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GCSE Applied Science: Self-Assessment Checklist Energy, electricity and radiations discuss the factors which are involved in the decisions about the types of power stations, including commissioning and decommissioning costs, types of energy sources, fuel costs and environmental factors. Be aware of the planning process involved in the development of power stations involving renewable resources such as wind farms, including non-scientific opinion. understand the need for an electricity distribution system, give a brief description of the National Grid and know that it is more cost effective to transmit energy at high voltages and low currents so less energy is wasted as heat. know that transformers step up voltage at the power station and step down voltage before it goes to the consumers. understand the economic and environmental factors that have to be considered in transmitting electrical energy across the country (e.g. advantages and disadvantages of pylons and overhead wires/underground cables). understand the meaning of the term efficiency when applied to simple energy transfers including using the given equation: efficiency = useful energy output/energy input ×100% use data to compare the suitability and efficiency of different energy sources in given tasks. understand the advantages to the user, and to society, of making and using devices with high efficiency, for example, the use of low energy lamps compared to filament lamps. describe how during energy transfer, energy is conserved but tends to spread out and become less useful. know how heat losses by conduction, convection and radiation may be minimised; examples of good/bad conductors; explain how heat losses by these processes can be reduced. (no particle theory of conduction and convection are required). describe how to minimise heat loss from buildings including cavity walls, cavity wall filling, fibre boards, aluminium foil, loft insulation, double glazing, thermal blocks GCSE Applied Science: Self-Assessment Checklist use the given equation power = voltage x current carry out simple calculations using the formula power = energy/time use the given equations: energy used (kWh) = power (kW) ×time (h) total cost = energy used (kWh) ×cost per unit (p) know that the electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible light, ultra violet, X-rays and gamma rays which all travel at the same speed in a vacuum. know their relative positions in terms of frequency and recall that the higher the frequency the more dangerous the electromagnetic wave. state a medical use of X-rays and gamma rays and describe the precautions needed to protect medical staff and patients from over exposure to X-rays and gamma rays and explain why these precautions are necessary because these are ionising radiation. describe how radio waves, microwaves, infra-red and visible light may be used in communication. understand what is meant by a geostationary orbit and explain the need for satellites in geostationary orbits to aid global communication. understand and give reasons why the capacity and reliability of the communication network have been enhanced by replacing copper cables with optical fibres, and by sending information in the form of digital signals instead of analogue signals. GCSE Applied Science: Self-Assessment Checklist The Surface and Atmosphere of the Earth understand that observations and creative thought about the location of earthquakes and volcanoes lead to the theory of continental drift. This suggested that the outer layers of the Earth are composed of a number of large pieces called tectonic plates which are moving very slowly. understand that rocks can be: formed where tectonic plates move apart and magma rises to fill the gap producing new igneous rock; deformed and/or recycled where tectonic plates move towards each other driving down the denser plate which may melt to form magma that on cooling forms igneous rock. know that the main components of the original atmosphere were carbon dioxide and water vapour together with smaller amounts of other gases such as nitrogen. know that the main components of the original atmosphere were carbon dioxide and water vapour together with smaller amounts of other gases such as nitrogen. know that oxygen originally appeared as a 'polluting' gas and it originated from photosynthesis by green plants. know that an ozone layer developed. understand the roles of respiration, combustion and photosynthesis in the maintenance of the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. understand that the ozone layer is filtering out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. consider the accumulation of data and the development of ideas about the destruction of the ozone layer and appreciate the role of the scientific community in validating new ideas. know that there is debate in the scientific community on the issue of global warming and be aware that many scientists attribute the main cause of global warming to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation. GCSE Applied Science: Self-Assessment Checklist examine and evaluate the reliability of data on global warming (Higher Tier only) appreciate some effects and consequences of global warming and discuss and evaluate proposed solutions to the problem of global warming.