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“The Call to Arms” * * * * * * * * * * * * Focus Question: Why did each side in the Civil War think the war would be won easily? Taking Sides in the War *After Ft. Sumter’s surrender, Lincoln declared that rebellion existed in the South. To stop it, he asked the nation’s governors to raise 75,000 troops. *In the North, men eagerly volunteered. Governors of OH, IN, and other states asked to send more troops than requested because the response was so positive. More States Secede *States, like TN, KY, and MO, told Lincoln they were not happy to fight their “southern brothers.” MD and DE did not respond. *Lincoln’s request for troops led more southern states to secede. VA, AR, TN, and NC joined the Confederacy. *The western counties of VA, where there was little support for slavery, refused to secede. In 1863, these 50 counties were admitted to the Union as the state of WV. The Border States *Border states are slave states that did not secede. ~DE had few slaves and supported the North ~Most in KY, MO, MD supported the South *KY and MO were important states, needed to control the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. If the Union could not control MD, Washington, D.C. would be surrounded by the Confederacy. *At first, KY was neutral. Union generals wanted to occupy KY but Lincoln refused because he did not want the state to secede. When Confederates invaded KY, it decided to support the North. *Lincoln acted more aggressively to keep control of MO and MD. When MO’s gov’t sided with the South, Union supporters set up their own state gov’t. When fighting broke out, Lincoln sent troops and MO stayed in the Union throughout the war. *In MD, people supporting the South destroyed railroads and telegraph lines. Lincoln put eastern MD under martial law (military is in charge and citizens’ rights are suspended). Disloyal MD officials and others were jailed without trials. North Against South *As war began, both sides were confident. Some Southerners compared themselves to Americans of 1776. Southern Advantages *Knowledge of the land and support of local people (North would have to invade South to win) *Better military generals (Albert Johnston, Joseph Johnston, and Robert E. Lee) – all resigned from US Army to fight for the South. Northern Advantages *Factories (1861 – 110,000 of the 130,000 factories in the US were in the North) *Railroads (twice as much in North) *Farmland (twice as much in North) *Population (2/3 of US population in Union states; >1/3 of Southerners were slaves) *Result of advantages: North was able to field, feed, and equip larger armies. The Two Sides Plan Strategies *(Northern strategy) - To isolate the Confederacy, Lincoln had the navy blockade southern seaports. A blockade is a military action to prevent traffic from coming into an area or leaving it. Lincoln hoped to cut off the South’s supply of manufactured goods and block overseas sales of cotton. *(Northern strategy) – Gain control of the Mississippi River, the South’s major transportation link. This would split the South in two. *(Northern strategy) – Invade VA and seize Richmond, the Confederate capital (100 miles from DC) *(Southern strategy) – Defend their land until northerners got tired of fighting. *(Southern strategy) – Seek support from Britain and other European countries. They hoped the need for cotton would force the British to support the South. Americans Against Americans *On both sides, men rushed to enlist for the excitement of the war. They feared the war would be over too soon for them to enjoy it. *War broke families apart (brother vs. brother, father vs. son). Brothers of Lincoln’s wife fought for the South. *Soldiers were varied. Almost half of Northern troops were farmers. One fourth were immigrants. *3/4 of the South’s 1 million white males (age 18 to 45) served in army. 2/3 of 3.5 million northern males served in army. Some were as young as 14. First Battle of Bull Run(N)/First Manassas (S) NOTE: Civil War battles may have been named differently by the North and South. The North often used a nearby creek or natural landform. The South often used a nearby city or structure. *Union General Irvin McDowell wanted time to train his soldiers but northern newspapers were demanding the capture of Richmond and a quick end to the war. *McDowell’s 30,000 men left DC and marched 25 miles into VA. The same number of Confederates waited at Manassas, a railroad center. Spectators watched (expecting Union victory). *The armies clashed along Bull Run, a river north of Manassas. Union army pushed forward, but South held firm. Confederate commander, “Look, there is Jackson … standing like a stone wall,” so General Thomas Jackson was known as “Stonewall” Jackson. *The battle turned in favor of South. Poorly trained Northern troops panicked. Northern soldiers and sightseers fled to DC, but South was too exhausted to pursue them. A Soldier’s Life *3/4 of soldier’s life was spent in camp, not fighting. They trained 10 hrs/day. *When not training, soldiers stood guard, wrote home, and gathered firewood. A meal might be a dry, cracker-like item called hardtack. Harsh Conditions *Lack of clean water was a major health threat. Outbreaks of smallpox, typhoid fever, and other diseases swept through the camps. Often half of men would be too sick to fight. Prisoners of War *Overcrowded prison camps caused many deaths. Almost 10% of deaths during Civil War were in prison camps. *Elmira, NY, and Andersonville, GA, were the worst camps. *Elmira was built for 5,000 but held 10,000. Soldiers ate bread and water (and rats?). Thousands died. *Andersonville was built for 10,000 but held 35,000 in a fenced, open field. Up to 100 soldiers died every day from starvation or exposure. Review Questions *How did the border states line up in the war? They were all on the Union side. *What were each side’s advantages? South – more experienced military officers and would be fighting on their own land and among their own people. North – more factories, farmland, railroad tracks, and a larger population, so it could better feed and equip its army. *How did strategies on the two sides differ? The North hoped to blockade southern seaports, to gain control of the Mississippi River to control transportation and cut the South in two, and to capture Richmond. The South’s plan was simpler – they planned to defend their territory until the northerners tired of fighting. *Who were the soldiers in this war? They were ordinary men from many backgrounds; many were farmers and immigrants. *What was the result of the First Battle of Bull Run? The battle was inconclusive and the war continued. *What conditions did soldiers have to endure? Camps lacked clean water, and disease was widespread. Prisons were overcrowded, and there was not enough food for prisoners.