Download Industrial Electronics / Electricity

INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY IS BASICALLY THE
FLOW OF ELECTRONS
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
DC MEANS ELECTRONS FLOW IN ONLY ONE
DIRECTION, POSITIVE TO NEGATIVE FOR
ENGINEERS (HOLES ARE MOVING RATHER
THAN ELECTRONS), NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE
FOR PHYSICISTS.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
AC MEANS
ELECTRONICS
FLOW BACK AND
FORTH FROM
ONE SIDE TO
ANOTHER.
THEREFORE, AC
DOES NOT HAVE
POLARITY
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRONICS ARE
TWO ENTIRELY DIFFERENT FIELDS
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
PEOPLE WHO STUDY
ELECTRICITY DEAL
PRIMARILY WITH
HOW TO
EFFECTIVELY
MANIPULATE AND
TRANSFER ENERGY
FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
PEOPLE WHO
STUDY
ELECTRONICS
DEAL PRIMARILY
WITH HOW TO
EFFECTIVELY
MANIPULATE
AND TRANSFER
SIGNAL FROM
ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
BUILDING ROBOTS FOCUSES ON
ELECTRONICS MORE THAN
ELECTRICITY
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
5 BASIC ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
VOLTAGE
SOURCE,
CURRENT
SOURCE,
RESISTOR,
CAPACITOR AND
INDUCTOR
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
ALL OTHER COMPONENTS
ARE DERIVED OR CAN BE
REPRESENTED BY THESE
BASIC COMPONENTS.
IN CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, THIS
IS CALLED MODELING.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
VOLTAGE SOURCE
A IDEAL
VOLTAGE
SOURCE HAS A
CONSTANT
VOLTAGE
OUTPUT WITH
0 INTERNAL
RESISTANCE.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
VOLTAGE SOURCE
A REAL VOLTAGE
SOURCE CAN BE
REPRESENTED
BY A IDEAL
VOLTAGE
SOURCE PLUS
AN INTERNAL
RESISTANCE IN
SERIES.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
VOLTAGE
SOURCE
BATTERY, DC
POWER
SUPPLY
ARE
EXAMPLES
OF
VOLTAGE
SOURCES
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
CURRENT SOURCE
AN IDEAL CURRENT
SOURCE HAS A
CONSTANT
CURRENT
OUTPUT WITH
INFINITE
INTERNAL
RESISTANCE.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
CURRENT SOURCE
A REAL CURRENT
SOURCE CAN BE
REPRESENTED
BY AN IDEAL
CURRENT
SOURCE PLUS
AN INTERNAL
RESISTANCE IN
PARALLEL.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
CURRENT SOURCE
BATTERY
CHARGERS ARE
EXAMPLES OF
VOLTAGECONTROLLED
CURRENT
SOURCES.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
RESISTOR
RESISTOR PROVIDES RESISTANCE
TO CURRENT FLOW.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
RESISTOR
IT DROPS VOLTAGE WITH RESPECT TO
RESISTANCE IF CURRENT IS
CONSTANT OR WITH RESPECT TO
CURRENT IF RESISTANCE IS
CONSTANT.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
RESISTOR
USES: CURRENT
LIMITING,
VOLTAGE
DIVIDING
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
RESISTOR
IF USED IN SERIES,
R1 + R2 + R3….
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
RESISTOR
IF USED IN PARALLEL,1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3…)
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
CAPACITOR
CAPACITOR STORES CHARGE OR ENERGY
IN FORM OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
CAPACITOR
THERE IS NO SUDDEN CHANGE OF
VOLTAGE IN A CAPACITOR, IT IS
CHANGED OVER TIME
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
CAPACITOR
USES: DC
BLOCKING,
BYPASSING,
VOLTAGE
FILTERING,
TUNING AND
COMPENSATING
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
CAPACITOR
IF USED IN SERIES, 1/(1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3…)
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
CAPACITOR
IF USED IN
PARALLEL,
C1 + C2 +
C3….
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INDUCTOR
INDUCTOR
STORES
CURRENT OR
ENERGY IN
FORM OF
MAGNETIC
FIELD
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INDUCTOR
THERE IS NO
SUDDEN
CHANGE OF
CURRENT IN A
INDUCTOR, IT
IS CHANGED
OVER TIME
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INDUCTOR
USES: AC BLOCKING, CURRENT
FILTERING, TUNING
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INDUCTOR
IF USED IN SERIES, L1 + L2 + L3….
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INDUCTOR
IF USED IN
PARALLEL,
1/(1/L1 +
1/L2 +
1/L3…)
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INDUCTOR
BECAUSE INDUCTORS ARE COILS,
THEY CAUSE MUTUAL INDUCTANCE,
THEREFORE THIS FORMULA IS FOR
AN IDEAL SITUATION WHERE THEY
ARE PLACED INFINITELY FAR APART.
IN MANUFACTURING OF CIRCUITS,
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE MUST BE
CALCULATED AND ADDED INTO THE
EQUATION
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
AC FALLS INTO THE CATEGORY OF
ELECTRICITY AND WAS ONLY
COVERED BRIEFLY
.
32
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
IN DC CIRCUITS:
IF A RESISTOR IS PLACED IN SERIES
WITH THE CIRCUIT, IT CREATES
RESISTANCE
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
IN DC CIRCUITS:
IF A CAPACITOR IS
PLACED IN SERIES
WITH THE CIRCUIT, IT
ONLY LETS CURRENT
FLOW FOR A WHILE,
THEN IT STOPS. THIS
TIME IS DETERMINED
BY THE CAPACITANCE
OR THE RC TIME
CONSTANT.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
IN DC CIRCUITS:
IF AN INDUCTOR IS PLACED IN SERIES WITH
THE CIRCUIT, IT RESISTS CURRENT FLOW
ONLY FOR A BRIEF MOMENT, THEN IT LETS
CURRENT FLOW THROUGH COMPLETELY, THE
MOMENT IS DETERMINED BY THE
INDUCTANCE OR THE RL TIME CONSTANT.
35
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
IN AC CIRCUITS, RESISTORS
STILL BEHAVE THE SAME,
BUT CAPACITORS AND
INDUCTORS ARE
DIFFERENT FROM HOW
THEY BEHAVE INSIDE DC
CIRCUITS.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
IN AC CIRCUITS CAPACITORS
NO LONGER BLOCK THE
CURRENT COMPLETELY,
INSTEAD, THEY ONLY BLOCK A
PART OF THE CURRENT,
THEREFORE CAUSING
RESISTANCE
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
IN AC CIRCUITS
INDUCTORS NO LONGER LET
CURRENT PASS THROUGH
COMPLETELY, INSTEAD THEY
RESIST A LITTLE BIT,
THEREFORE CAUSING
RESISTANCE
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
IN AC CIRCUITS
RESISTANCE CAUSED BY
RESISTORS, CAPACITORS
AND INDUCTORS
TOGETHER IS CALLED
IMPEDANCE. IN AC
CIRCUITS, THE TERM
IMPEDANCE IS USED TO
REPRESENT THE TOTAL
RESISTANCE OF THE
CIRCUIT
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
DIODE
DIODES ARE MADE
WITH A P-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTOR
(MORE HOLES THAN
ELECTRONS) AND A
N-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTOR
(MORE ELECTRONS
THAN HOLES)
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
DIODE
CURRENT CAN ONLY FLOW FROM P TO
N (ASSUME IDEAL CURRENT).
THEREFORE, DIODE ONLY CONDUCTS
CURRENT IN ONLY ONE DIRECTION
BUT NOT THE OTHER.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
DIODE
IMAGINE DIODE AS A BUILDING DOOR
THAT ONLY OPENS IN ONE DIRECTION.
IF YOU ARE “FORWARD BIAS” (THE
CORRECT DIRECTION), THE DOOR
OPENS, BUT IF YOU ARE “REVERSE
BIAS” (THE WRONG DIRECTION), THE
DOOR DOES NOT OPEN. UNLESS YOU
APPLY BRUTAL FORCE (VERY HIGH
VOLTAGE), THEN THE DOOR WILL
BREAK (JUNCTION BREAKDOWN), AND
DIODES DO CONDUCT IN THESE
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EXTREME CONDITIONS.
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
APPLICATIONS FOR DIODES INCLUDE BRIDGE
RECTIFIERS WHICH CONVERT AC INTO DC,
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER ONLY PASSES HALF
OF THE SINE WAVE AND BLOCKS THE
NEGATIVE HALF. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
BRINGS THE NEGATIVE HALF UP AND MAKE IT
POSITIVE.
43
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
APPLICATIONS FOR DIODES ARE USED AS
BRIDGE RECTIFIERS, MATHEMATICALLY THEY
CAN BE USED TO TAKE THE ABSOLUTE
VALUE, LOGICALLY, THEY CAN BE USED TO
PERFORM WIRED OR
44
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
DO NOT CONFUSE
DIODES WITH
ZENER DIODES
AS SOME OF YOU
MIGHT SEE IN
CIRCUITS.
45
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
WHILE DIODES ARE DESIGNED TO BE
USED IN FORWARD BIAS, ZENER
DIODES ARE DESIGNED TO BE
USED IN REVERSE BIAS ONLY
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
ZENER DIODES
ARE USED TO
REGULATE
VOLTAGE AND
SET A VOLTAGE
REFERENCE FOR
SOME
INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS.
47
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
TRANSISTORS
THEY ARE THE CORE
OF ANALOG
ELECTRONICS. THEY
ARE VERY HARD TO
UNDERSTAND
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTOR
CALCULATIONS
INVOLVE HEAVY
MATH ESPECIALLY
WHEN DEALING
WITH OPERATING
POINTS AND H
PARAMETERS
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
TRANSISTORS CAN BE USED AND
CONFIGURED IN MANY WAYS SUCH AS
SWITCHES, VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER,
CURRENT AMPLIFIER…
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
TRANSISTORS
THEY ARE NON-LINEAR
THEY HAVE A VERY SMALL LINEAR
REGION
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS WILL START
CONDUCTING WHEN BASE INPUT
VOLTAGE EXCEEDS 0.7 V. WE SAY
THE TRANSISTOR IS “TURNED ON”.
WHEN FULLY CONDUCTING, IT DROPS
AROUND 0.25 V.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
TRANSISTORS
WHEN TRANSISTOR BASE INPUT
VOLTAGE DROPS BELOW 0.7 V. WE
SAY THE TRANSISTOR IS “TURNED
OFF”.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS WORKING
IN SWITCH MODE ARE
EITHER IN SATURATION
(MAX CURRENT) OR
CUT-OFF (NO CURRENT)
BOTH OF THESE MODES
HAVE POWER
DISSIPATION OF 0
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTOR SWITCHES IDEALLY:
IN SATURATION, CURRENT IS MAX BUT
VOLTAGE DROP IS 0, THEREFORE P =
IV, P = I * 0 = 0
IN CUT-OFF, CURRENT IS 0 BUT
VOLTAGE IS MAX, THEREFORE P = IV,
P=0*V=0
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTORS USE LITTLE POWER WHEN THEY
ARE USED AS SWITCHES.
(NOTE: ONE IMPORTANT THING, THIS IS ONLY
TRUE WHEN THE FREQUENCY IS LOW, AT
HIGH FREQUENCY THEY CONSUME
NOTICEABLE AMOUNT OF POWER EVEN IN
SWITCH MODE. THIS IS BECAUSE WHEN
TRANSISTORS CHANGE FROM ONE STATE TO
ANOTHER, IT HAS TO PASS THROUGH THE
MIDDLE REGION WHERE POWER IS
CONSUMED. IF THIS HAPPENS TOO
FREQUENTLY, THEN POWER CONSUMPTION
HUGE.)
56
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SCHOTTKY EFFECT
MANY NEW DESIGNS TRY TO REDUCE THE POWER
CONSUMPTION SUCH AS THE SCHOTTKY EFFECT. IT
MAKES A TRANSISTOR FIRST GO DEEP SATURATION
BUT AS SOON AS IT’S THERE, IT BRINGS IT BACK TO
LIGHT SATURATION SO THAT THE TRANSISTOR CAN
PREPARE FOR THE JUMP. SAME THING HAPPENS TO
CUT-OFF. SO IT PASSES THE MIDDLE REGION
FASTER, THUS LESS POWER IS CONSUMED.
57
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
TRANSISTORS
VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
TYPICAL
CONNECTION:
EMITTER TO
GROUND,
COLLECTOR HAS A
COUPLING
RESISTOR TO VCC
(SUPPLY VOLTAGE),
THEN BASE INPUT
RESISTOR IS BETA
TIMES MORE THAN
COLLECTOR
RESISTOR.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
TRANSISTORS
CURRENT AMPLIFIER
TYPICAL
CONNECTION:
EMITTER TO LOAD,
COLLECTOR TO
SOURCE AND BASE
INPUT.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
TRANSISTORS
EMITTER FOLLOWERS ARE CONFIGURED FROM A
CURRENT AMPLIFIER, THIS WAY INPUT
IMPEDANCE IS HIGH AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCE IS
NOTHINGAND IT IS WIDELY USED IN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS
ARE SOLID
STATE
DEVICES
SOLID STATE MEANS
NO MOVING PARTS
AND EVERYTHING
IS
ELECTRONICALLY
SWITCHED.
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INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS ARE
SOLID STATE DEVICES
EXAMPLES:
NON-SOLID STATE:
SPARK GAP, HARD
DRIVE, VACUUM TUBE
SOLID STATE
COUNTERPARTS:
SCR/IGBT, COMPACT
FLASH, TRANSISTORS
62
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS ARE
SOLID STATE DEVICES
EXAMPLES:
NON-SOLID STATE:
SPARK GAP, HARD
DRIVE, VACUUM TUBE
SOLID STATE
COUNTERPARTS:
SCR/IGBT, COMPACT
FLASH, TRANSISTORS
63
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS ARE
SOLID STATE DEVICES
EXAMPLES:
NON-SOLID STATE:
SPARK GAP, HARD
DRIVE, VACUUM TUBE
SOLID STATE
COUNTERPARTS:
SCR/IGBT, COMPACT
FLASH, TRANSISTORS
64
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS ARE
SOLID STATE DEVICES
EXAMPLES:
NON-SOLID STATE:
SPARK GAP, HARD
DRIVE, VACUUM TUBE
SOLID STATE
COUNTERPARTS:
SCR/IGBT, COMPACT
FLASH, TRANSISTORS
65
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS ARE
SOLID STATE DEVICES
EXAMPLES:
NON-SOLID STATE:
SPARK GAP, HARD
DRIVE, VACUUM TUBE
SOLID STATE
COUNTERPARTS:
SCR/IGBT, COMPACT
FLASH, TRANSISTORS
66
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
SOLID STATE DEVICES
TRANSISTORS ARE
SOLID STATE DEVICES
EXAMPLES:
NON-SOLID STATE:
SPARK GAP, HARD
DRIVE, VACUUM TUBE
SOLID STATE
COUNTERPARTS:
SCR/IGBT, COMPACT
FLASH, TRANSISTORS
67
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ANALOG INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIERS
(DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER)
68
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
69
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
COMPARATORS
70
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
MIXED SIGNAL
INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
A/D, ANALOG –
DIGITAL
CONVERTERS
71
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRONICS/ELECTRICITY
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
MIXED SIGNAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
D/A, DIGITAL – ANALOG CONVERTERS
72