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NOUN (LARGEST BASKET) Any name is a noun, any noun is a name. There are 5 types of nouns they are Proper Noun, Common Noun, Abstract Noun, Collective Noun & Name of an Activity. 1. Proper noun - Name given to a specific person, place, animal or thing is called as proper noun. Ex: Maria, Mysore, Bangalore, Titan, Tiger, Jasmine etc. 2. Common noun- Name given to common property between persons, places, and things. Ex: Boys, Girls, Chairs, Pens, Buildings etc. 3. Collective noun- Name given to a collection of things or people. Ex: Pair of shoes, Bunch of Flowers, Pride of Lion, Herd of Sheep etc. 4. Abstract noun- Name given to a specific quality. Ex: Beauty, good will, honesty. 5. Name of an activity - It is a name give to a specific action. Ex. Read, write, walk, Jump etc. PRONOUN (BASKET WITH 100 WORDS) Pronoun is a Substitute or Replacement of a noun. There are 4 types of Pronouns. They are Personal pronoun, Question Pronoun, Pointing Pronoun & Indefinite Pronoun. -1- 1. Personal pronoun- A pronoun is said to be in a personal pronoun when it is replaced by a proper noun or a common noun. Ex: he, she, they, us. 2. Question pronoun- Words that intend to ask a question are called question pronouns. Ex: Who, how, why, what, when. 3. Pointing pronoun- Pointing pronoun is a pronoun that is used to point out to something specific. Ex: This, That, These, Those, such. 4. Indefinite pronoun:- Indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that can’t be measured & does not point out to something specific. Ex: Nobody, Somebody. VERBS A verb is any action or state of being. Ex. Ram is driving. There are 6 types of verbs. -2- Action Verb- An action verb is a verb which denotes an action. Ex. I am working on a project. ACTION State of being verb - A state of being verb is a verb which has capacity to produce an action. Ex. I am singing Capacity SINGULAR- PLURAL CONVERSION -3- -4- Verbs naturally exist in plural form. -5- FORMS OF NOUNS There are 7 Forms of Nouns. They are: Father Form of a Noun, Mother form of a Noun, Ownership form of a Noun, Directional Form of a Noun, Purpose form of a Noun, Instrumental form of a Noun & Statehood form of a Noun. Father form of noun:A noun is said to be in father form of a noun when the noun appears in the beginning of a sentence (Actor). Ex: Raju is smart. Mother form of noun:A noun is said to be in mother form of a noun when the noun appears at the end of the sentence (Receiver). Ex.: Her name is Reeta Ownership form of noun:A noun is said to be in ownership form of a noun when it owns something or someone. Ex: This is Rahul’s pen. Directional form of noun:A noun is said to be in directional form of a noun when the noun is used as a direction (when noun is pointed out to) Ex: I am going to Mysore. Purpose form of a noun:A noun is said to be in purpose form of a noun when the noun is the purpose of an action. Ex: We got this car for Rahul. Instrumental form of a noun (Service):-6- A noun said to be in instrumental form of a noun when the noun is the cause of an action. Ex: This pen was given to me by sneha State Hood form: A noun is said to be in Statehood form of a noun when the noun is used as a point of reference for a person or something. Ex. I stay next to Ram’s house. FORMS OF PRONOUNS There are 7 Forms of Pronouns. They are Father Form of a Pronoun, -7- Mother form of a Pronoun, Ownership form of a Pronoun, Directional Form of a Pronoun, Purpose form of a Pronoun, Instrumental form of a Pronoun & Statehood form of a Pronoun. Father form of a Pronoun:A Pronoun is said to be in father form of a Pronoun when the Pronoun appears in the beginning of a sentence (Actor). Ex: He is smart. Mother form of a Pronoun:A Pronoun is said to be in mother form of a Pronoun when it appears at the end of the sentence (Receiver). Ex.: Give this to her Ownership form of a Pronoun:A Pronoun is said to be in ownership form of a Pronoun when it owns something or a person. Ex: This is her’s. Directional form of a Pronoun:A Pronoun is said to be in directional form of a Pronoun when the Pronoun is used as a direction (when Pronoun is pointed out to) Ex: I am going to her place. Purpose form of a Pronoun:A Pronoun is said to be in purpose form of a Pronoun when the Pronoun is the purpose of the action. Ex: We got this car for him. Instrumental form of a Pronoun (Service):A Pronoun said to be in instrumental form of a Pronoun when the Pronoun is the cause of the action. Ex: This pen was given to me by her State Hood form of a Pronoun: -8- A Pronoun is said to be in Statehood form of a Pronoun when the Pronoun is used as a point of reference for a person or something. Ex. I stay next to her house. ADJECTIVES -9- An adjective is a word that is used to explain, describe or add meaning to a noun or a pronoun. There are 2 types: Qualitative Quantitative Qualitative adjective: Words that are used to explain or describe about the quality of a noun or a pronoun. Eg: clever, active, confidence. Quantitative adjective: Words that are used to measure the quantity of nouns or pronouns. Eg: measurement, speed, time, weight. There are 3 forms of adjectives. (Degrees of Comparison) Positive form Comparative form Superlative form When an adjective describes the noun or a pronoun, it is said to be positive form of an adjective. When an adjective is used to compare nouns or pronouns, it is said to be comparative form of an adjective. When an adjective is used to compare more than two or more nouns or pronouns, it is said to be in superlative form. Eg: He is tall Eg: He is taller than me. Eg: He is the tallest. When there is a single sound, ‘er’ and ‘est’ must be added. - 10 - Eg: small, tall, naughty. When there is a double sound, ‘more’ and ‘most’ must be added. Eg: beautiful, aggressive. ADVERB An adverb is a word that is used to describe a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Eg: high, much, lot, more, most. There are 3 types of adverbs: 1) Adverb that describes verbs. Eg: fly high, long jump, beautiful girl. 2) Adverb that describes the adjective. Eg: hardly innocent, very innocent. 3) Adverb that describes adverb. Eg: flying very high, little bit of salt. - 11 - ARTICLES Articles are words that introduce a noun. There are 2 types of articles: 1. Definite articles: When both the speaker and the listener are clear about what they are speaking and listening respectively, we use definite articles. Eg: ’the’ New Delhi is the capital state of India. Speaker Listener 2. Indefinite articles: Either the speaker or the listener or both, are not clear about what they are speaking and listening to respectively, we use indefinite articles. Eg: ‘a’ and ‘an’ Someone please lend me a book. I live in an apartment. Speaker Listener ‘a’ is an indefinite article, used before a consonant sound and ‘an’ is used before a vowel sound. Grammar rule 1 - 12 - When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say "please pass me pen", we must say "please pass me the pen" or "please pass me a pen" or "please pass me your pen". Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as 'life', 'happiness' and so on, or materials and substances, such as 'coffee', or 'wood'. Grammar rule 2 Uncountable nouns don't use 'a' or 'an'. This is because you can't count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can't say "he gave me an advice", but you can say "he gave me some advice", or "he gave me a piece of advice". Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say "coffee" meaning the product, but we say "a coffee" when asking for one cup of coffee. Grammar rule 3 You can use 'the' to make general things specific. You can use 'the' with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable. "Please pass me a pen" – any pen. "Please pass me the pen" – the one that we can both see. "Children grow up quickly" – children in general. "The children I know grow up quickly" – not all children, just the ones I know. "Poetry can be beautiful"- poetry in general. "The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful" – I'm only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote. More uses of articles in English (1) Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas all use 'the'. For example, "The Thames", "The Alps", "The Atlantic Ocean", "The Middle East". (2) Unique things have 'the'. For example, "the sun", "the moon". - 13 - (3) Some institutional buildings don't have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use 'the'. "Her husband is in prison." (He's a prisoner.) "She goes to the prison to see him once a month." "My son is in school." (He's a student.) "I'm going to the school to see the head master." "She's in hospital at the moment." (She's ill.) "Her husband goes to the hospital to see her every afternoon." (4) Musical instruments use 'the'. "She plays the piano." (5) Sports don't have an article. "He plays football." (6) Illnesses don't have an article. "He's got appendicitis." But we say "a cold" and "a headache". (7) Jobs use 'a'. "I'm a teacher." (8) Countries We don't use 'a' if the country is singular. "He lives in England." But if the country's name has a "plural" meaning, we use 'the'. "The People's Republic of China", "The Netherlands", "The United States of America". (9) Continents, towns and streets don't have an article. "Africa", "New York", "Church Street". (10) Theatres, cinemas and hotels have 'the'. "The Odeon", "The Almeira", "The Hilton". (11) Abbreviations use 'the'. "the UN", "the USA", "the IMF". (12) We use 'the' before classes of people. "the rich", "the poor", "the British". - 14 - TENSES Tenses = Verb + Time 3 Types of tenses: Past Tense Present Tense Future Tense Five Sub-types: Simple Tense Indefinite Tense Continuous Tense Perfect Tense Perfect Continuous Tense 15 Sub-types: 1. Simple Past Tense 2. Indefinite Past Tense 3. Continuous Past Tense 4. Perfect Past Tense 5. Perfect Past Continuous Tense 6. Simple Present Tense 7. Indefinite Present Tense 8. Continuous Present Tense 9. Perfect Present Tense 10.Perfect Continuous Present Tense 11.Simple Future Tense 12.Indefinite Future Tense 13.Continuous Future Tense 14.Perfect Future Tense 15.Perfect Continuous Future Tense Windows Media player Example - 15 - PAST TIME PRESENT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 c b d a b FUTURE 10 11 12 13 14 15 VERB a b a d b Formula: Past Tense = c a b d b Present Tense = aabdb Future Tense = aabdb Forms of Verbs - 16 - a a b d b Six commonly used Sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Simple Past Tense Continuous Past Tense Simple Present Tense Continuous Present Tense Simple Future Tense Continuous Future Tense Simple Past Tense: When we wish to express a single action that had happened in the past without continuity is called as Simple Past Tense Eg: We went to the temple last month I met my friend yesterday Continuous Past Tense: When we wish to express a single action that had happened in the past continuously for sometime is called as Continuous Past Tense Eg: We were watching a movie yesterday - 17 - He was working on the project yesterday Simple Present Tense: When we wish to express a single action that happens at present quickly & without continuity is called as Simple Present Tense. Eg: She sings a song Continuous Present Tense: When we wish to express a single action that happens at present continuously for sometime is called as Continuous Present Tense. Eg: She is doing her assignment now We are playing chess now Simple Future Tense: When we wish to express a single action that is expected to happen in future without continuity is called as Simple Future Tense Eg: He will meet us tomorrow I will attend an interview next week. Continuous Future Tense: When we wish to express a single action that is expected to happen in future continuously for sometime is called as Continuous Future Tense. Eg: He will be participating in the Quiz competition tomorrow We will be missing you from tomorrow. Sentence Structures: 2 a), b) & c) - 18 - ACTION VERB Action verbs: Words that denote an action. Eg: Walking, running, talking Action Verbs are of 2 types: 1. Regular verbs 2. Irregular verbs Forms of Verb A b c d Regular Verb Jump/s jumping jumped Jumped Irregular Verb Write/s writing wrote written Buy/s buying bought bought Types of Verbs i) Type I ii) Type II - 19 - PREPOSITIONS It is a word that is used to indicate the position of a noun or a pronoun. On In Up Down Around Across Between Amongst Within Without Until About Into Besides Beyond Along After Beneath Outside By Towards In front Inside Below Against Before Behind Under Far From With To Over Near Eg: On- covering or touching the surface. In- which is in the area. Of- is used to denote belongings of someone or thing. Near- within a short distance or time. To- pointing towards someone or thing. With- either in the presence. From-it is direction away or a point where something starts. For- indicating purpose. At- denotes to specific point i.e place or time. Over- denotes at moves above or completes Under- at a point below. - 20 - At Of Behind- at the back of a point of reference. Before- object is ahead of point of reference. Against- which is opposite. Below- underneath the point of reference. Inside- which is in the innerside of the surface. In front of- ahead of a point of reference or person. Towards- indicates the end point of object and destination By- action is caused by something or someone. Outside- something or someone stays out of volume from the point of reference. Beneath- is the lower surface touching. After- it is to fallow something or someone moving. Along- movement on a particular path or parallel to path. Along with- is in company of, or position of. Beyond- after a time or in place. Beside - next to. Besides- Additional qualities / responsibilities. Into- to move towards an area or volume. About- descriptive about noun or pronoun. Until/till- used as conditions for time or event. Within- indicates before a distance or time. Without- in the absence of. Than- it is used to compare. - 21 - Among/amongst- among a group. Between- it is a location or time within two points Up- direction pointing towards the top. Down- direction pointing down or to the bottom. Across- used tp cut a path. Around- is to move in circles about a point. INTERJECTIONS Interjections are words that are used to express sudden feelings or emotions, like happiness, joy, shock, surprise, excitement, sadness, etc - 22 - STATE OF BEING State of being is defined as the capacity to produce an action. State of being 1st group of verbs Eg: is, am & are State of being 2nd group of verbs Eg: Has& have State of being 3rd group of verbs Eg: There is, there are INFINITIVE FORM Infinitive form of a verb = To + Original form of the verb Infinitive form of an action verb = To + Original form of an action verb Infinitive form of SOB1 = To + Original form of SOB1 Infinitive form of SOB2 = To + Original form of SOB2 Infinitive form of SOB3 naturally does NOT exist - 23 - CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions- there are 20 conjunctions. Conjunction is a word that is used to join two words or two phrases or two sentences. And Which When Where How Whether… or Whether… or not Provided… Supposing… that that Who Incase Unless However Although Inspite… of Even if As soon as Not only… But also Too… to So… that Neither… nor Is no sooner… than Why Either… or Because.. since And: used to join two sentences or words or phrases that are related to the same topic . Eg: I went to the stadium and saw sachin She went to school and learnt English. Which: used to specify about the topic spoken earlier. Eg: I went to a party which was very far off from my house. When: used to specify a timing, which is previously decided. - 24 - Eg: when I was in school, I was in the drama club. Where: reference to a specific place. Eg: I went to the beach, where I can shells. Who: reference to person which was in the past. Eg: I work with this guy who I studied with in college. How: is specifically in reference to the way we do something. Eg: I went to cricket camp and learnt how to bat. Because and since: is used to tell the reason or an action. Eg: I enrolled at alchemy because I wanted to improve my skills.. For or as: specifies as an action and comes in the middle. Why: is to ask for a reason. Eg: I don’t know why she comes home so late. Whether: It is used to choose between two options. Eg: I don’t know whether I should go for the party or not. - 25 - Provided that: to indicate based on action. Though: it is used to join a situation and an opposite result . Eg: I ran across the street even though it was raining. However: it is used to connect a difficult situation and an opposite result. Eg: However the situation maybe I will work hard . Inspite: to connect a sentence of an action and an opposite result. Eg: inspite of her hard work, she didn’t succeed. Even if: to connect an extreme action and an opposite result. Eg: I will attend your program even if I have to take leave from work. As soon as: to indicate an action after a condition. Eg: please come here as soon as possible. Not only ….. but also: Is used to connect two sentences which add more meaning to the same noun or pronoun. Eg: not only did I miss the bus, but also lost my wallet. Either…...or: to choose between things places and animals in positive sense. - 26 - Eg: you either eat your breakfast or carry it to college. So: is used to indicate a condition which is causing a result. Eg: there is a traffic jam, so I cant come online. So that: used to represent an action with a certain action. I will do my homework regularly so that I can do well in my exams. Too…to: Is used to connect an extreme situation to an appropriate action. Eg: it is too easy to irritate Jason. Is no sooner….than: to indicate a condition and fulfill an action. Eg: even if you get me the job, I will not work for it - 27 -