must have full knowledge of the Tundra biome and
two other biomes of your choice. This includes yearly rainfall average, average
temperature, seasonal changes, plant-life, plant adaptations, animal-life, and animal
adaptations.
*Also, you must know that beneath the soil of the tundra is permafrost, a permanently
frozen layer of earth. A further definition of permafrost is any soil or rock that remains
frozen (below 0°C / 32°F) throughout the year.
32.) Fill-in the blanks for the Tundra (Biome 1) below:

Rainfall- ____ inches per year

Average temperature- ____°F to ____°F

Seasonal Changes-

Plant-Life (list two)1.)
2.)

Plant Adaptations-

Animal-Life (list two)1.)
2.)

Animal Adaptations-
*Note- In addition to the tundra, to be safe, I suggest that you choose two other biomes
that you researched and fill in the information that follows.
33.) Biome 2 (Your Choice)

Rainfall- ____ inches per year

Average temperature- ____°F to ____°F

Seasonal Changes-

Plant-Life (list two)1.)
2.)

Plant Adaptations-

Animal-Life (list two)1.)
2.)

Animal Adaptations-
34.) Biome 3 (Your Choice)

Rainfall- ____ inches per year

Average temperature- ____°F to ____°F

Seasonal Changes-

Plant-Life (list two)1.)
2.)

Plant Adaptations-

Animal-Life (list two)1.)
2.)

Animal Adaptations-
*Finally, if you need any further information on adaptations, examples of plant / animallife, etc., refer to this website (the same one you used for your initial research on
biomes):
http://www.mbgnet.net/
Chapter 5: Populations
Population Characteristics
1.) Three Important Characteristics:
1.)
2.)
3.)
2.) _____________ ____________- the number of individuals per unit area; varies
tremendously depending on the species and its ecosystem
Population Growth
3.) Factors affecting population growth / size:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.) _________________- the movement of individuals into an area; causes population
to grow
5.) _________________- the movement of individuals out of a population; causes
population to decrease
6.) ______________ __________ is when the individuals in a population reproduce at
a constant rate.
7.) How does this growth appear when plotted over time on a graph?
8.) When will a population grow exponentially?
9.) _____________ _________ is when a population’s growth slows or stops following
a period of exponential growth
10.) How does this growth appear when plotted over time on a graph?
11.) The number that represents the largest number of individuals that a given
environment can support for a particular species is the ____________
_____________.
12.) ______________ __________ include competition, predation, parasitism, disease,
drought, other climate extremes, and human disturbances.
13.) Density-dependent Limiting Factors depend on _______________ ______.
14.) List the four Density-dependent Limiting Factors:
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
15.) ___Organisms compete, or struggle, with one another for food, water, space,
sunlight, and other essentials of life
a. predation
b. competition
c. parasitism and disease
16.) ___Predator – prey relationship – one of the best-known mechanisms of
population control
a. parasitism and disease
b. predation
c. competition
17.) ___Take nourishment at the expense of their hosts, often weakening them and
causing death or disease
a. competition
b. parasitism and disease
c. predation
18.) Density-Independent Factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of
the ______________ _____.
19.) List the three Density-Independent Factors:
1.)
2.)
3.)
Human Population Growth
Historical Overview
20.) About ____ years ago, the human population began growing more __________.
________________ and ____________ made life easier and safer. The world’s _____
supply become more reliable, and essential goods could be __________ around the
globe. Improved _____________, ____________, and ________ _______ dramatically
reduced the ________ rate and increased _____________.
Patterns in Growth
21.) _______ _______, _______ _______, and the _____ _____________ of a
population help predict why some countries have high growth rates while other
countries grow more slowly.
22.) ________________- the scientific study of human populations
23.) What does demography examine?
24.) What does demography attempt to explain?
25.) A dramatic change in birth and death rates is _______________
_______________.
26.) List two countries that have already gone through demographic transition:
1.)
2.)
27.) List two countries that are still going through demographic transition:
1.)
2.)
28.) _____ ___________ diagrams are population profiles which graph the number of
people in different age groups in the population.
Future Population Growth
29.) Current projections suggest that by the year 2025, the world’s population will reach
____ billion. By 2050, the population may reach more than ___ billion people. Many
ecologists suggest that if the growth of the human population does not slow down, there
could be serious and lasting damage to the ______________ as well as to the global
_____________. On the other hand, many economists assert that __________,
______________, and positive changes in _________ will help to control those
negative impacts.
*For a cumulative review of Chapters 3, 4, and 5, continue onwards
for extra practice.
Now that you have full knowledge of the individual chapters, 3, 4, and 5, answer the
following questions below that combine all of the chapters (3, 4, 5) for extra practice:
1.) All of the Earth’s water, land, and atmosphere within which life exists is known as
a. a population.
b. an ecosystem.
c. the biosphere.
d. a biotic community.
2.) In the biosphere, what are some of the major abiotic factors that determine the
distribution and types of plant communities?
a. temperature, sunlight, and rainfall
b. humidity, location, and humans
c. soil type, soil bacteria, and soil water
d. insects, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in the air
3.) The fact that an organism cannot live without interacting with its surroundings is a
basic concept in the field of study known as
a. ecology.
b. evolution.
c. behavior.
d. technology.
4.) When two different species live in the same area and use the same limited
resources, which of the following will occur?
a. competition
b. succession
c. parasitism
d. industrialization
5.) Which term includes all of the interactions that occur between the organisms and the
physical factors in a pond environment?
a. population
b. ecosystem
c. abiotic
d. competition
6.) The amount of salt in the air and water of coastal areas determines which species
can exist there. In these areas, salt functions as a
a. source of energy.
b. biotic factor.
c. food source.
d. limiting factor.
7.) An earthworm lives and reproduces in the soil. Through its feeding, excretion, and
tunneling activities, the worm adds nutrients and allows air to enter the soil. Together,
these statements describe the earthworm’s
a. habitat.
b. nutrition.
c. niche.
d. environment.
8.) Among the populations of any natural community, the basic food supply is always a
critical factor because it is
a. produced by all organisms of the community.
b. synthesized from oxygen.
c. a means of transferring energy.
d. present in surplus amounts.
9.) A consumer-producer relationship is best illustrated by
a. foxes eating mice.
b. leaves growing on trees.
c. rabbits eating clover.
d. fleas living on a cat.
Base your answers to questions 10-12 on the following food chain and on your
knowledge of biology.
rosebush
aphid
beetle
spider
toad
snake
10.) Which organism in this food chain can transform light energy into chemical bond
energy?
11.) At which stage in this food chain will the population with the smallest number of
organisms probably be found?
a. spider
b. aphid
c. rosebush
d. snake
12.) If all of the aphids were killed off due to the spraying of pesticides, what would
happen to the number of toads this ecosystem could support?
13.) Which organisms are chiefly responsible for the recycling of dead matter?
a. parasites
b. viruses
c. decomposers
d. producers
14.) In a natural community in New York State, the producer organisms might include
a. bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
b. deer, rabbits, and squirrels.
c. grasses, maple trees, and weeds.
d. trout, peas, and earthworms.
15.) Which sequence illustrates a generalized food chain in a natural community?
a.
b. autotroph
c. heterotroph
autotroph
herbivore
herbivore
d. consumer
herbivore
autotroph
carnivore
autotroph
carnivore
carnivore
16.) In a food chain consisting of photosynthetic organisms, herbivores, carnivores, and
organisms of decay, the principal function of the photosynthetic organisms is to
a. capture energy from the environment.
b. provide material for decay.
c. prevent erosion of the topsoil.
d. release energy from organic compounds.
17.) A characteristic shared by both predators and parasites is that they
a. feed on decomposing plant material.
b. capture and kill animals for food.
c. live inside their hosts.
d. attack a living food source.
18.) When the food relationships in a habitat are illustrated by means of a diagram, the
result is always a complicated weblike pattern. This is due to the fact that
a. many consumers are adapted to use more than food source.
b. producer organisms always outnumber the consumer organisms.
c. matter is lost in an ecosystem as it moves from producers to consumers.
d. both producers and consumers require oxygen for metabolic processes.
19.) As you drive down the highway, you may see crows feeding on dead animals. As a
result of this nutritional pattern, crows may be classified as
a. scavengers.
b. predators.
c. herbivores.
d. producers.
20.) Although three different butterfly species all inhabit the same flower garden in an
area, competition between the butterflies rarely occurs. The most likely explanation for
this lack of competition is that the butterflies
a. occupy different niches.
b. have a limited supply of food.
c. share food with each other.
d. are able to interbreed.
Base your answers to questions 21-22 on the information provided and on your
knowledge of biology.
If you travel inland from the shores of the present Lake Michigan, which was once much
larger than it is today, you would travel through the following areas:
1. the present sandy beach
2. grasses
3. a cottonwood forest
4. a pine forest
5. an oak forest
6. a beech-maple forest (where the original shoreline was located)
21.) The above sequence of plant growth is an illustration of
a. succession.
b. a food chain.
c. evolution.
d. an autotroph pyramid.
22.) Describe why the plants growing in the area of the old shoreline are beech and
maple trees and no longer the grasses observed near the new shoreline.
23.) When a stable forest community is destroyed by fire, the community usually is
a. not restored.
b. restored in a series of successive changes.
c. restored only if humans reforest the area.
d. changed into a permanent grassland.
24.) In a pond, which change would most likely lead to land succession?
a. a decrease in the amount of particles suspended in the water of the pond
b. an increase in the speed of the water currents in the pond
c. a decrease in the number and diversity of organisms inhabiting the shallow
water of the pond
d. an increase in the amount of sediment, fallen leaves, and tree limbs accumulating on
the bottom of the pond
25.) When Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, a portion of the surrounding area was
covered by lava, which buried all of the vegetation. Four months later, Anaphalis
margaritacea plants were found growing out of lava rock crevices. The beginning of
plant regrowth in this area is a part of the process known as
a. species preservation.
b. evolution.
c. biotic competition.
d. succession.
26.) Identify four characteristics of a population.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
27.) What are the three factors that can affect population size?
1.)
2.)
3.)
28.) What conditions are necessary for a population to have exponential growth?
29.) What conditions will cause a population to have logistic growth?
Use the data table below to answer questions 30 and 31 about population growth.
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
32.3
30.1
27.7
21.3
19.4
24.1
23.7
18.4
15.9
15.6
Deaths per thousand 17.1
14.7
13.0
11.3
10.8
9.6
9.5
9.5
8.8
8.7
Number of births
over deaths
15.2
15.4
14.7
10.0
8.6
14.5
14.2
8.8
7.1
6.9
Life expectancy
7.3
50.0
54.1
59.7
62.9
68.2
69.7
70.8
73.7
74.8
2.7
6.8
12.4
15.6
20.9
22.4
23.5
26.4
27.5
Live births per
thousand
Increase in longevity
since 1900 (years)
30.) Is the excess of births over death following an exponential growth rate or a logistic
growth rate? Explain you answer.
31.) According to the table, the death rate remains about the same, but the birth rate
continues to decline. Explain why the population is not decreasing.
32.) Why does the number of individuals in an exponentially growing population
increase more rapidly over time?
33.) The human population size has _________________ over time.
34.) Birthrates, death rates, and _______________ are factors that help predict
population growth rates.
For numbers 35-39, write a definition for each of the following terms.
35.) population density-
36.) emigration-
37.) exponential growth-
38.) logistic growth-
39.) limiting factor-
40.) A lone elephant joining another herd of elephants is an example of
a. emigration.
b. immigration.
c. parasitism.
d. exponential growth.
41.) On a graph of population growth, the size of the population when the growth rate
decreases to zero represents an area’s
a. density-independent limiting factor.
b. density-dependent limiting factor.
c. predator-prey relationship.
d. carrying capacity.
42.) Parasitism is an example of a
a. density-independent limiting factor.
b. density-dependent limiting factor.
c. predator-prey relationship.
d. seasonal cycle.
43.) A natural disaster is classified as a(an)
a. density-dependent limiting factor.
b. density-independent limiting factor.
c. logistic growth factor.
d. exponential growth factor.
44.) The statistical study of human populations is called
a. demography.
b. immigration.
c. logistics.
d. emigration.
45.) The tendency of a population to shift from high birth and death rates to low birth
and death rates is called a(an)
a. density-dependent limiting factor.
b. demographic transition.
c. carrying capacity.
d. exponential growth.
46.) Populations that have not undergone demographic transition are characterized by
a. high infant mortality.
b. small families.
c. advances in medicine.
d. increased life expectancy.
47.) What is another name for a population profile?
a. demographic transition
b. age-structure diagram
c. population density
d. demographic diagram
Chapter 6- Humans in the Biosphere
A Changing Landscape
1.) Briefly describe an example of how humans have changed the environment in
Hawaii.
Earth as an Island
2.) Describe why the earth can be compared to an island.
Human Activities and their Impact on the Environment
Hunting and Gathering
3.) Describe how hunting and gathering has changed the diversity of species in North
America.
4.) _______________ ____________- groups of people in scattered parts of the world,
from the Arctic to Central Africa, still follow the hunter-gatherer way of life to some
degree. These groups supplement their diet with the meat of wild animals.
5.) Farming is also known as ________________.
6.) __________________ of ____________- animals supplied humans with milk, meat,
hides, wool, companionship, and the energy to do work
7.) How has this changed the environment?
Traditional / Modern Agriculture
Describe how the following have affected agriculture:
8.) Exploration-
9.) Irrigation-
The Green Revolution
10.) What is the Green Revolution?
11.) What is the purpose of the Green Revolution?
12.) Describe some strategies used to increase crop yields.
13.) What are some benefits of the Green Revolution?
14.) What are some negative impacts of the Green Revolution?
Industrial Growth and Urban Development
15.) List several ways human growth and development impact the environment.
16.) List two negative effects of industrial growth and development.
1.)
2.)
Use of Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Tragedy of the Commons
17.) ___________- any resource that is open to everyone will eventually be destroyed
because everyone can use the resource, but no one is responsible for preserving it
18.) Resources are _________ to us all.
19.) _____________ _____________- regenerate and are therefore replaceable; not
necessarily unlimited
20.) List two examples of the above resources.
1.)
2.)
21.) _________________ _____________- resources that cannot be replenished by
natural gases
22.) List two examples of the above resources.
1.)
2.)
Sustainable Use of Resources
23.) ________________ ____- a way of using natural resources at a rate that does not
deplete them
24.) How does sustainable use of resources operate?
Example: decreased use of Pesticides
25.) What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?
RESOURCES
Land Resources
26.) Describe why soil is important.
27.) Plowing the land removes the roots that hold the ____ in place. This increases the
rate of ____ ___________, which is the wearing away of surface soil by water and
wind.
28.) _________________- in certain parts of the world with dry climates, a combination
of __________, _______________, and ________ has turned productive areas into
deserts
29.) How can sustainable use decrease soil erosion and desertification?
Forest Resources
30.) List two human uses of forest resources.
1.)
2.)
31.) What is the importance of forests?
32.) Why are Old Growth Forests important?
33.) __________________ is a loss of forests.
34.) How does this effect the environment?
35.) Sustainability of Forests-
Ocean Resources
36.) What is the importance of Ocean Resources?
37.) How has the Fisheries Industry changed over time?
38.) How has increased fishing impacted the environment?
39.) List a specific example of how over-fishing has impacted the environment.
40.) Sustainable use of Ocean Resources-
41.) __________________- the farming of aquatic organisms; can be an efficient way to
produce animal protein
Air Resources
42.) _________________- a harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the
land, air, or water
43.) ______- a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the
atmosphere
44.) What are the causes?
45.) _________________- microscopic particles of ash and dust that can enter the
nose, mouth, and lungs, causing health problems over the long term
46.) What are the causes?
47.) ______ ______- strong acids that can drift for miles before they fall
48.) What are the causes?
Water Resources
49.) List water Pollutants and how they affect the environment.
50.) Sustainable use of Water Resources-
51.) ________________- the sum total of genetically based variety of all organisms in
the biosphere
Value of Biodiversity
52.) _______________ ______________- includes the variety of habitats,
communities, and ecological processes in the living world
53.) __________ ______________- refers to the number of different species in the
biosphere
54.) There have been ____ million species identified and named thus far.
55.) ___________ _____________- refers to the sum total of all the different forms of
genetic information carried by all organisms living on Earth today
56.) Importance of __________________- one of Earth’s greatest natural resources;
species of many kinds have provided us with foods, ______________ products, and
medicines- including _______________, ______-________, ______ drugs, _____depressants, and _____-________ drugs
57.) Biodiversity is also important because it increases _____________ in an
ecosystem.
Threats to Biodiversity
58.) List two human activities that threaten biodiversity.
1.)
2.)
59.) _______________- occurs when a species disappears from all or part of its range
60.) __________________ ( ________________ Species)- a species whose population
size is declining in a way that places it in danger of extinction
*Note- The Act below was listed in our notes but not described in class. Refer to the
time-line on page 155 for further clarification.
61.) ________________ ___________ _____- this act allows for the identification of
and research of endangered species; seven years after passing, the act was expanded
to ___________ plants and to __________ threats to endangered species
THREATS
62.) ___________ ________________ and ___________________- when land is
developed, natural habitats may be destroyed; as habitats disappear, the species that
have been there vanish; in addition, development often splits ecosystems into pieces
63.) What is the negative impact on an Ecosystem due to this threat?
64.) List some demands for Wildlife Products.
65.) _______ _____- bans international trade in products derived from an agreed-upon
list of endangered species
66.) What is the effectiveness of the CITES ban?
Pollution
67.) There are many ______________ put into the environment by humans, some of
which are _______________ and other ________.
68.) Describe the effects of the pesticide DDT that was once used in the U.S.
69.) ______________ ___________________ ( ____________________ )concentrations of a harmful substance increase in organisms at higher trophic levels in
a food chain or food web
70.) What is the effect on a food chain due to this?
71.) _______________ __________- introduced into new habitats, these organisms
often become invasive species that reproduce rapidly
72.) List two examples of these species.
1.)
2.)
Conserving Biodiversity
73.) _________________- used to describe the wise management of natural resources
74.) What are some strategies for conservation?
75.) List two examples of legislation.
1.)
2.)
76.) What are some of the challenges in conservation?
Charting a Course for the Future
77.) What are some of the concerns for specific Global Changes?
Ozone Depletion
78.) Between ____and ____ kilometers above Earth’s surface, the atmosphere contains
a concentration of _______ gas; molecules of _______ consist of three ________
atoms; although ________ at ground level is a pollutant, the naturally occurring
_______ layer serves an important function.
79.) What are some of the benefits of the Ozone layer?
80.) Depletion of the Ozone Layer-
81.) What are the causes of this?
82.) What are some examples that contain the above compounds from question 81?
83.) What are some ways to preserve the ozone layer?
84.) _________ _____________ is the term used to describe an increase in the
average temperature of the biosphere.
85.) What are some of the causes?
86.) What are some of the effects?
87.) What are some ways to reduce excess amounts of this?
The Value of a Healthy Biosphere
88.) List five values of Healthy Ecosystems and Biospheres.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
Chapter 6 Vocabulary Review
89.) ____- groups of people in scattered parts
of the world, from the Arctic to Central Africa,
still follow the hunter-gatherer way of life to
some degree; these groups supplement their
diet with the meat of wild animals
a. The Green Revolution
90.) ____- animals supplied humans with milk, meat,
hides, wool, companionship, and the energy to
do work
b. Contour Plowing
91.) ____- in a global effort to increase food production,
governments and scientists introduced new, intensive
farming practices that greatly increased yields of rice,
wheat, and other crops
c. Aquaculture
92.) ____- called for large fields to be cleared, plowed,
and planted with a single crop year after year
d. Sustainable Use
93.) ____- any resource that is open to everyone
will eventually be destroyed because everyone can
use the resource, but no one is responsible for
preserving it
e. Integrated Pest
Management(IPM)
94.) ____- regenerate and are therefore replaceable;
not necessarily unlimited
f. Soil Erosion
95.) ____- resources that cannot be replenished by
natural gases
g. Monoculture
96.) ____- a way of using natural resources at a rate
that does not deplete them
h. Commons
97.) ____- the wearing away of surface soil by water
and wind
i. Nonrenewable Resources
98.) ____- fields are plowed across the slope of the
land to reduce erosion
j. Renewable Resources
99.) ____- an effective and environmentally sensitive
approach to pest management that relies on a
combination of common-sense practices
k. Subsistence Hunting
100.) ____- the farming of aquatic organisms; can be
an efficient way to produce animal protein
l. Domestication of Animals
101.) ____- harmful materials that can enter the
biosphere through the land, air, or water
m. Genetic Diversity
102.) ____- a mixture of chemicals that occurs as
a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere
n. Oil Spills
103.) ____- microscopic particles of ash and dust
that can enter the nose, mouth, and lungs,
causing health problems over the long term
o. Domestic Sewage
104.) ____- strong acids that can drift for miles
before they fall
p. Drip Irrigation
105.) ____- improperly discarded chemicals can
enter streams and rivers
q. Ecosystem Diversity
106.) ____- wastewater from sinks and toilets;
contains nitrogen and phosphorous
compounds that can encourage the
growth of algae and bacteria
r. Endangerment
(Endangered Species)
107.) ____- delivers water directly to plant roots;
this reduces the amount of water lost
through evaporation
s. Biodiversity
108.) ____- the sum total of genetically based
variety of all organisms in the biosphere
t. Smog
109.) ____- includes the variety of habitats,
communities, and ecological processes
in the living world
u. Extinction
110.) ____- refers to the number of different
species in the biosphere; 1.5 million
species identified and named thus far
v. Particulates
111.) ____- refers to the sum total of all the
different forms of genetic information
carried by all organisms living on Earth today
w. Acid Rain
112.) ____- occurs when a species disappears
from all or part of its range
x. Species Diversity
113.) ____- a species whose population size is declining
in a way that places it in danger of extinction
y. pollutants
114.) ____- this act allows for the identification
of and research of endangered species
z. Global Warming
115.) ____- when land is developed, natural
habitats may be destroyed; as habitats
disappear, the species that live there
vanish; in addition, development often splits
ecosystems into pieces
A. Introduced Species
116.) ____- bans international trade in products
derived from an agreed-upon list of
endangered species
B. Nonbiodegradable
117.) ____- not broken down by metabolic processes
in bacteria, plants, or animals
C. Chlorofluorocarbons
118.) ____- picked up, concentrated, and stored
by aquatic plants and algae
D. Ozone Layer
119.) ____- concentrations of a harmful substance
increase in organisms at higher trophic levels
in a food chain or food web
E. Convention on Trade
in Endangered Species
(CITES) Ban
120.) ____- introduced into new habitats, these
organisms often become invasive species
that reproduce rapidly
F. Conservation
121.) ____- used to describe the wise management
of natural resources
G. Habitat Alteration and
Fragmentation
122.) ____- between 20 and 50 kilometers above
Earth’s surface, the atmosphere contains
a concentration of ozone gas; molecules of
ozone consist of three oxygen atoms
H. Montreal Protocol
123.) ____- act as catalysts that enable UV light to
break apart ozone molecules
I. Biological Magnification
(Bioaccumulation)
124.) ____- agreement signed by forty-six nations
which called for an immediate reduction in
production and use of CFCs
J. DDT
125.) ____- the term used to describe an increase
in the average temperature of the biosphere
K. Endangered Species
Preservation Act