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Biology 12 Human Biology - Respiratory System Vocabulary alveoli, aortic bodies, bicarbonate ions, bronchi, bronchioles, carbaminohemoglobin, carbon dioxide, carbonic anhydrase, carotid bodies, cilia, diaphragm, exhalation, external respiration, hydrogen ions, inhalation, intercostal (rib) muscles, internal respiration, larynx, lungs, mucus, nasal cavity, oxygen, oxyhemoglobin, pH, pharynx, pleural membrane, reduced hemoglobin, respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata, respiratory tract, ribs, stretch receptors, thoracic cavity, trachea It is expected that students will: C8 Analyse the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the respiratory system C8.1 C8.2 C8.3 C9 identify and give functions for each of the following: – nasal cavity – pharynx – larynx – trachea – bronchi – bronchioles – alveoli – diaphragm and ribs – pleural membranes – thoracic cavity explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract explain the relationship between the structure and function of alveoli Analyse the processes of breathing C9.1 C9.2 C9.3 C9.4 describe the interactions of the following structures in the breathing process: – respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata – lungs – pleural membranes – diaphragm – intercostal (rib) muscles – stretch receptors compare the processes of inhalation and exhalation explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata explain the roles of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in stimulating carotid and aortic bodies Page | 1 C10 Analyse internal and external respiration C10.1 describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external respiration, including – location of exchange – conditions that favour exchange (e.g., pH, temperature) C10.2 explain the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, bicarbonate ions, and carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood C10.3 write the chemical equations for internal and external respiration An intro to the respiratory system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1YtXc_84A The respiratory system provides enough surface area to supply the tissue cells throughout the body with the required ________________________ and to remove and get rid of the _____________________________ produced by ___________________________________. Page | 2 Reference Chapter 22. 1. Introductory concepts: a) What is breathing? ________________________________________________________________________ b) Differentiate between inhalation and exhalation. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c) What is external respiration? ________________________________________________________________________ Where does external respiration take place in the body? ________________________________________________________________________ d) What is internal respiration? ________________________________________________________________________ Where does internal respiration take place in the body? ________________________________________________________________________ e) Write the reaction for cellular respiration in words and formulas. (p 116) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Where in the cell does cellular respiration take place? ________________________________________________________________________ Page | 3 This diagram relates the various phases of gas exchange in your body: Page | 4 In the lungs, gas exchange takes place across a moist, thin epithelium: This exchange of gases between the air and the blood, depicted in the diagram above, is called _____________________________ respiration. On the photo on the right, label an alveolus and a bronchiole. Page | 5 Identify and give functions for the following parts of the respiratory system: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Activity: The Human Respiratory System (22.6) MP3 Tutor: Human Respiration (22.6) Functions: (see p 458) nasal cavity: ____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ pharynx: _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ larynx: _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Page | 6 trachea: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ bronchi: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ bronchioles: _____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ alveoli: _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Here is a good website to show the microscopic structure of various parts of the respiratory system: http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/rsguide.htm#pathology Explain the role of the cilia and mucous in the respiratory tract. (p 459) ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Where are cilia and mucous found? __________________________________________ Here is a website that shows a photograph of the ciliated epithelium in the trachea and bronchi: http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/CR006b .htm Page | 7 4. a) What is the function of the alveoli? (see p 458) http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/CR012b.htm ________________________________________________________________________ b) How is the structure of alveoli related to their function? _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/crr/CR013b.htm Where are stretch receptors located, and what is their function? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Page | 8 C9.1 describe the interactions of the following structures in the breathing process: – respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata – lungs – pleural membranes – diaphragm – intercostal (rib) muscles – stretch receptors C9.2 compare the processes of inhalation and exhalation ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Page | 9 This diagram shows the pressure changes in your thoracic cavity and intrapleural space when you inhale and exhale: Page | 10 This chart gives a comparison of the processes of inhalation and exhalation: Page | 11 Page | 12 The Mechanics of Inhalation and Exhalation (How do we breathe in and out?) Reference p 460. 1. Breathing in is called inspiration or inhalation, and breathing out is called ____________________ or _________________________. 2. Breathing depends on the fact that there is a continuous column of air from the _______________________ to the ____________________ of the lungs. 3. The chest cavity, also known as the thoracic cavity, is enclosed by the _____________ and by the ___________________________________. 4. The outer pleural membrane is attached to the ___________________ and the inner pleural membrane is attached to the __________________________. 5. How does the pressure in the intrapleural space compare to the pressure in the lungs? ________________________________________________________________________ 6. What keeps the lungs from collapsing under normal conditions? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. During inhalation, contraction of the __________________ muscles of the ribs moves the rib cage up and ______________________; contraction of the muscle of the diaphragm causes the diaphragm to move ______________________. 8. What happens to the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity when it expands? ________________________________________________________________________ 9. Explain what is meant by the phrase "humans breathe by negative pressure"? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Page | 13 10. Why is inhalation said to be "active" whereas exhalation is said to be "passive"? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is the role of the ‘stretch receptors’ in the breathing process? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Page | 14 C9.3 explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata C9.4 explain the roles of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in stimulating carotid and aortic bodies ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Page | 15 How does pH affect the breathing rate? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ How does breathing affect the pH of the blood? _____________________________breathing rate should decrease the Carbon dioxide concentration and increase oxygen concentration leading to a decrease in hydrogen ions and a pH increase until homeostasis is reached. ________________________________________________________________________ What is the role of the aortic body and carotid bodies? (chemoreceptors): ____To sense and detect the concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions and alert the breathing centre in the brain. ____ Summary: Page | 16 C10.1 describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external respiration, including – location of exchange – conditions that favour exchange (e.g., pH, temperature) How do the concentrations of O2 and CO2 affect the direction of diffusion of each of these gases during external and internal respiration? ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Page | 17 This diagram illustrates the difference between hemoglobin that is fully loaded (saturated) with oxygen molecules (O2) and hemoglobin that is completely free of oxygen: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWtXthfG9_M excellent description of Oxygen and hemoglobin carry and drop off. C How many molecules of O2 does one hemoglobin molecule hold when it is ‘fully loaded’ (saturated) with O2? ______4_______ Under what pH conditions is hemoglobin fully saturated? ______pH = 7.4__________ Under what temperature conditions is hemoglobin fully saturated? ____37○C_______ Where are these conditions found, in the lung capillaries or in the tissue capillaries? _______Tissue pH is slightly less than 7.4 and temp is 37C_________ Temperature is lower in lungs than in tissues, because of the contact with the outside air. These graphs show how the level of saturation of the hemoglobin changes depending on the environmental conditions: Page | 18 The drop in pH during exercise due to high carbon dioxide release will induce oxygen release from the hemoglobin for cellular respiration C10.2 explain the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, bicarbonate ions, and carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood C10.3 write the chemical equations for internal and external respiration See Activity: Transport of Respiratory Gases (22.11) _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ Page | 19 __________________________________________________________ Here is a summary of the reactions involved in internal and external respiration: Page | 20 Page | 21 Page | 22 This diagram summarizes some of the main concepts in breathing and gas exchange: Page | 23 Complete this concept map, which summarizes some of the main concepts in this unit: Page | 24