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PHL 281 ANATOMY (2 + 1)
Prerequisite: Zool.106
Course Description:
The course is concerned with the fundamental anatomical
knowledge about the integuemental structures, locomotive
skeleton,(joints & skeletal muscle) nervous, cardio-vascular,
respiratory, digestive and uro-genital systems.
Course Contents:
Hours
1.
General Introduction to Anatomy: Anatomical positions,
descriptive terms and plans of position, anatomical
divisions of the back and abdomen. General structure
and basic tissues of the body.
2.
Anatomy of the Skin and its Appendages: Hair, Nail,
Sweat glands and Mammary glands.
1
2
3.
Skeletal System: Functions, classification of bones,
structure and divisions (bones of upper limb, bones
of lower limb, the vertebral column, thoracic cage
and the skull).
2
4.
Nervous System: Central part includes: Brain, spinal
cord, meninges and spinial nerves. The peripheral
nerves and the autonomic nervous system.
3
5.
Eye and the Sense Organ of Hearing.
2
6.
Cardio-vascular System: The heart structure, chambers,
blood vessels, circulations in body and nerve supply
of heart and its surface anatomy & lymphatic system.
3
7.
Articular System (Joints): Types, movements and
varieties, important joints of upper and lower limbs.
2
8.
Muscular System: Groups of functional movements in limbs
respiration, abdominal wall and pelvic floor groups.
1
9.
Respiratory System: Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs
and pleura and their surface anatomy.
2
10.
Digestive System: Mouth cavity, tongue, the salivary
glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large
intestine, peritoneum, mesentry, spleen, liver, pancreas,
surface anatomy of the liver.
2
11.
Urinary System: The kidneys (Structure & Surface
Anatomy), the ureters, the urinary bladder and the
urethra in male and female.
1
1
12.
Male and Female Reproductive System:
2
13.
Endocrine System: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, suprarenal glands, pancreas and primary
sex organs (Gonads).
1
14.
Menstrual Cycle, Ovulation and Fertilization.
1
15.
Immune System: Reticuloendothelial system (RES) and
1
lymphoid tissue:
EXAMINATIONS:
2
Total Hours: 28
PRACTICAL PART:
14
The practical will be devoted to tutorials and studying on
anatomical models of different body organs in each system
that is mentioned above.
PHL 282 PHYSIOLOGY - I (2 + 1)
Prerequisite: PHL 281
Course Description:
The course includes the study of the electro-physiological
properties of the cell membrane, the physiology of muscle and nerve,
the autonomic nervous system, the blood and the cardiovascular
system.
Course contents
Hours
- Introduction:
- Physiological properties of protoplasm.
- Membrane physiology, electrophysiology of nerve
and muscle:
- Transport through the cell membrane.
- Diffusion
- Membrane potential and action potential.
- Resting membrane potential:
- Diffusion potential.
- Nernst potential, Nernst equation.
- The sodium-potassium pump.
- Potassium sodium "leak" channels.
- Nerve action potential:
- Voltage-gate sodium channel.
- Voltage-gate potassium channel.
- Propagation of the action potential
- All or nothing principle
- Spike potential, negative after-potential,
2
1
1
4
positive after-potential.
- Refractory period
- Types of stimuli.
- Effects of nerve section, regeneration and cross-regeneration.
- Muscles:
- Morphology, Types.
- Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction.
- Molecular characteristics of the contractile filaments.
- Anaerobic metabolism and oxygen debt.
- ATPase as the source of energy for contraction.
- Excitation-contraction coupling.
- Muscle action potential.
- Calcium pump.
- Characteristics of the single muscle twitch.
- Treppe - Summation - Isotonic and isometric
contraction tetanus and clonus.
- Thermal changes - Rigor mortis.
- Synapse and motor end plate.
The Autonomic Nervous System:
- Introduction
- The physiological unit of the nervous system
- Somatic Vs autonomic reflex arcs
- Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
- Autonomic Ganglia
- Distribution and functions of the sympathetic
nervous system.
- Distribution and function of the parasympathetic
nervous system.
3
1
1
1
1
- Higher control centres for the autonomic nervous system.
1
- Integration of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities.
- Humoral theory of the transmission.
1
1
Blood:
2
Composition of blood, haematocrit, blood volume, measurement of blood volume. Plasma, plasma protei
blood cells, origin, life span and functions of the white blood cells,
Blood platelets, Blood coagulation - classical and recent theories.
The Cardiovascular System:
- Properties of the cardiac muscle:
- Contractility, starling law.
- Rhythmicity, repetitive; discharge of certain excitable tissue.
- Excitability, spread of cardiac excitation
- Conductivity, partial and complete heart block.
- Events of the cardiac cycle.
- The electrocardiogram.
- Heart sounds and murmers.
- The heart rate:
- The cardioinhibitory center, vagus tone, vagal escape.
- The cardioaccelerator center.
3
2
2
- Baroreceptors, Marey's law and Bainbridge reflex.
- Respiratory sinus arrhythmias and other reflexes.
- Chemical regulation – CO2 tension, O2 tension, pH,
hormones.
Blood temperature.
-
-
- The arterial blood pressure:
- Definitions, measurement.
- Cardiac output and stroke volume.
- Peripheral resistance.
- Elasticity of arterial walls.
Blood volume and circulation capacity.
2
- Regulation of the diameter of the arterioles:
- Vasomotor control (sympathetic tone).
- Vasodilator area.
- The vasoconstrictor supply; the vasodilatory supply.
1
- Special circulations:
- Capillary circulation.
- Tissue fluid and lymph, lymphatic circulation.
- Coronary circulation.
- Pulmonary circulation.
1
EXAMINATIONS:
2
____
Total Hours: 28
PRACTICAL FOR PHL 282 (PHYSIOLOGY-I)
Lab 1.
Haemoglobin estimation & the red cell count.
Lab 2.
(Total white cell count & revision of the red cell count.
Lab 3.
Differential white cell count & revision of total white
cell
Lab 4.
Blood groups, Fragility of the red cells & Erythrocyte
sedimentation rate.
Lab 5.
Bleeding time, coagulation time & Revision.
Lab 6.
Frog's heart in situ, effect of stannius ligatures,
temperature and drugs.
Lab 7.
The isolated frog's heart, effect of chemical mediators.
Lab 8.
The isolated frog's heart, characterization of receptors.
Lab 9.
The isolated rabbits' heart, characterization of receptors,
coronary outflow (Demonstration).
Lab 10.
The electrocardiogram.
4
Lab 11.
Heart sounds & Measurement of arterial blood pressure.
Lab 12.
Recording respiratory movements.
Lab 13.
Nerve muscle preparation (Frog, rat, cat).
Lab 14.
Examination.
PHL 283 PHYSIOLOGY - II (2 + 0)
Prerequisite: PHL 282
Course Description:
The course describes the functions, control and regulation of respiratory,
renal, digestive and central nervous systems.
Course Contents:
Hours
RESPIRATION:
Structure and Function:
3
Introduction, the organs of respiration, the air passages,
lung
tissues, respiratory muscles and their nerves, the respiratory
cycle, intrapleural or intrathoracic pressure, intrapulmonary
pressure, pneumothorax, the air of the lungs, lung volumes,
capacities, carriage of respiratory gases by the blood-carriage of
oxygen, oxygen transport, oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation
curve, carriage of carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide transport,
formation of bicarbonate and the chloride shift, mechanism of
gaseous exchange.
Control & Regulation:
3
Control of respiration - nervous regulation, central regulation,
reflex regulation, mechanism of the respiratory cycle, chemical
regulation, maintenance of blood pH by respiration-acidemia,
alkalemia. Abnormal types of respiration-modified respiratory
movements, cyanosis.
KIDNEY:
Structure and Function:
-
3
Introduction, the glomerulus, the renal tubule,
mechanism of
kidney function, filtration, the
glomerular membrane. The glomerular filtration rate,
tubular reabsorption and secretion, mechanism of
tubular
transport, tubular reabsorption of water,
mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone, tubular
reabsorption of inorganic ions
(proximal
convoluted, loop of Henle, distal convulated tubule).
5
-
Counter - current multiplier hypothesis, tubular
reabsorption of substances with nutritional value
glucose,
protiens aminoacids, acetates, vitamins),
tubular reabsorption of waste products - tubular
secretion-regulation of blood pH, tubular reabsorption
of bicarbonate, regeneration of bicarbonate, renal
correction of acidosis and alkalosis composition
of
urine-micturition.
DIGESTION:
-
Structure:
1
- Alimentary Canal,
- Accessory organs esp. liver & pancreas.
- Structure of the wall of GIT.
(Mucous membrane, submucosa, muscularis mucosa & serosa).
-
Functions, control and regulation:
2
- Innervation of GIT.
- Salivary Glands:
- Control of salivary secretion
- Deglutition, persistalsis in oesophagus.
- Stomach, structure, gastric digestion, regulation of
gastric secretion, gastric motility, vomiting.
- Digestion in the small and large intestine:
- Pancreas, pancreatic juice, regulation of secretion.
- Bile composition, function, regulation of flow.
- Intestinal secretions, mechanisms of secretion,
intestinal motility, absorption of nutrients.
- Digestion in the large intestine, movement, defecation.
2
The Nervous System:
1.
Introduction:
General information on the structure of the nervous system,
the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, lumbar puncture.
1
2.
The spinal cord:
Structure, functions "impulse conduction, spinal reflex activity".
1
3.
The brain:
Divisions, the cerebrum, the cerebral grey matter,
motor areas of cerebral cortex, sensory areas,
association areas, brain waves, cerebral white matter
(pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts) sensory
fibers, association fibers.
3
Major sensory pathways:
Pain.
1
6
Basal nuclei, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, the Midbrain,
the Cerebellum, the Pons, Medulla Oblongata and the
Cranial Nerves.
EXAMINATIONS:
2
Total Hours:
28
PHL 284 BIOCHEMISTRTY - I (2 + 0)
Prerequisite: PHC 251
Course Description:
This course is concerned with the study of the chemistry and
biological importance of proteins, nucleic acids and porphyrins.
Emphasis is given to the study of enzyme kinetics and to the biological
oxidation. Clinical correlations are explained whenever possible.
Course Contents:
1.
2.
Hours
Amino acids and proteins:
- Amino acid composition of proteins.
- Acid-base properties of amino acids and the PI concept.
- Physical and chemical properties of amino acids,
(Reactions of NH2-gP, COOH-gP and R-gP).
- Identification and quantification of amino acids.
- Functional role of proteins in humans.
- Levels of protein structure:
- Primary structure: the determination of the amino
acid sequence of protein molecules.
- Secondary structure: -helical, -pleated and random
coil structures.
- Tertiary and quaternary structures.
- Classification of proteins: simple (globular
& fibrous),and conjugated proteins.
- Isolation and separation of proteins.
- Structure and mechanism of action of antibody molecules.
- Plasma proteins.
- Denaturation of proteins.
- Clinical correlations:
a) The use of amino acid analysis in the diagnosis of disease.
b) Differences in the primary structure of insulins
utilized in the treatment of diabetemellitus.
Enzymes:
- Classification and nomenclature.
- Enzyme kinetics.
- Inhibition of enzyme activity.
- The catalytic site.
- Mechanism of enzyme action.
- Isoenzymes.
- Regulation of enzyme activity.
7
2
1
3
3
2
- Allosteric control of enzyme activity.
- Coenzymes, structure and function.
- Clinical correlations:
a) A case of gout demonstrating two phases to the
mechanism of enzyme action.
3.
1
b) A case of gout demonstrating the difference
between an allosteric site and the active center.
Nucleotides and nucleic acids:
- Nomenclature of nucleosides and nucleotides.
- Metabolic functions of nucleotides.
- Chemistry of nucleotides.
- Metabolism of pyrimidine nucleotides.
- Metabolism of purine nucleotides.
- DNA & RNA types: rRNA, mRNA & tRNA.
- The genetic code.
- Protein biosynthesis
- Clinical correlations:
a) Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.
b) Gout.
c) Orotic Aciduria.
2
1
2
1
4.
Porphyrins and Bile Pigments:
- Porphyrin biosynthesis.
- Heme biosynthesis and its regulation.
- Myoglobin, catalases, peroxidases & cytochromes
and their biological functions.
- Catabolism of hemoglobin and formation of bile pigments.
- Clinical correlations:
a) Porphyrias.
b) Jaundice.
5.
Biological Oxidation:
- Energy-producing and energy-utilizing systems:
The ATP cycle.
- Source and fate of acetyl-coenzyme A.
- Sources and fate of pyruvate.
- The tricarboxylic acid cycle.
- Structure and compartmentation of mitochondrial
membranes.
- Mitochondrial transport systems.
- Components of mitochondrial electron transport chain.
- Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport.
- Microsomal electron transport.
- Oxidative phosphorylation.
- Clinical correlations:
a) Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency.
b) Cyanide poisoning.
c) Mitochondrial myopathies.
2
2
1
3
EXAMINATIONS:
2
Total Hours:
8
28
PHL 285 BIOCHEMISTRY-II (2 + 1)
Prerequisite: PHL 284
Course Description:
This course includes normal metabolic pathways of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and minerals. The laboratory work is
concerned with the determination of blood and urine biochemical
parameters. Clinical correlations are explained whenever possible.
Course contents:
1.
Carbohydrate Metabolism:
-
2.
Hours
4
Digestion and absorption.
Metabolism of monosaccharides.
Anaerobic and aerobic oxidation of glucose (glycolysis).
Glycogen formation and degradation.
Gluconeogenesis.
The hexose monophosphate shunt.
Blood glucose level and its regulation.
Effect of hormones on carbohydrate metabolism.
Lipid Metabolism:
2
-
Digestion, absorption and the role of bile.
Body and blood lipids.
Oxidation of fatty acids.
Biosynthesis and function of triglycerides and
phospholipids.
- Metabolism of ketone bodies and ketosis.
- Cholesterol metabolism.
- Role of the liver in lipid metabolism.
3.
4.
4
2
2
1
Protein Metabolism:
2
-
3
Digestion and absorption.
Biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids.
Catabolism of amino acid nitrogen.
Transport of ammonia.
Urea cycle and regulation of urea synthesis.
Metabolic disorders involving the urea cycle.
Catabolism of the carbon skeleton of amino acids.
(glycine, serine, methionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and glutamic acid).
Mineral Metabolism:
- Sodium, potassium & chloride.
- Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.
9
3
- Iron.
1
- Trace elements:
2
 Chromium.
Florien.
 Molybdenum.
 Zinc.
 Cobalt.
 Iodine.
Selenium.
Copper.
 Manganese.
EXAMINATIONS:
2
_____
Total Hours: 28
PHL 285 BIOCHEMISTRY-II (2+1)
PRACTICAL
Lab 1 Blood Analysis:
- Preparation of plasma and serum samples.
- Deproteinization of blood by various agents.
Carbohydrates:
- Glucose determination.
. Fasting glucose level.
. Post-prandial level (2 hours after glucose load).
Lab 2 Proteins:
- Identification and characterization of amino acids.
- Precipitation of proteins, and protein denaturation.
- Quantitative estimation of total plasma proteins.
- Determination of albumin, globulins and
albumin/globulinisation.
Lab 3 Non-protein nitrogen (NPN):
- Determination of plasma uric acid.
Lab 4 Determination of blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
- Determination of creatine and creatinine.
Lab 5 Nucleotides:
- Separation of acid-soluble nucleotides from
mammalian liver.
- Identification and characterization of nucleotides
(purine bases, ribose and phosphate).
Lab 6 Hemoglobin, Porphyrins and Bile Pigments:
- Hemoglobin determination
10
- Iron determination.
Lab 7 Bilirubin (Total conjugated and non-conjugated) in serum.
Lab 8 Lipids:
-
Total cholesterol (Free + esterified).
Lab 9 Triglycerides
- Tolipids in blood.
Lab 10 Enzymes:
- Factors affecting the rate of enzymic activity of
serum amylase:
. Substrate concentration.
. Temperature.
. Electrolyte
. pH.
Lab 11 Determination of serum enzyme activity of:
. -amylase.
. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
. Alanine amino transferase (ALT).
Lab 12 Alkaline and acid phosphatases (ALP and ACP).
Lab 13 Urine analysis:
- Normal constituents (urea, phosphate, uric acid, etc.)
- Pathological constituents (glucose, excess phosphate,
ketone bodies, proteins, bile pigments, bile salts etc.)
Lab 14 Examinations:
PHL 285 PRACTICAL
BIOCHEMISTRY-II (2+1)
Lab 1 Blood Analysis:
- Preparation of plasma and serum samples.
- Deproteinization of blood by various agents.
Carbohydrates:
- Glucose determination.
. Fasting glucose level.
. Post-prandial level (2 hours after glucose load).
Lab 2 Proteins:
- Identification and characterization of amino acids.
11
- Precipitation of proteins, and protein denaturation.
- Quantitative estimation of total plasma proteins.
- Determination of albumin, globulins and albumin/globulinisation.
Lab 3 Non-protein nitrogen (NPN):
- Determination of plasma uric acid.
Lab 4
-Determination of blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
- Determination of creatine and creatinine.
Lab 5 Nucleotides:
- Separation of acid-soluble nucleotides from mammalian liver.
- Identification and characterization of nucleotides
(purine bases, ribose and phosphate).
Lab 6 Hemoglobin, Porphyrins and Bile Pigments:
- Hemoglobin determination
- Iron determination.
Lab 7 Bilirubin (Total conjugated and non-conjugated) in serum.
PHL 351 PHARMACOLOGY -I (3 + 1)
Prerequisite: PHL 285, PHL 382, PHC 371
Course Description:
This course deals with the introduction of basic principles of pharmacology
and the pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, mechanisms of actions, adverse
effects, contraindications and drug interactions of: autonomic drugs, cardiovascular
drugs and autacoids.
Course Contents:
A.
Hours
Pharmacological Principles:
6
- Definition of Terms and Scope.
- Drug Receptors.
-
Drug-receptor Interactions.
Dose-response Curves.
Antagonists.
Factors Modifying Drug Action.
Absorption, Distribution & Biotransformation and
Elimination of Drugs.
- Drug Tolerance, Tachyphylaxis, Idiosyncrasy (Definitions).
- ED50, LD50 Therapeutic Index.
12
- General Mechanisms of Drug Action.
B.
Drugs Acting on the Autonomic Nervous System:
7
1) Sympathetic Nervous System:
- Adrenergic transmission.
- Types & Subtypes of Receptors.
- Pharmacological Actions, Uses and Side Effects of
Direct and Indirect Adrenergic Agonists and Adrenergic Antagonists.
2) Parasympathetic Nervous System:
8
- Cholinergic Transmission.
- Types and Subtypes of Receptors.
- Acetylcholine and other choline esters.
- Anticholinesterase & Antimuscarinic Drugs.
- Ganglionic Stimulants and Blockers.
- Skeletal muscle relaxants:
- Central and Peripheral agents
C.
Autacoids:
6
- Histamine and Antihistamines.
- Serotonin and Antiserotonin.
- Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes.
- Angiotensins, Kinins & Endorphins.
D.
Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System:
10
- Cardiotonic Drugs
- Antihypertensive Drugs
- Antidysrrhythmic Drugs
Diuretics:
3
- Osmotic Agents.
- Thiazides.
- Loop Diuretics.
- K-sparing Drugs.
- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors.
- Aldosterone Antagonists
EXAMINATION:
2
____
Total Hours: 42
====
13
PHL 351 PRACTICALS
PHARMACOLOGY-I (3+1)
Experiment
No.
Title
Lab. 1.
Influence of smooth muscle stimulants on the isolated rabbit intestine.
Influence of smooth muscle relaxants on the isolated rabbit intestine.
Lab. 2.
Influence of some blockers on effects induced by stimulants and
relaxants on the isolated rabbit intestine.
Lab.3.
Influence of some stimulants and receptor blockers on the isolated
guinea pig ileum.
Lab. 4
Influence of bronchoconstrictors and bronchodilators on the isolated
guinea pig trachea.
Lab.5.
Effect of acetylcholine and neuromuscular blockers on the frog rectus
abdominis muscle and effect of enzyme inducers on sleeping time of
hexobarbitone..
Lab. 6.
Influence of various drugs on the arterial blood pressure and
respiration of the rabbit.
Lab. 7.
Influence of various drugs on the isolated rabbit heart
(Langendorff) preparation.
Lab. 8
Antiarrhythmic drugs (ECG is employed).
.
Examinations.
Tutorials No.
Title
Tut. 1.
Introduction.
Tut. 2.
Sympathetic Nervous System.
Tut. 3.
Parasympathetic Nervous System.
Tut. 4.
Cardiovascular System.
Each tutorial is followed by a Quiz.
14
PHL 451 PHARMACOLOGY II (2 + 1)
Pre-requisite: PHL 351, PHCV 372
Course Description:
This course deals with the pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, mechanisms of
action, adverse effects, contraindications and drug interactions of:
Centrally acting drugs such as stimulants, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, general
anaesthetics, anti-epileptics, anti-emetics, anti-Parkinsonians, anti-psychotics, opioid
analgesics, antidepressants and anti-maniacs. It also covers the non-opioid analgesics,
antipyretics, anti-inflammatory drugs and others which are used for treatment of some
skin diseases and diarrhoea,
The practical part of the course deals with some in vivo experiments demonstrating
the effects of the above mentioned drugs. It also includes some drug profiles to be
presented by the students.
Course Contents:
Hours
1.
Central Neurotransmitters and Central Nervous System Stimulants
3.0
2.
Sedatives, Hypnotic and anxiolytics.
2.0
3.
Anti-epileptics
2.0
4.
General Anaesthetics
2.0
5.
Antipsychotics
2.0
6.
Antidepressants and Antimaniacs
2.0
7.
Anti-Parkinsonians
1.0
8.
Opioids and Antitussives
3.0
9.
Non-opioid Analgesics/Antipyretics/Anti-inflammatory drugs.
3.0
10.
Emetics and Anti-emetics
1.0
11.
Antidiarrhoea drugs
1.0
12.
Anti-acne drugs
1.0
13.
Antipsoriasis drugs
1.0
14.
Melanizing and de-melanizing drugs
1.0
15.
Topically-used antifungal drugs
1.0
Examinations:
2.0
Total Hours: 28.0
15
PHL 451 PRACTICAL
PHARMACOLOGY (2 + 1)
Experiment
No.
Lab. 1
Title
.
Study of local anaesthetic activity using:
a) The frog limb-withdrawal reflex.
b) Rabbit corneal.
c) Guinea-pig intradermal wheal.
Lab. 2.
Study of analgesic activity using:
a) Hot plate method.
b) Writhing test.
c) Tail-flick response.
Lab. 3.
Effect of some central nervous system stimulants using frogs,
rats and mice and effect of anticonvulsants.
Lab. 4.
Effect of some central nervous system depressants using rats and mice.
Lab. 5.
Anti-anxiety drugs and antipsychotics.
Lab. 6.
Study of the anti-inflammatory effect of some drugs.
EXAMINATION.
Drug Profile
6 Hours
EXAMINATION.
PHL 453 DRUGS OF ABUSE ( 1 + 0 )
Pre-requisite: PHL 451 Or MPHL 214
Course Description:
This course deals with the concepts of drug abuse, tolerance, dependence and
addiction. The disastrous effects of the most widely abused narcotics and
mind-manifesting drugs will be discussed in detail. The ideal management of
the affected persons will be stressed. Furthermore, factors that predispose to
drug abuse and the general scientific strategies for prevention will be
discussed.
Course Contents:
Hours
Introduction:
2
1.
Definition and types of drugs-induced tolerance dependence and addiction.
2.
Factors that predispose to drug abuse.
16
3.
Scientific strategies for prevention of drug abuse.
4.
Medical consequences of abuse of the following groups
of drugs together with the ideal managements of the affected persons:
A)
Central Nervous System Depressants:
4
1- Opioids
2- Alcohol
3- Barbiturates & Benzodiazepines
4- Inhalants e.g. glues and organic solvents.
B)
Central Nervous System Stimulants:
1-
Cocaine
2-
Khat
3
3- Amphetamine
C)
Hallucinogens and other Mind-Manifesting Drugs:
1-
Hashish (Cannabis)
2-
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
3-
Phencyclidine
4-
Mescaline
5-
Psilocybin & Psilocin.
EXAMINATION:
4
1
Total Hours: 14
PHL 454 (2 + 1)
BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION
Pre-requisite: PHL 451
Course Description:
The course deals with methods of biological detection and quantitative
measurements as applied to the bioassay of hormones, sera, vaccines, toxins, antitoxins and their mathematical and statistical calculations.
Course contents:
I.
Biostatistics for Bioassay measurements:
- Revision of some basic principles
- Application of statistical methods to the comparison of
treatment groups:
- Student's t-test (Paired, unpaired)
- Wilcoxon Rank Test (signed & sum)
- Contingency tables and Chi-Square Test
- Analysis of the Dose-response data:
- Linear regression of graded responses and test for
parallelism between two lines.
17
Hours
1
4
3
II.
- Quantal response data (probit analysis of Miller & Tainter;
and method of Karber).
Measurement of Biological Responses:
-
III.
7
Uses of bioassay
Dose-response relationships and determination of relative potency.
Determination of affinity constant and efficacy of agonists.
Determination of dissociation constant and efficacy of partial agonists.
PA2, Dose ratio and affinity constants of competitive antagonists.
PD'2 of irreversible competitive or reversible non-competitive antagonists.
Specialized Bioassay and Pharmacopeal limit tests:
- Bioassay of glucagon
- Bioassay of Erythropoeitin.
- Chorionic Gonadotropin
6
- Somatotropins
- Heparin
- Protamine sulfate
- Bioassay of immunological products:
- antitoxins by protection against toxin lethality (B.P, U.S.P.)
- Assay of snake or scorpion antivenom (B.P., U.S.P., N.F.)
- Radioimmunoassay and ELISA for protein hormones.
- Test for abnormal toxicity (B.P.)
- Test for depressor substance (B.P.)
- Test for Histamine (B.P.)
IV.
Measurement of pharmacological activity of drugs:
1. Analgesic activity
2. Anti-inflammatory activity
3. Antipyretic activity
4. Anti-convulsant activity
5. Antidysrhythmic activity.
5
EXAMINATION:
2
Total Hours: 28
=====
PHL 454PRACTICAL
BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION
Lab 1 Bioassay of histamine on the guinea pig ileum using the 4-point
assay design.
Lab 2 Bioassay of d-tubocurarine on the rat-phrenic hemidiaphragm
or frog rectus abdominis muscle using 4 or 6 point assay.
18
Lab 3 Determination of PA2 for an antagonist (e.g. parasympatholytic
or antihistamine).
Lab 4
Determination of the LD50 for a C.N.S. depressant drug.
Lab 5
Bioassay of vasporessin in rats.
Lab 6 Bioassay of insulin injection and select oral hypoglycemic
agents in rabbits.
Lab 7
Measurement of analgesic activity using 2 x 2 method.
Lab 8
Bioassay of oxytocin on rat uterus.
Lab 9
Measurements of anti-inflammatory activity.
Lab 10 Measurements of anticonvulsant activity.
Lab 11 Radioimmunoassay of T3 or T4, Demonstration
(Radioisotope lab.).
Lab 12
Tests for abnormal toxicity. IP in mice.
Lab 13
Tests for depressor substances and for histamine.
Lab 14
Examination and/or Revision.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY PHL 461 (2 + 0 )
Prerequisite: PHL 451
Course Description:
The course concept is the application of pharmacological knowledge as a basis
of drug therapy in disease states. It deals with the study of different drug modalities
in different disease states aiming to prevent, cure or ameliorate the disease. The study
includes the mechanisms of action, posology, side effects and contraindications of
drug groups as well as the advantages, disadvantages and special merits of each
individual drug in the treatment of disease states.
Course Contents:
1.
Hours
General Principles of Clinical Pharmacology:
- Scope of clinical pharmacology.
- Hazards of drugs on life.
- Reasons of taking patient's drug history.
- Factors affecting patient's response to drugs.
- Use of placebo.
- Patient compliance.
- Evaluation of drug therapy.
- Prescription's errors.
19
2
2.
Clinical Pharmacology of Respiratory Diseases:
3
- Pathophysiological considerations.
- Classification of respiratory diseases.
- Drug therapy, precautions, side effects and contraindications
of drug use in:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- Bronchial asthma and status asthmatics.
3.
Clinical Pharmacology of Diabetes Mellitus:
- Causes of diabetes.
- Dietary control of diabetes.
- Pathophysiological considerations.
- Clinical applications and complications of:
- Insulin.
- Sulphonylureas.
- Biguanides.
- Glucagon
- Drugs contraindicated in diabetes mellitus.
4.
Clinical Pharmacology of Cardiovascular Diseases:
2
- Pathophysiological considerations, drug indications contraindications,
precautions and combination therapy of:
- Hypertension.
- Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies.
- Ischaemic heart disease (coronary artery diseases):
- Angina pectoris.
- Myocardial infarction.
- Cardiac arrhythmias.
- Heart failure.
5.
6.
Clinical Pharmacology of Shock:
Cancer Chemotherapy:
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
6
Pathophysiolog of malignant cells. Classification of tumors,
The clinical picture, diagnosis and management of some
Commonly occurring tumors will be discussed. This include:
a) CLASSIFICATION OF CYTOTOXIC DRUGS
b) Discussion of specific and general toxicities of the
commonly used cytotoxic drugs, such as alkylating
agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, natural alkaloids and
miscellaneous groups.
7.
Immunosuppressants:
The pathophysiology of graft rejectona nd autoimmune diseases.
The rational of using immunosuppressants in organ transplant
And autoimmune diseases. The pros and cons of various regimens
of immunosupressants will be discussed & immunomodulators.
EXAMINATIONS.
2
2
____
Total Hours: 28
====
20
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY PHL 462 (2 + 1)
Pre-requisite: PHL 471
Course Description:
The course designed to relate the basic pharmacological and toxicological
principles to the treatment of the poisoned patient.
Several of the compounds
commonly encountered in the accidental or intentional poisoning are to be covered.
The student will be able to recognize signs and symptoms of poisoning, characterize
the type and extent of intoxication and develop a specific modern management plan.
The practical part is devoted to case studies with emphasis on the treatment protocols
adopted and their evaluation.
Course contents:
Hour
I.
Introduction:
- Clinical laboratory results and their evaluation.
- Supportive care for Convulsions Coma, Hypotension, Hypertension,
Hypothermia, Hypothermia, Fluid intolerance, Acid base imbalance.
4
II.
Clinical toxicology of specific drug groups:
- Digitalis group
- Anticoagulants
- Anti-infective agents
- Oral hypoglycemics and insulin
- Diuretics
- NSAIDS
- Oral contraceptives
- Benzodiazepines
- Antidepressants (cyclic & new).
10
III.
Foodborn Toxins:
- Bacterial foodborn toxins
- Viral and other GIT parasites
- Food additives and contaminants
- Food sensitivity.
4
1
Toxic exposure during pregnancy.
Special problems with infants, children and geriatric patient.
3
2
IV.
V.
EXAMINATIONS.
3
2
______
Total Hours: 28
=====
14
PRACTICAL:
Case studies collected from the hospitals, DPIC or literature are to be
presented, discussed and evaluated.
Comparison between the
treatment procedures utilized and other possible modern approaches
are to be projected.
21
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY PHL 463 (2 + 1)
Prerequisite: PHL 285
Course Description:
This course is concerned with the study of biochemical changes occurring
in the human body under pathological conditions. Disorders in protein, lipid, and
mineral metabolism as well as electrolytes, blood gases and acid base balance are
assessed in view of laboratory data. Laboratory work deals with evaluation of
biological constituents of the blood, urine and their interpretations
Course Contents:
1.
2.
3.
Hours
Disorders of Protein Metabolism:
a) Non-protein nitrogenous compounds (Urea, uric acid,
& amino acids).
- Their normal plasma levels
- Disease states associated with their increased
and decreased levels in the plasma.
b) Plasma Proteins:
i- Normal and abnormal levels of plasma proteins and
diseases associated with increased and decreased levels.
ii- Immunochemistry:
- components of the immune system.
- Diseases associated with disorders in the immune
system, multiple myeloma, systemic lupus erythromatosis, heavy-chain diseases, macroglobulinemia etc.
c) Clinical Enzymology:
Changes in enzymatic activity in disease states.
d) Hemoglobin:
- Normal and types of abnormal hemoglobins.
- Pathological cases associated with abnormal
hemoglobin,e.g. thalassemia, sickle cell anemia,etc.
Disorders of Lipid Metabolism:
- Hyper and hypolipoproteinemia.
- Atherosclerosis & lipidoses.
- Fatty liver.
Disorders of Electrolytes, Blood Gases &Acid-base Balance:
- Sodium, potassium , chloride & their diagnostic value.
- Gas transport in the blood (Oxygen & CO2).
- Blood pH and its regulation.
- Acidosis and alkalosis (Metabolic and respiratory)
& Pathological conditions associated with each condition.
EXAMINATIONS:
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
5
2
Total hours: 28
22
PRACTICAL
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY PHL 463 (2 + 1)
Lab 1 Blood analysis:
Electrophoretic separation of plasma proteins.
Electrophoretic separation of plasma lipoproteins.
Lab 2 Estimation of serum enzymes:
- LDH and its isoenzymes.
- CPK and its isoenzymes.
Lab 3 - Ornithine carbamoyl transferase.
- 5-nucleotidase.
Lab 4 - Isocitric dehydrogenase.
- Sorbitol dehydrogenase.
- Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase.
Lab 5
- Aldolase.
- Leucine aminopeptidase.
Lab 6 - Aspartate and Alanine Aminotransferases AST and ALT.
- transferase (GGT).
Lab 7 - Serum electrolytes:
- Chloride sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium.
Phosphorus.
Lab 8
- Iron & Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC).
Lab 9 - Immunoglobulins.
Lab 10
- Lipids (NEFA, phospholipids, cholesterol:
Total & HDL- and Triglycerides.
Urine Analysis:
Lab 11 - Porphyrins.
Lab 12 - Urobilinogen, Amino Levulinic Acid (ALA)
- Renal calculi.
Lab 13 & 14
.
EXAMINATIONS (Two Exams.)
23
APPLIED CLINICAL ANALYSIS PHL 464 (1 + 1)
Pre-requisite: PHL 463
Course Description:
This course deals with the biochemical aspects of (endocrine disorders.
Special emphasis will be given to the laboratory findings in each disease state and
their interpretation. The practical part deals with the analysis of hormones by
Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) and their metabolites in blood and
urine using photo chemical techniques. Other related parameters will be covered
whenever possible.
Course Contents:
Hours
1.
-
The Introduction:
Inter-relationships of the endocrine glands.
Homeostatic mechanisms
Complexity of hormone deficiencies.
Physiologic versus pathologic state.
Multiple and non-endocrine involvement.
1
2.
-
Disorders of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland:
Hypopituitarism.
Acromegaly and giantism.
Hyperprolactenemia.
Diabetes insipidus.
2
3.
-
Disorders of the thyroid gland:
Thyroid function tests.
Hypothyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism.
2
4.
-
Disorders of the parathyroid glands:
Hypoparathyroidism.
Hyperparathyroidism.
1
5.
-
3
-
Disorders of the adrenal gland:
Adrenocortical insuffiency.
a) Acute Addisonian Crisis.
b) Chronic Addison's Disease.
Adrenocortical overactivity:
a) Cushing's syndrome.
b) The adrenogenital syndrome.
c) Hyperaldosteronism.
Adrenal medula & pheochromocytoma.
6.
-
Disorders of the testes:
Male hypogonadism
Male hypergonadism.
1
7.
-
Disorders of the ovaries:
Female hypogonadism.
Female hypergonadism.
1
8.
Disorders of the pancreatic islet cells:
2
-
24
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Hypoglycemia.
EXAMINATION:
1
____
Total: 14
====
PRACTICAL PHL 464
APPLIED CLINICAL ANALYSIS (1 + 1)
Blood Analysis:
Lab 1
Lab 2
Lab 3
Lab 4
Lab 5
Lab 6
Lab 7
Insulin.
Glucose tolerance tests & glycated Hb
Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine
(T4)
Cortisol
FSH, LH, and/or Prolactin.
Case studies.
Urine Analysis:
Lab 8
17 Ketosteroids
Lab 9
17 Hydroxysteroids
Lab 10Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA)
Lab 115-Hydroxy Indole Acetic Acid - 5(OH)IAA.
Lab 12Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) by different
methods(qualitative).
Lab 13 & 14
EXAMINATIONS.
TOXICOLOGY PHL 471 (2 + 0)
Prerequisite: PHL 451
Course Description:
The course includes the study of the mechanism(s) of toxicity of the drugs
commonly used, the commonly encountered chemicals, radiation and radioactive
materials and drugs affecting maternal, foetal and neonatal health.
symptoms of toxicity and managements of the cases are stressed.
Course Contents:
I.
General Principles of Toxicology:
- Toxicity, hazard, risk.
- Branches of toxicology:
- Occupational, Environmental, Ecotoxicology,
Analytical and Clinical.
- Types of exposure and toxic responses
25
Signs and
Hours
5
II.
- Spectrum of toxicity.
- Evaluation of safety of chemicals and drugs.
Prevention and Management of Poisoning:
5
III.
- Poisoning episodes:
- Accidental, Suicidal, Homicidal, Non-accidental
- Prevention of poisoning:
- Management of Poisoning:
- Maintenance of vital functions
- Antidotes: non-specific & specific
- Prevention of absorption of poisons
- Enhanced elimination of poisons
- Supportive management;
Poisoning with Common Drugs:
7
- Selected OTC Products:
- Aspirin, Paracetamol, Iron
- CNS Depressants: Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines:
- CNS Stimulants: Amphetamine & Cocaine
IV.
Poisoning with Common Chemicals:
- Household Toxicants:
- Solvents, corrosives, gases, cleaning agents (soaps, detergents,
bleachs, ammonia solution).
6
- Pesticides:
- Halogenated & cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides
- Rodenticides
- Herbicides
- Fungicides
- Common Heavy Metals and Chelators:
V.
VI.
Teratogenic and Other Toxic Effects of Drugs
and Chemicals on Reproduction:
- Possible site of action of teratogens:
- Effects on father, mother, feto-placental unit and fetus.
- Principles of teratology as applied to man:
- Stages of pregnancy, Drug dosage, placental transfer,
use of drugs during pregnancy.
Radiation and Radioactive Material Toxicity:
EXAMINATION:
2
1
2
_____
Total Hours: 28
=====
26
TOXICOLOGY PHL 472 (2 + 1)
Prerequisite: PHL 451
Course Description:
A detailed course that describes the incidence, mechanism of action and
toxicological manifestations in humans poisoned with chemicals, drugs of abuse.
The course also covers the characteristic effects of the toxicants that can help in the
diagnosis as well as the methods of treatment.
Course Contents:
I.
Mechanisms of cell injury:
a) Membrane toxicants:
- Permeability
- Integrity
b) Cytosolic toxicants:
II.
III.
IV.
Hours
3
- Lysosomal
- Mitochondrial
- Enzyme inhibitors
- Reactive Metabolites
c) Nuclear toxicants:
- Alteration in protein synthesis
- Nucleic acid degeneration
- Chromosomal alterations
Chemical Carcinogens:
- Definitions
- Mode of action of the chemical carcinogens
- Classes of the chemical carcinogens
- Modifying factors in chemical carcinogenesis
- Detailed effects of selected representative members.
Teratogenic agents:
- Teratogenic potential (dose-response)
- Mechanisms of teratogenesis:
- Mutations
- Chromosomal aberations
- Mitotic interferences
- Nucleic acid integrity
- Lack of precursors or substrates
- Enzyme inhibition
- Osmolar imbalance
4
5
Industrial Hazards:
4
- Nitrogen compounds: Analine, nitrobenzene, & TNT.
- Halogenated "hydrocarbons": carbon tetrachloride, phosgene,
fluorocarbons, riot control agents & personal protection devices.
- Alcohols and glycols: methanol, ethanol, ethylene & diethylene glycol.
27
V.
VI.
VII.
- Aldehydes: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and paraldehyde.
- Hydrocarbons: petroleum distillates, aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene.
Immunotoxicity:
3
- Introduction
- Chemicals and metals inducing hypersensitivity and allergy
- Chemicals and metals inducing autoimmunity
- Immunosuppressants.
Toxicity of Narcotics:
- Introduction
- Acute versus chronic intoxication
- Laboratory findings and clinical presentation
- Treatment.
Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents:
- Definitions
- Introduction
- Classification
- Mechanisms of Toxicity
- Management.
EXAMINATIONS:
4
3
2
_____
Total Hours: 28
=====
PHL 472 PRACTICAL
TOXICOLOGY PHL 472 (2 + 1)
Lab
1
Determination of the acute LD5 0 and estimation of the margin of
safety.
General antidotes for acute intoxication.
Lab
2
Lab
3
Physiological and Pharmacological Antidotes:
- Morphine and Nalorphine.
- Barbiturates and Megimide.
- Digitalis and Potassium.
- Magnesium and Calcium.
Lab
4
Experiments with irritants and corrosives.
Lab
5
Behavioural Toxicology Experiments:
- Morphine, amphetamine and cocaine; effects of
acute intoxication.
- The Withdrawal Syndrome ( spontaneous, induced ).
Lab
6
Experiments with insecticides and pesticides.
Estimation of cholinesterase activity.
28
Lab
7
Snake venom toxicity and its management.
Lab
8
Inhalation toxicity with emphasis on warfare agents.
Lab
9
Hypersensitivity and allergy ( Ovalbumin challenge in guinea pigs).
Lab
10
Chronic Toxicity testing:
- Mutagenicity.
- Teratogenicity.
Lab
11
Toxic Drug Interactions:
- Sulphonamide and Tolbutamide
- Pargyline and Pethidine
- B-blokers and Digoxin
- Halothane and Catecholamines
( Glucose ).
( Hyperpyrexia ).
( Bradycardia).
( Arrhythmias ).
Lab
12
Effect of modification of pH on the excretion of toxicants.
Lab
13
Poisons affecting cardiac function ( ECG ).
Lab
14
EXAMINATIONS.
TOXICOLOGY PHL 473 (2 + 1)
Prerequisite: PHL 451
Course Description:
This course is concerned with the analysis of different chemical moities in
body tissues. It concerns with the effect of metabolic changes in chemical structure of
drugs and toxicants that affect their quantitative and qualitative detection.
Course Contents:
Toxicokinetics:
- Principles
- Relation to toxicant detection
- Parameters
Hours
3
-
Metabolism of toxic substances:
- Characteristics of cytochrome P450 enzyme system
- Phase I metabolism
- Phase II metabolism
- Qualitative and Quantitative aspects of metabolism.
6
-
Bioaccumulation of toxic substances in body tissue:
- Principles of bioaccumulation
- Extraction ratio
- Bioaccumulation index
2
-
Collection and preservation of samples for analysis:
- Antemortem specimen:
- Blood, urine, gastric aspirate, vomitus
- Postmortem specimen:
- Blood, urine, lung, brain, bile, bone, hair, finger nails,
adipose tissue and exhumed materials.
2
-
Extraction methods in toxicology:
2
29
-
Analytical techniques:
Specific toxicological analysis:
- Rational
- Samples from living patients:
- Emergency hospital toxicology
- Analysis of drugs of abuse.
1
6
-
Interpretation of finding and writing of reports:
Drug abuse in sports:
- Prohibited substances under the rules of horse racing
- Drugs prohibited by various human sports bodies
- Sampling
- Analytical approach.
1
3
-
EXAMINATION:
2
_____
Total Hours: 28
=====
PHL 473 PRACTICAL
TOXICOLOGY PHL 473 (2 + 1)
Lab 1
Lab 2
Modified Stas Otto Method.
The estimation of blood for barbiturate and their detection.
Extraction and detection of:
Lab 3
Lab 4
Lab 5
Lab 6
Lab 7
Drug of abuse.
Volatile poisons e.g. toluene, xylene....
Metallic poisons e.g. lead, arsenic.
Toxic anions e.g. Iodides.
Pesticides:
a) Organic phosphorous e.g. malathione.
b) Organic chlorine e.g. carbon tetrachloride.
Screening tests of the following in biological fluids and tissues:
Lab 8
Lab 9
Lab 10
Sedative hypnotics:
Barbiturates
Glutethimid
Ethanol.
Anxiolytic agents:
Chlordiazepoxide
Diazepam
Nitrazepam
Meprobamate.
Antidepressants:
Amitriptyllin
Nortriptyllin
Imipramine.
30
Lab 11
Antipsychotic agents:
Chlorpromazine
Other phenothiazine derivatives.
Lab 12
Narcotic analgesics and NSAIDS
Codeine
Salicylates.
Lab 13
Miscellaneous:
Amphetamine
Methanol
Cannabenoids
Phenytoin
Quinine and quinidine
Organic solvents.
Lab 14 EXAMINATIONS.
31