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Unit 7 – The Civil War I. From Bull Run to Antietam A. The First Battle of Bull Run - July 1861 General Irwin McDowell, commander of the Union troops, said he needed more time to get his 90-day volunteers ready but Lincoln ordered him into action. What was his objective? General P.G.T Beauregard commanded a smaller force of Confederate soldiers and was positioned along Bull Run, a stream 4 miles north of a Manassas. The Union troops attacked on July 21 and drove the Southerners back, but who stopped the Union advance? The Union troops retreated for the safety of Washington and the Confederates were too disorganized and exhausted to pursue the Union Army. The 1st major battle of the Civil War was over (1st Battle of Bull Run) = Union had 2900 casualties, 2000 for the Confederacy. DEFINE casualties. B. Preparing for War Bull Run caused some Americans on both sides to suspect that winning the war might not be so easy. 1. Strengths of the North and the South North = 2X more railroad and factories, better economy with more money in the bank, 2/3 of the nation’s population and a navy. South = majority of military officers from the South, fighting a defensive war and were fighting to preserve their way of life. 2. Union Military Strategies Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of the seceded states to block cotton from leaving and manufactured goods from entering. General Winfield Scott strategy was to cut the Confederacy in 2 by controlling the Mississippi River and getting the South to seek peace, Why was this plan (nicknamed Anaconda) scorned in the North? 3. Confederate War Strategies “All we ask is to be left alone” Jefferson Davis, Confederate President. Southern Strategy called for a war of attrition. DEFINE The South also planned to withhold cotton from England and France so those European countries would put pressure on the Union. Why did this strategy fail? 4. Tactics and Technology Most Civil War general had been trained to concentrate forces, attack the enemy and drive them away. The muskets and canons were ineffective because they were inaccurate. How did bullets and rifling change this? Shells (devices that exploded in the air or when they hit something) and canister (shell filled with bullets) made traditional tactics obsolete. C. War in the West After the disaster at Bull Run, Lincoln named General George McClellan to build and command a new army (The Army of Potomac) Meanwhile, Union forces in the West invaded the Confederacy (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee) and this became the “war in the west”. Who led the most successful Union forces in the West? 1. Forts Henry and Donelson – February 1862 These Confederate forts protected the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, which were important water routes into the Western Confederacy. Using Union gunboats, Grant took Fort Henry and them marched his army and took Donelson. What was the reaction to Grant’s action here? 2. The Battle of Shiloh – April 6-7 1862 Grant goes up against Confederate General Albert Johnson and wins this key battle near the Tennessee/Mississippi border. 13,000 Union and 11,000 Confederate casualties – this battle shattered the idea of a quick victory by either side. 3. Action of the Mississippi Union forces were moving up the Mississippi from the Gulf of Mexico. Who led the victorious assault on New Orleans and other key ports? By June 6, there were only 2 major ports on the Mississippi River now in Confederate hands – Vicksburg, Mississippi and Port Hudson, Louisiana. What was the significance of controlling the Mississippi? D. War in the East While the Union Army marched through the western Confederacy, Union warships maintained the blockade of Virginia’s coast. The Confederates had developed a secret weapon with which to fight the blockade – the iron clad warship. 1. The Monitor and the Merrimack Southerners had created the strange looking vessel by bolting iron plates to an old wooden steamship called the Merrimack (renamed Virginian) President Lincoln ordered a Union ship be built like the Virginian and in about 100 days the Monitor was ready to confront the Virginian. What happened when the two iron clad warships confronted each other off the coast of Virginia on March 9, 1862? Although these ships had no significant impact on the outcome of the Civil War, they would make wooden navies obsolete all over the world. 2. The Peninsular Campaign McClellan attempted to attack and capture Richmond, Virginia in May of 1862 – What was his one glaring weakness as a leader? Battle of Seven Pines (May 31) was a Northern Victory, but the North suffered heavy casualties and Robert E. Lee now commanded the South. E. The South Attacks Lee gambled that McClellan would remain cautious and wait for reinforcements Lee divided his army by sending troops to reinforce Stonewall Jackson who pretended to be preparing an attack on Washington DC – What happened? 1. The Second Battle of Bull Run – August 1862 Lincoln put General John Pope in command, but the results against Lee were the same – Lee’s tactics halted the Union advance. 2. The Battle of Antietam – September 1862 With Richmond no longer in danger, Lee decided that the time had come to invade the North – What did Lee hope would happen by dong this? The 2 armies met at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. - Was the bloodiest day of the Civil War = 26,000 total casualties. - How did McClellan (back in command) know Lee’s plan of attack? - The Confederates retreated and the ever-cautious McClellan failed to take advantage of this opportunity to destroy Lee’s Army. II. Life Behind the Lines A. Politics in the South The Confederate government had to persuade individual citizens to sacrifice their personal interests for the common good and use the limited resources in the South as best as possible – this proved to be a difficult task 1. Mobilizing for War General Lee called for a draft (required military service) and in April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed a draft law – What were the specifics of the draft law? The Confederate government also took control of the South’s economy. 2. The Impact of States’ Rights Not all of the mobilization efforts were successful because of a fierce commitment to states’ rights by many southerners. (EXPLAIN) 3. Seeking Help From Europe In May 1861, the Confederate government sent representatives to France and England, but failed to gain recognition (official acceptance) The South did receive some help, but both countries adopted a wait-andsee attitude; the South would have to prove itself on the battlefield. B. Politics in the North Lincoln (after early losses) had to convince some Northern citizens that maintaining the Union was worth the sacrifices they were being asked to make. 1. Republicans in Control Without Southern Democrats, Republican lawmakers were able to pass a number of laws that would have a lasting impact, even after the war. - Pacific Railroad Act - Homestead Act 2. Financial Measures First federal income tax was passed to raise money for the war, but it was repealed after the war. What, besides income, was also taxed? Congress also passed an act that created a national currency, called greenbacks because of their color. 3. Opposition to the War Like the South, the North instituted a draft; riots broke out and in New York City 100 people died during 4 days of destruction Identify the Copperheads and their beliefs. 4. Emergency Wartime Actions Lincoln and the United States government exercised great power during the Civil War – the president even resorted to extreme measures: - Why did the suspend members of the Maryland state legislature? - Martial law - Writ of habeas corpus was suspended C. Emancipation and the War Many Northerners began to question whether it was enough to simply restore the nation; Radical Republicans called for “freeing” the slaveholder’s property. 1. Lincoln and Slavery Lincoln believed he had no power under the Constitution to free the slaves, although he recognized its importance to the South’s war effort. 2. The Emancipation Proclamation – January 1, 1863 Lincoln announced that slaves in areas of rebellion against the government would be free. 3. Reaction to the Proclamation Only freed slaves in the South, not the border states or the north so many complained it did not go far enough. Blacks rejoiced because they believed that all enslaved people would be free after the war. What was the significant reaction in Europe? D. African Americans Join the War The Emancipation Proclamation encouraged blacks to join the Union Army. 1. The Contraband Issue Union General Benjamin Butler argued that your enemy’s possessions could be seized and the Union could free this “contraband property”. How did the contrabands help the Union war effort? 2. African-American Soldiers By 1865 nearly 180,000 blacks had enlisted in the Union army. On warships, black and white sailors served together, but the soldiers were in segregated units led by white officers. What was the name of the all-black regiment that led the assault on Fort Wagner in South Carolina? E. The Hardships of War The war produced drastic changes in the lives of Northerners and Southerners; but it was clear that the North was better off because of its resources. 1. The Southern Economy Among the problems the Confederacy faced during the war was a food shortage – Why? 2. The Northern Economy Northern industries boomed because the North had the farms and factories to produce everything the Union needed for the war effort. A few manufactures made profits by selling the Union government inferior products – GIVE EXAMPLES 3. Prison Camps The most notorious prison camp was Andersonville in the Confederacy. - about 100 Union soldiers died each day from starvation or exposure - What happened to the camp commander after the war? 4. Medical Care Health and medical conditions on both sides were frightful and disease was responsible for many soldiers’ deaths. - A Union soldier was 3X more likely to die in camp or in a hospital than he was to be killed on the battlefield. 1000s of woman on both sides volunteered to care for the sick and wounded. Who was Clara Barton? III. The Tide of War Turns A. Victories for General Lee Lincoln removed McClellan after Antietam in favor of General Ambrose Burnside, but the results were the same. 1. The Battle of Fredericksburg – December 13, 1862 Burnside’s plan was simple – march his 122,000 men straight toward Richmond and Lee let the Union army come right at him. What happened when Burnside attacked? 2. The Battle of Chancellorsville – May 1, 1863 Burnside then resigned and Lincoln gave the command to Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker who decided to attack the Confederate rear. Lee, with the help of JEB Stuart and Stonewall Jackson, outmaneuvered and surprised Hooker and by May 5, crushed the Union army. However, what was the big loss of the Confederacy at Chancellorsville? B. The Battle of Gettysburg The crushing defeats at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville were the low point of the war for the Union and the mood in Washington was dark. Lee now decided to invade the North again and hoped that a major Confederate victory on Union soil would push the Union into giving up the war. 1. July 1, 1863 – Day 1 at Gettysburg Confederate troops entered the town of Gettysburg looking for shoes and they ran into Union cavalry and the monumental battle started. Each army took up positions on a series of hills. - General George Meade was in charge of the Union Army now. - Lee was confident after Day 1 but his second-in-command General James Longstreet was cautious – WHY? 2. July 2, 1863 – Day 2 at Gettysburg Longstreet delayed his attack and this allowed for Meade to bring up more Union reinforcements. What was the importance of Colonel Joshua Chamberlain? 3. July 3, 1863 – Day 3 at Gettysburg Lee had decided to risk everything with an infantry charge at the center of the Union position. What preceded the Confederate attack? Lee sent 3 divisions of soldiers (5000 each), including General George Pickett, at the Union position on Cemetery Ridge. - The Union artillery rained shells down on the Confederate charge - The Union riflemen waited until the charge was 200 yards away and opened fire; it was over in about 30 minutes. What were the results of the Battle of Gettysburg? C. Vicksburg While armies clashed in the East, a Union force in the West struggled to capture the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi; which was key to controlling the Mississippi. 1. Grant Attacks Grant tried a variety of attempts to capture or bypass the city, but they all failed, until the marshy ground around the city dried out. Grant marched his army around Vicksburg to draw out the Confederates and he took the city of Jackson and the rebels retreated to Vicksburg. Grant then laid siege to Vicksburg - DEFINE siege. 2. The Siege of Vicksburg The Union began a bombardment that would average 2,800 shells a day for more than a month. What was life like in the city of Vicksburg? On July 4, some 30,000 Confederate troops marched out of Vicksburg and laid down their arms. D. The Importance of 1863 In Richmond (capital of Confederacy) there began serious talk of making peace and for the first time the end of the war seemed in sight: Lee’s weakened army had begun its retreat into Virginia and it would never again seriously threaten Union soil. What was the importance of the victory in the West at Vicksburg? Combined, Gettysburg and Vicksburg were the turning points of the war. E. The Gettysburg Address On November 19, 1863 some 15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery in honor of the Union soldiers who had died at that major battle. President Lincoln gave a short, two-minute speech that has become one of the best-loved and most quoted speeches in English. What was the main point of his address? IV. Devastation and New Freedom A. Grant Takes Command With the Presidential election of 1864 approaching, both sides saw this election as important to the war effort: - South - northern voters might replace Lincoln if the war dragged on. - North – Lincoln put US Grant in command of all Union forces. 1. Battle of the Wilderness – May 1864 Grant took his army of 155,000 men (2X that of Lee’s) and headed directly towards Richmond in hopes of engaging Lee. May 5 the fighting began and what did Grant do that was different than other Union Generals? 2. Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor – May 1864 Two battles in Virginia were the Union took heavy casualties but Grant continued to attack. 3. The Siege of Petersburg What was the importance of Petersburg? On June 18, 1864 Grant began a siege of this city and Lee built fortifications and decided to wait until the election of 1864. 4. In the Shenandoah Shenandoah was important both strategically and as a source of supplies for the South. What did Grant order General Sheridan to do to this region? B. Sherman in Georgia General William Tecumseh Sherman was given command of Grant’s army in the West and started a march from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Atlanta. 1. The Capture of Atlanta Southern commanders hoped to slow Sherman’s progress until the election of 1864. They were not successful at after a siege by Sherman, Atlanta was abandoned and left to the Union’s mercy. 2. Sherman Marches to the Sea November 1864, Sherman led some 62,000 Union troops on a march to the sea to capture Savannah, Georgia. Describe this “March” and its purpose. C. The Election of 1864 Republicans – (change name to Union party) Lincoln seemed to be the obvious choice, but some Radical Republicans wanted to run John C. Freemont – What was their problem with Lincoln? Lincoln does run with Andrew Johnson of Tennessee as his running mate. Democrats General George McClellan was popular with the troops and promised to put an end to the war if he won. What was the outcome of the election and what greatly helped Lincoln? D. A New Birth of Freedom February 1865, Congress passed the 13th Amendment, which ended slavery in the United States forever. What was the exception? E. The End of the War As Grant strangled Richmond and Sherman prepared to move north from Savannah to join him, gloom deepened in the South. 1. Sherman Moves North Sherman left Savannah and headed for South Carolina and had two goals that he wanted to accomplish: - 2. Surrender at Appomattox By April 1865, daily desertions had shrunk the Confederate army defending Richmond to fewer than 35,000 starving men. Lee attempted to join with Confederate General Johnston but Grant kept cutting these attempts off and all seemed lost for the South. Some Confederate officers wanted to turn to guerilla fighting (EXPLAIN) Lee decided to surrender to Grant on April 9, 1865. What were the terms of surrender? F. Lincoln is Assassinated Throughout the winter of 1864-1865, a group of Southerners conspirators worked on a plan to aid the Confederacy led by John Wilkes Booth. What was the original plan the conspirators were working on? The plan was changed when Lincoln decided to give the newly freed slaves the rights of citizenship. On the night of April 14, 1865 Booth slipped into the President’s unguarded box in Ford’s Theatre and assassinated the 16th President of the US. - Booth was eventually surrounded and shot - Lincoln was the 1st president in American history to be killed while in office.