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PSSAaVOCABULARY
comparison using the words “like” or “as”
metaphor
A comparison of two or more things not using “like”
or “as”
hyperbole
Exaggeration or overstatement.
personification
Giving human-qualities to non-human things
irony
Something happens that was the opposite of what
was expected.
bias
A judgment based on a personal point of
view.
author's purpose
The author's intent either to inform or teach
someone about something, to entertain people, or
to persuade or convince their audience to do or not
do something.
alliteration
The repetition of initial consonant sounds in
neighboring words.
allusion
An implied or indirect reference in literature to a
familiar person, place or event.
autobiography
The story of a person's life written by himself or
herself.
biography
The story of a person's life written by someone
other than the subject of the work.
cause and effect
Cause statements stem from actions and events,
and effects are what happen as a result of the
action or event.
characterization
The method an author uses to reveal characters
and their various personalities.
climax
the high point of suspense in a short story or
novel.
compare
To find the similarities between two things.
conflict
The problem or struggle facing the main character(s)
context clues
Information from a sentence or paragraph that you
figure out the meaning of a word or group of
words.
contrast
To find differences between two things.
dialogue
The lines characters speak to each other in a story
differentiate
Distinguish, tell apart and recognize differences
between two or more items.
editorial
A newspaper or magazine article that gives the
opinion of the writer, editor, or publisher
exaggeration
To make an overstatement or to stretch the truth.
fiction
A story or novel that is comes from the imagination
of the writer
figurative language
Language that cannot be taken literally since it
was written to create a special effect or feeling.
first person
A personal point of view using the "I" point of view.
May also contain “me,” “our,” “we,” or “us.”
free verse
Poetry that does not have meter or rhyme scheme.
It sounds more like regular speech.
generalization
A conclusion, drawn from specific information that
is used to make a broad statement about a topic or
person.
Imagery
A word or group of words in a literary work which
appeal to one or more of the senses: sight, taste,
touch, hearing and smell using figurative language.
inference
Understandings gained by "reading between the
lines" (in your head combined with on the page)
informational text
Nonfiction, factual information. (textbooks,
newspapers, magazines)
sarcasm
The use of a word or phrase to mean the exact
opposite of its literal or usual meaning (Example:
“Our chemistry textbook is so much fun to read –
all 800 pages.”)
limerick
A light or humorous verse form of five lines, of
which lines 1, 2 and 5 rhymes and lines 3 and 4
rhyme.
Main Idea
The main idea is the author's central thought; the
topic sentence of a paragraph often but not always
expresses a main idea
meter
The repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables
in a line of poetry.
mood
The emotion created in the reader
narrative
Text that tells a story. It may contain dialogue.
nonfiction
Writing in which the characters are real and the
events are believed to have actually happened
onomatopoeia
The use of words whose sounds express or
suggest their meaning (ex.: hiss, pop, bang)
plot
The sequence in which the author arranges events
in a story. The structure often includes the
rising action, the climax, the falling action and
the resolution.
point of view
who tells the story (1st, 2nd, 3rd person)
problem/solution
A text structure in nonfiction texts, where the
author presents a problem and possible solutions
to it.
compare/contrast
A text structure in nonfiction texts, where the
author discusses similarities and differences
sequence
A text structure in nonfiction texts, where the
author typically shows an order of events in time
order o by using time order words (first, second,
next, then).
Name-calling propaganda
an attack on a person instead of an issue.
bandwagon propaganda
attempts to persuade the reader to do, think or buy
something because it is popular or because
"everyone" is doing it
red herring propaganda
attempt to distract the reader with details not
related to the point the writer is trying to make
emotional appeal
propaganda
attempt to persuade the reader by using words
that appeal to the reader's emotions instead of to
logic or reason.
testimonial propaganda
to persuade the reader by using a famous person
to endorse a product or idea (for instance, the
celebrity endorsement).
repetition propaganda
attempts to persuade the reader by repeating a
message over and over again.
sweeping generalization
(stereotyping) propaganda
makes an oversimplified statement about a group
based on limited information.
circular argument
propaganda
Trying to prove a point by restating the argument
or a conclusion as part of the proof (Example: “The
salesman is very persuasive because he can
easily persuade people to buy his products.”)
appeal to numbers, facts,
or statistics propaganda
attempt to persuade the reader by showing how
many people think something is true.
resolution
The solution to the conflict of the story.
Rhyme
Identical or very similar recurring final sounds in
words usually at the end of lines of a poem.
Rhythm
The pattern or beat of a poem.
setting
The time and place in which a story takes place
sonnet
A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose rhyme
scheme is fixed.
symbolism
A device in literature where an object represents
an idea.
theme
a major idea broad enough to cover the entire
story or the lesson or moral of the story
third person
the "third person" point of view presents the events
of the story from a narrator's point of view (he, she,
it, they, them, their, her, his, or character's names
are used)
Tone
The attitude of the author toward the audience and
characters (e.g., serious or humorous).
propaganda
used to influence people to believe, buy, or do
something (often in a deceptive, tricky way)