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CONTENTS
PAGE
WORD ORDER
1
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME AND PLACE
5
VERBS OF PERCEPTION
9
THE CONTINUOUS TENSES
91
THE SIMPLE TENSES
13
THE PRESENT PERFECT
19
THE PAST PERFECT
25
MIXED TENSE PRACTICE
G
‘BY’ AND THE PERFECT TENSES
27
THE FUTURE TENSE IN TIME CLAUSES
33
INDIRECT SPEECH
36
MIXED SIMPLE SENTENCES
43
CAN AND MUST IN INDIRECT SPEECH
44
INDIRECT SPEECH MORE PRACTICE
46
PASSIVE VOICE
48
TWO-OBJECT VERBS
51
CORRELATIVE CLAUSES
54
RELATIVE CLAUSES
60
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
65
THE GERUND
69
CLAUSES OF RESULT
74
31
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
1
WORD ORDER
EXERCISE 1.
Identify the parts of the following sentences and correct the word
order if necessary.
e.g. Q. I like very much the cinema. SVMO WRONG
A. I like the cinema very much. SVOM
RIGHT
1. The pupil pronounced incorrectly the word.
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2. Silently in his bedroom was doing Tom his homework.
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3. My father arrived home late yesterday.
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4. The soldier dropped carelessly his rifle on the ground.
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5. The sun shines in summer more brightly.
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6. You can more easily swim in salt water.
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7. In a few years she will be able to play the piano beautifully.
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8. On a high branch was sitting a cat calmly.
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9. The policeman at once dived bravely into the canal.
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10. Without difficulty years ago I could climb this wall.
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There are, however, certain exceptions to the basic word order.
a. Adverbs of Manner may be placed before the verb or at the beginning of the
sentence for emphasis.
e.g. The guard checked the tickets carefully.
The guard carefully checked the tickets.
Carefully the guard checked the tickets.
b. Adverbs of Manner modifying the whole sentence are also placed either before
the verb or at the beginning of the sentence.
e.g. The storm fortunately caused little damage.
Fortunately the storm caused little damage.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
2
EXERCISE 2.
Indicate all possible positions for the Adverbs in brackets in the
following sentences.
e.g. Q. Mr. Black welcomed his old friend. (warmly)
A. Mr. Black welcomed his old friend warmly.
Mr. Black warmly welcomed his old friend.
Warmly Mr. Black welcomed his old friend.
1. The train began to move out of the station. (slowly)
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2. She left a lighted candle in the cellar. (foolishly)
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3. She pretended not to see him. (cleverly)
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4. The bullfighter sidestepped the charging bull. (calmly)
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5. Colin noticed the mistake in time. (luckily)
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6. The soldier volunteered for the dangerous mission. (bravely)
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7. She kept the whole cake for herself. (selfishly)
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8. The unhappy mother left the hospital. (sadly)
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9. The doctors saved the dying man’s life. (miraculously)
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10. He looked at his watch. (impatiently)
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
3
P R E P O S I T I O N S OF T I M E AND P L A C E
TIME. In order to answer the question «When does, will or did something happen,
we need to remember the difference between the Prepositions IN,
ON, AT.
Look at the following table. If you can, memorise it.
IN
ON
AT
EXERCISE 3.
Seasons
Dates
Feast Days
Months
Parts of the day
Very quickly read out the following expressions of time after the
phrase «It happened .................................» adding the correct
preposition: e.g. Q. Friday
A. It happened on Friday.
Tuesday
1938
25th March
6:45
Spring
the morning
October
EXERCISE 4.
Years
Days
Hours
Autumn
Two o’clock
Thursday
Winter
1821
Midnight (12 p.m.)
1967
ten o’clock
Easter
noon (12 a.m.)
the evening
Night
2004
Wednesday
the afternoon
April 1st
1991
December
August
Ask and answer the following questions as indicated, supplying the
necessary prepositions.
e.g.
Q. When-Tom-return-Paris? Friday.
A. When will Tom return from Paris?
He will return from Paris on Friday.
(Verbs may be in Simple Past, Present or Future.)
1. When-your exams-begin? 8th June
2. When-Columbus-discover America? 1542
3. When-your-mother-do-shopping? The morning
4. When-Tom-play football? Saturday morning
5. When-trees-lose-leaves? Autumn
6. When-Pericles-live? 5th century BC
7. When-your brother-take-holiday? August
8. When-you-start-new job? 1st July
9. When-film-begin? Ten past eight
10. When-Englishmen-play-cricket? Summer
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
4
EXERCISE 5.
Add one or more time words or phrases at the beginning or end of
these sentences.
1. _________________________ school starts ______________________________
2. ______________________ it seldom snows ______________________________
3. I was born _________________________________________________________
4. ____________________ the war ended _________________________________
5. ___________________ we arrived home ________________________________
6. ____________________________ it often rains ___________________________
7. ____________________ the boat will leave ______________________________
8. ________________________ the baby cries ______________________________
9. The concert took place _______________________________________________
10. ________________ the fire began ______________________________________
PLACE. In order to answer the question «Where?» we have to remember the
important difference between the preposition TO, INTO, IN and AT.
These are not the only prepositions of Place but they are the most easily
confused.
Here again a table will help. Memorise it if you can.
MOTION
REST
to
from
Into
out of
in, (inside) outside
At
This table shows that before you use a preposition of Place it is necessary
to decide whether the sentence contains the idea of movement in a certain
direction or not.
If it does, then we must use a preposition of Motion:
TO
The train was still waiting in the station
INTO
A boy suddenly ran into the room.
FROM
Can you swim from this island to the shore?
OUT OF
The angry teacher sent the boy out of the room.
If it does not contain this idea of motion in a certain direction,
then we must use a preposition of Rest:
IN
The train was still waiting in the station.
INSIDE
Nobody knew what was inside the box.
OUTSIDE
He usually parks his car outside the cinema.
AT
Let’s meet at the park.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
5
NOTE: There is an important difference between IN and AT:
IN: is used to express the general area within which an action takes place or
something is to be found.
AT: is used to express the exact spot at which an action takes place or something is to be found.
e.g. The plane crashed somewhere in the mountains.
They spend the night at the top of the mountain.
In the first part of the book there is very little action.
All the action comes at the end of the book.
NOTE: Some words need special care:
HOME  after verbs of Rest the preposition is AT.
e.g. He spent the day at home.
After verbs of Motion no preposition is used.
e.g. He hurried home.
NOTE: ENTER and REACH do not need a preposition.
ARRIVE is followed by either IN for large places or AT for small places.
e.g. He soon reached the top.
Nobody entered the theatre that morning.
We soon arrived at the traffic lights.
EXERCISE 6.
Ask and answer the following questions as indicated, supplying the
preposition where necessary:
e.g. Q: Where - Mr. - Hill - fly - last week? Tokyo.
A: Where did Mr. Hill fly to last week?
He flew to Tokyo last week. (or: Last week he flew to Tokyo)
1. Where - Mr. Hill - stay? the King George Hotel?
2. Where - Mary - jump? the water.
3. Where - Frank - arrive - on the third day?
4. Where - Miranda - travel to? the West Coast of America.
5. Where - Jimmy - climb? the top of the tree.
6. Where - the crash - happen? the cross - roads.
7. Where - Philip - live? 22 Rushton Ave.
8. Where – your sister - go? the theatre.
9. Where - the children - play? the garden.
10. Where - the train - just go? that tunnel.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
6
EXERCISE 7.
Read out the following sentences, supplying the missing prepositions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Since then the wreck has been lying ___________________ the bottom of the sea.
Slowly the ship sank ________________________________the bottom of the sea.
Thousands of tourists come ___________ Greece ___________ all over the world.
My brother is working _______________________________ America at present.
How often do you go ____________________________________ the cinema?
I spent my holiday ________________ a small village __________ the Swiss
Alps.
7. He poured some more wine ___________________________________ my glass.
8. The missing aeroplane had rushed __________________ the shop without paying.
9. Monaco is the smallest state __________________________________ Europe.
10. Many people were queuing __________________________________ the cinema.
V E R B S OF P E R C E P T I O N
SEE, HEAR, FEEL, SMELL
These four verbs are verbs of Perception and must be used carefully. They may be
followed by a noun-object.
e.g. I saw the flying-saucer.
I can smell coffee.
Then she felt the needle.
We heard her.
or a noun or pronoun object with the verb.
This verb may be in either the participle or infinitive form:
e.g. I saw the flying-saucer land in the field. (Infinitive)
I can smell coffee burning. (Participle)
Then she felt the needle enter her arm. (Infinitive)
We heard her screaming. (Participle)
The Infinitive is used when we perceive the action from beginning to end. The action
is usually of short duration.
The participle is used when only some stage of the action is perceived. The action
perceived is usually of prolonged duration.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
7
EXERCISE 8.
Now repeat the following sentences with the verbs in bracket in the
appropriate form, Infinitive or Participle, according to the meaning of the sentence.
1. The goalkeeper watched the ball (roll) slowly into the net.
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2. You can smell the fish (cook) in the kitchen.
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3. Have you ever seen a dolphin (jump) out of the water?
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4. The water is boiling, I can hear the kettle (whistle).
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5. They heard the bomb (explode) and saw smoke (rise).
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6. Did anyone see him (take) the money?
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7. The runner could feel his strength (fail) him.
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8. As he opened the door, he felt the icy wind (strike) his face.
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9. We love to smell the hay (dry) in the sun.
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10. I felt the snake (crawl) over my leg.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
8
THE CONTINUOUS TENSES
SUMMARY
CONTINUOUS TENSES ARE USED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TO SHOW ACTION IN PROGRESS
TO SHOW TEMPORARY STATE or SITUATION
TO EMPHASISE DURATION OF ACTION (+ALL) also
PRES. CONTIN: = DEFINITE ACTION IN NEAR FUTURE
FUTURE CONTIN: = DECISION TO ACT IN CERTAIN WAY
EXERCISE 9.
Put the verbs in the correct tense.
1. The robbery took place at eleven o’clock last night.
What (you do) then, Tuffy?
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2. (You do) anything special next weekend? Would you like to come and stay with
us at the sea?
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3. While Mrs. Brown (hang) out the washing, the cat (jump) on the table and (drink)
the baby’s milk.
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4. I won’t be able to go to the cinema for the next week or two because I (study) for
my school exams.
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5. The Williamses are new in Athens and (stay) at a hotel until they can find a
suitable flat.
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6. Half an hour ago you (complain) of the heat. Now you (complain) of the cold. You
have given me no peace since we put in air-conditioning.
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7. All tomorrow afternoon and evening I (pack) my suitcases for my trip to America.
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8. Don’t make any noise! Your father (have) a nap.
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9. We almost froze in class yesterday. The central heating (not work).
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10. Bill Frith (not enter) for the Nicest Garden Competition next month. He knows he
can’t beat Joe Sanders.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
9
THE SIMPLE TENSES
SUMMARY
SIMPLE TENSES ARE USED:
1. TO SHOW COMPLETED ACTIONS or
2. TO SHOW REPEATED OR HABITUAL ACTION
EXERCISE 10.
1. Before Dick was married, he (go) to the theatre at least once a week.
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2. As soon as he arrived in London, Mr. Konstas (telephone) the Mayfair Hotel
and (book) a room.
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3. Whenever he went to London, he always (stay) at the Mayfair.
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4. Next year in class 4 you (do) homework every evening.
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5. Mrs. Burton is very old and rarely (leave) her house.
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6. When Jock (come) back, he (find) my note and (call) the police.
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7. Mary has many friends in Amsterdam and (stay) with them regularly.
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8. Percy (eat) the meal, (drink) the beer, (put) a piece of cheese in his pocket, (say)
thank you and (walk) away.
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9. « ........................... Nikolaides (pick) up a loose ball on the right, (speed) down the
touchline and (send) a hard low centre across the goal.
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Donis (come) in very fast and (meet) the ball with his head and -yes! - it’s a goal,
another goal for Donis, his 17th this season.
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10. Marie Tresor, the World Backstroke champion (train) very hard. Every day she
(swim) 2 miles before breakfast and then (do) another 2 miles after her work.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
10
EXERCISE 11(A).
Rewrite these sentences, using the adverbs of frequency given in
the brackets. Remember the adverb comes immediately in front
of the verb.
1. Tom is wearing gloves (usually). _______________________________________
2. Susan is drinking coffee. (seldom)
______________________________________
3. This ship is sinking. (often)
____________________________________________
4. This train is stopping at Corinth. (never) _________________________________
5. My mother is baking cakes. (frequently)__________________________________
6. Bill is cleaning his teeth. (always)
_______________________________________
7. We are working late. (rarely) __________________________________________
8. Peter is sleeping in class. (often)
________________________________________
9. The dog is drinking milk. (never) _______________________________________
10. The fish are jumping out of the water. (sometimes) _________________________
EXERCISE 12.(B)
Put the verbs in brackets into the right Present tense.
1. My father usually (wear) a shirt but today he (wear) a pullover.
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2. This evening he (read) a book but frequently he (watch) television.
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3. On Sundays we usually (go) to the sea but this Sunday we (stay) at home.
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4. She always (help) her mother with the house-work but tonight she (do) her
homework.
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5. It seldom (snow) in Greece but today it (snow) heavily.
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6. I generally (feel) sick in aeroplanes but this time I (feel) fine.
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7. Rivaldo always (play) well but today he (play) very badly.
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8. At the moment Olympiakos (lose) but they nearly always (win).
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9. Mary sometimes (type) her letters but she (write) this one by hand.
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10. The baby often (wake) up but today he (sleep) soundly.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
11
EXERCISE 13.
(Borrowed)
1. There is going to be a bus strike. Everyone (walk) to work next week.
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2. You’ve just missed the last train; Never mind, I (walk).
__________________________________________________________________
3. I’ll ring you tomorrow at six.
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No, don’t ring at six; I (bath) the baby then. Ring later.
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4. Mother: Your face is dirty.
Child: All right, I (wash) it.
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5. Will you have lunch with me on the 24th?
I’d love to, but I’m afraid I (do) my exam then.
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6. I (work) for Mr. Pitt next week as his own secretary will be away.
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7. The headmaster said: “Smith and Brown (report) to me at six o’clock.”
Smith and Brown looked horrified.
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8. Why did you take this razor? He (look) for it everywhere tomorrow.
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9. I hope you’ll do well in the race tomorrow. I (think) of you.
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10. Notice on board ships. In the event of an emergency all passengers (assemble) on
the boat deck.
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EXERCISE 14.
Choose the correct Past Tense.
1. We (drive) at 100 m.p.h. when the accident (happen).
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2. We often (drive) at over 100 m.p.h. on the motorway.
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3. Miss Wade (win) the Ladies’ singles final again at Wimbledon yesterday.
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4. While Miss Wade (play) in yesterday’s Ladies’ Singles Final, she (break) her
racket
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5. When we (live) in the country, we (go) riding every morning.
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6. When we (see) Mary last week, she (ride) a beautiful white horse.
__________________________________________________________________
7. Tom (take) exams all last week.
__________________________________________________________________
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
12
8. Tom (take) his last exam yesterday.
__________________________________________________________________
9. We (take) exams every month when I was at the university.
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10. As the ship (sail) slowly through the fog, it suddenly (run) aground.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
13
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
14
THE PRESENT PERFECT
The Present Perfect is used to tell us
either (1) How long an action begun in the past has been in progress at the time of
speaking
(in Greek this idea is expressed by the ENESTOS.
or (2) whether an action begun in the past has been completed at the time of speaking.
(in Greek this idea is expressed by the PARAKEIMENOS and the AORISTOS.)
EXERCISE 15.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense Simple Past or
Present Perfect.
1. How long (Tom learn) French? Seven years? (He obtain) his Superieur yet?
__________________________________________________________________
2. I (just finish) my homework. Now I can watch television.
__________________________________________________________________
3. Jane is still eating lunch but Sally (already eat) hers.
__________________________________________________________________
4. The Joneses (live) in Chelsea since 1975.
__________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Brown must be tired. He (dig) in the garden for three hours.
__________________________________________________________________
6. (You read) any good books lately?
__________________________________________________________________
Yes, I (read) one last week. It was called Watership Down.
__________________________________________________________________
7. I (go) to the cinema a month ago but I (not go) since then.
__________________________________________________________________
8. Little Johnny is very nervous. He (never go) to the dentist’s before.
__________________________________________________________________
9. Toni Severo is the favourite. He (already win) this golf tournament twice.
__________________________________________________________________
10. The bank robbery (take) place a week ago but the police (not arrest) any of the
gang yet.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 16.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
1. Anne, (you meet) Philip Gordon?
__________________________________________________________________
2. (You try) the shrimps? You must. They’re absolutely delicious.
__________________________________________________________________
3. I’m afraid we (miss) the bus. Let’s take a taxi.
__________________________________________________________________
4. I (forget) his name but it doesn’t really matter.
__________________________________________________________________
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
15
5. I (find) it. Look, just here in this crack.
__________________________________________________________________
6. Tom (buy) a new car, so he is coming round to take us for a drive.
__________________________________________________________________
7. Oh dear. Margaret (fall) again. I’m afraid she’ll never learn to skate.
__________________________________________________________________
8. (You read) that book on the table, Dick? May I borrow it?
__________________________________________________________________
9. Someone (steal) my suitcase. What shall I do now?
__________________________________________________________________
10. I’m sorry, Tim, but I (break) that glass you lent me. I’ll buy you another.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 17.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. People (often win) fortunes on the football pools and in lotteries.
__________________________________________________________________
2. The inhabitants of this mountain village (never see) the sea.
__________________________________________________________________
3. (you ever play) chess?
__________________________________________________________________
4. Mr. Grimes is very punctual and (seldom be) late for his work.
__________________________________________________________________
5. It sometimes snows in Athens but, as long as I have been living here, it (rarely
snow) heavily.
__________________________________________________________________
6. I (always ask) my father’s advice on such matters but this time I think I shall ask
my teacher.
__________________________________________________________________
7. My mother is a little absent-minded and (sometimes put) salt in her tea instead of
sugar.
__________________________________________________________________
8. He is a good tenant and (pay) his rent regularly.
__________________________________________________________________
9. On the whole Maria has been a good student but she (forget) to do her homework
occasionally.
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EXERCISE 18.
Put the words in the Present Perfect or Simple Past.
1. Brown (go) to the theatre last week.
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2. (He come) back from the theatre yet?
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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16
3. The people (already sit) down.
__________________________________________________________________
4. When Tom (get up) last Sunday?
__________________________________________________________________
5. How long (it rain)?
__________________________________________________________________
(It rain) since early this morning.
__________________________________________________________________
6. In 1970 we (spend) a fine holiday in Italy.
__________________________________________________________________
7. I (be) here in Venice for five days and so far I (not write) a single card.
__________________________________________________________________
8. (You read) the book which I (lend) you last month?
__________________________________________________________________
9. I (start) to read it but I (not finish) it yet.
__________________________________________________________________
10. (You ever go) to France?
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 19.
Put in ‘FOR’ or ‘SINCE’ (borrowed)
1. We have been fishing _______________________________________ two hours.
2. I have been working in this office _______________________________ a month.
3. They have been living in France ___________________________________ 1945.
4. He has been in prison __________________________________________ a year.
5. I have known that _________________________________________ a long time.
6. That man has been standing there _____________________________ six o’clock.
7. She has worn the same hat _______________________________________ 1940.
8. Things have changed _______________________________________ I was a girl.
9. The kettle has been boiling ___________________________ a quarter of an hour.
10. The wireless has been on _________________________________________ a.m.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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17
THE PAST PERFECT
When it is necessary to show that one action in the past was over and completed
before another later action in the past i.e. that there is a ‘time-gap’ between the first
and the second action in the past, then the Past Perfect is used.
EXERCISE 20.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. After she (finish) her secretarial course, Susan (find) a job easily.
__________________________________________________________________
2. As soon as David (write) the letter, he (post) it at once.
__________________________________________________________________
3. The bus-driver (refuse) to start the bus until the rude passenger (get) off.
__________________________________________________________________
4. When they (spend) all their money, they (write) home to their parents and (ask)
them to send some more.
__________________________________________________________________
5. The silly fellow (walk) on the concrete before it (set) hard.
__________________________________________________________________
6. By the time the storm (start), they (arrive) home.
__________________________________________________________________
7. As soon as he (repair) the damage to his boat, Captain Cook (sail) south again.
__________________________________________________________________
8. When he was sure that no one (follow) him from the office, Bridges (catch) a taxi
and (go) to the airport.
__________________________________________________________________
9. His father wouldn’t let him go out to play until he (do) his homework.
__________________________________________________________________
10. After the workmen (dig) the foundations, they (begin) to build the house.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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MIXED TENSE PRACTICE
EXERCISE 21.
Form sentences adding the time verbs and making any necessary
changes:
1. Tom-visit-his uncle (at the moment/every Friday/two weeks ago/recently/while)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Mr. Brown-bake-cakes (for ages/last Friday/seldom/just)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Bill-eat-soup (never/now/yesterday/already/as)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. They-go-school-by car (always/today/the other day/when)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Smith-work-in advertising (at present/How long?/while/since 1970/in 1970)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Peter-have-an accident (often/a short time ago/When? just/ever?/not yet).
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Mary-go-to the cinema (once a week/this evening/lately?/since last week/this
week?)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Mr. Williams-stay-at a hotel (for the time being/usually/as/how long?/for two
weeks/last summer)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. We drink-champagne (at our wedding/since our wedding/ever?/rarely)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. They-sleep-in a tent (at present/How long?/while) last summer/since last summer/
for the whole summer)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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EXERCISE 22.
MORE MIXED TENSE PRACTICE
1. Detectives-wait-at the airport (While/how long?/since noon/all yesterday morning)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Everybody-laugh (Listen!/usually/When I arrived/just now)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Bill-win-the Nicest Garden Competition (Never/Two years ago/next year/since ’70)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Joe-build-a wooden bridge (when/When?/yet/already/at the moment)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. You-grew-vegetables and flowers (ever/every year/How long?/for years)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. The thieves-steal-the diamonds (the other week/not yet/as/just)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Percy Buttons-call-at your house (twice so far/lately?/regularly)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Mr. Scott-send-urgent messages (at the moment/all last week)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Tom-go-to the theatre (seldom/since last year/five times this year/just/little)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. It-rain-heavily (How long?/since five o’clock/all day/today/never/at the moment)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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20
“By” and the P e r f e c t T e n s e s
With the preposition of time ‘BY’ the main verb must be in a Perfect tense: Past
Perfect, Present Perfect or Future Perfect according to the meaning.
e.g. Last night I had finished my homework by 7 o’clock. I have usually finished my
homework by my homework by 7 o’clock every night.
I hope that I shall have finished my homework by 6 o’clock tomorrow night
because I want to go to the cinema.
EXERCISE 23.
Put the verbs into the appropriate Perfect Tense.
1. My wife always takes so long to get ready that by the time we reach the cinema
the film usually (start).
__________________________________________________________________
2. If you don’t hurry, dear, the film (start) by the time we get to the cinema.
__________________________________________________________________
3. We missed the beginning of the film last night because by the time we got to the
cinema the film (already start).
__________________________________________________________________
4. The first rain (usually fall) by the end of September.
__________________________________________________________________
5. By the end of this month we (save) up enough to buy a car.
__________________________________________________________________
6. If we set out early, we (arrive) at Cylene by noon.
__________________________________________________________________
7. By the time he reached the corner, the man with the beard (disappear).
__________________________________________________________________
8. By the end of the second lesson a good teacher (usually learn) each pupil’s name.
__________________________________________________________________
9. By the 20th October we (spend) ten years in this country.
__________________________________________________________________
10. I promise that by the end of next week I (pay) back all the money I owe you.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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21
THE FUTURE TENSE IN TIME CLAUSES
When the main verb is FUTURE, the verb in a TIME CLAUSE introduced by
WHEN; UNTIL; AS SOON AS; AFTER; BEFORE; THE MOMENT; THE NEXT
MOMENT; ONCE and BY THE TIME THAT is always:
SIMPLE PRESENT instead of SIMPLE FUTURE = No time gap
PRES. CONTINUOUS instead of FUT. CONTINUOUS = No time gap
PRES. PERFECT instead of FUTURE PERFECT = Time gap between the actions
e.g. When Tom comes, he will tell us what to do.
While you are putting up the tent I will collect some wood for the fire.
I shan’t leave his bedside until he has recovered consciousness.
EXERCISE 24.
Put the verbs into the correct tense.
1. As soon as Diana (receive) the prize money, she will buy a fur coat.
__________________________________________________________________
2. We must clean up the room before mother (return).
__________________________________________________________________
3. By the time you (make) up your mind, it will be too late to go anywhere.
__________________________________________________________________
4. The arrested man will not make a statement until he (see) his lawyer.
__________________________________________________________________
5. We shall wait here until someone (find) us.
__________________________________________________________________
6. The prisoners will have escaped before the guard (realise) what has happened.
__________________________________________________________________
7. When spring (come) and all the flowers (bloom), we shall go to Mistras.
__________________________________________________________________
8. What will you do while I (get) the tickets?
__________________________________________________________________
9. The next time you (do) that, I shall punish you.
__________________________________________________________________
10. Mrs. Ford will go out to work as soon as her youngest son (start) school.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 25.
Put the verbs in the correct tense (Borrowed)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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22
1. I ______________________________________ (be) to Radio City several times.
2. I _____________________________________ (be) that novel three or four times.
3. By this time next year, we ____________ (complete) all the exercises in this book.
4. Up to now, nothing __________________________ (hear) from the lost aviators.
5. By March fifteenth, I _________________________________ (be) here one year.
6. He handed in the report which he ________________________________ (write).
7. Since when ______________ Harry __________ (be) manager of this department?
8. You (see) a good film lately? __________________________________________
9. He (live) in England since 1978.________________________________________
10. «You (read) that book yet?» «No, I only just (begin) it»
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 26.
Re-write the basic sentence with each of the temporal adverbs or
phrases, making any necessary changes.
1. Mr. Brown arrive-at the station (just/just ____________ now/already/in a
moment/
any moment now/just as _____________________________________________ )
__________________________________________________________________
2. The art student-hang-his new painting-on the wall (five minutes ago/just now/not
________________________________________ yet/the day after tomorrow/after)
__________________________________________________________________
3. Motorists-park-outside my gate (always/seldom/never/not __________ since I put
up No Parking signs/If)
__________________________________________________________________
4. Captain Fawcett-land-his air-taxi-on a ploughed field (the other day/twice so far/
How often?/as)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Brownlow-sit-on bank of river Wade (On fine afternoons/Last Sunday/
regularly before his illness/How long?/ since two o’clock)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Frank-work-very hard (always as a boy/when he was a boy/lately?/not …….. since
he was a boy)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Brian- fly-to Rockall (at this time tomorrow morning/the week after/next/When?/
ever?/After)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. The small workshop-grow-into a large factory (By the end of the war/by the end of
next year/since the war started/during the war)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. Frank-repair-his son’s bicycle (whenever it was broken/all yesterday morning/
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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23
usually/often/yet?/by tomorrow evening)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. The well-dressed woman-steal/ten dresses (so far/by the time she was arrested/last
year)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
INDIRECT SPEECH
Students must distinguish between three types of spoken sentence.
A. STATEMENTS = “Your brother is coming today” she said.
B. QUESTIONS
= “Is your brother coming today?” she said.
C. COMMAND or
REQUEST
= “Bring your brother today.” She said.
A. STATEMENTS:
In changing from Direct to Indirect follow each step carefully:
1. If the introductory verb is SAY, then use SAY.
If the introductory verb is SAY TO, then use TELL.
Thus, “You’re late today,” she said
will begin : She said …….
BUT “You’re late today! she said to him.
will begin : She told him…….
2. The spoken words of the Direct Speech are introduced in their Indirect Form by
“That”
3. The PRONOUNS of the Direct Speech must be given their correct reference.
Thus, “You’re late today,” she said.
will become: She said that I (or he, she, they, we) …….
4. If the introductory verb is in the Past Tense, then all the finite verbs of the Direct
Speech will change so as to refer to the past.
Thus, “You’re late today,” she said
will become: She said that I was late …………
The usual changes of tense are as follows:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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24
SIMPLE PRESENT
I play
SIMPLE PAST
I played
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
I am playing
PROGRESSIVE PAST
I was playing
SIMPLE PAST
I played
PAST PERFECT
I had played
PROGRESSIVE PAST
I was playing
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
I had been playing
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
I have played
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
I had played
PRESENT PERFECT PROG/VE
I have been playing
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
I had been playing
FUTURE
I will play
CONDITIONAL
I would play
can play ………….. could play
must play ………… had to play
may play …………. Might play
4. If the introductory verb is past, then certain other words must be made to refer to
the past and a remote situation.
Thus, Today
= That day ………………… tonight = that night
tomorrow = the next day or the following day
yesterday = the previous day or the day before
this
= that ………….. these = those
here
= there ………… next time = the next time
last time = the previous time
B. QUESTIONS:
Here the changes are similar to those in Indirect Statements but more care is
necessary. Thus, as in statements:
1. The PRONOUNS change
1. TENSES change if the introductory verb is in the Past Tense.
2. TIME PHRASES and DEMONSTRATIVES (this) change.
BUT
3. The introductory SAY becomes ASK
4. The spoken words are introduced by IF or WHETHER if the Direct Question is a
simple one or by the interrogative word (when, why, etc.) of the original question
and MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
25
5. The interrogative verb of the Direct Question becomes AFFIRMATIVE in the
Indirect Question.
Thus, “Is your brother coming today?” she said
becomes:
She asked (4) if (5) his (1) brother was (6,2) coming that day(3)
And “ Why were you late again yesterday? she said
becomes:
She asked why he had been late again the previous day.
C. COMMANDS AND REQUESTS
Here again as in Statements and Questions:
1. PRONOUNS change
2. Time phrases and Demonstratives change, but
3. The Introductory SAY becomes TELL, ORDER, INSTRUCT in Commands and
ASK or BEG in Requests.
N.B. THESE VERBS MUST ALWAYS BE FOLLOWED BY AN INDIRECT
OBJECT.
IF THERE IS NO OBJECT IN THE ORIGINAL SENTENCE, PROVIDE ONE.
4. The verb of the Direct Command becomes a ‘ “TO” INFINITIVE ’
N.B. 1 The NEGATIVE = NOT TO
N.B. 2 This infinitive never changes tense.
Thus: “Bring you brother tomorrow”, she said
becomes: She told (3) him (3) to bring (4) his (1) brother the next (2) day
and : “Please bring your brother tomorrow!” she said
becomes: She asked him to bring his brother the next day.
and: “Don’t forget your book!” she said.
becomes: She told him not to forget his book.
N.B. If the Direct Command contains a Subordinate Clause, the finite verb of this
Clause must change tense as in Statements.
Thus: “Don’t forget to return the book which you borrowed!” said the librarian.
becomes: The librarian told the young man not to forget to return the book which
he HAD BORROWED.
These rules for conversion can be summed up as follows:
STATEMENT
SAY = SAY
THAT
QUESTION
PRONOUNS CHANGE
SAY = ASK
IF, WHETHER or
QUESTION WORD
PRONOUNS CHANGE
TENSES CHANGE
TENSES CHENGE
COMMAND
SAY = TELL or ASK
ALWAYS NEEDS
OBJECT
AFFIRM.= TO DO
NEG.= NOT TO DO
PRONOUNS CHANGE
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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26
AFTER SAID or TOLD
OTHER WORDS
CHANGE
AFTER ASKED
VERBS = AFFIRMATIVE OTHER WORDS
CHANGE
OTHER WORDS
SUBORDINATE TENSES
CHANGE
CHANGE
EXERCISE 27.
1. “I can’t hear a word,” the writer said.
___________________________________________________________________
2. “This is a private conversation,” the young man said to the writer.
___________________________________________________________________
3. “I have just arrived by train”, said Aunt Lucy.
___________________________________________________________________
4. “Captain Alison will set out at eight o’clock tomorrow,” he said.
___________________________________________________________________
5. “I didn’t enjoy the play last night,” my friend said to me.
___________________________________________________________________
6. “I was still sleeping when my aunt called last Sunday,” I said.
___________________________________________________________________
7. “What are you doing?” she said to me.
___________________________________________________________________
8. “Do you always get up so late?” I said to him.
___________________________________________________________________
9. “Why are these detectives waiting at the airport today?” the old lady said.
___________________________________________________________________
10. “Why didn’t Bill win the Nicest Garden Competition?” Mary said to me.
___________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 28.
Turn the following into Indirect speech.
1. STATEMENTS
1. “You need a new car,” said the mechanic to Mr. Wood.
__________________________________________________________________
2. “Fred is watering the garden”, said Mary.
__________________________________________________________________
3. “I won £500 on the football pools, said Mary.
__________________________________________________________________
4. “My future husband won’t let me make another film,” said Karen Marsh.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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27
5. “Your daughter has just left,” the clerk said to Mr. Smith.
__________________________________________________________________
6. “We may go abroad but I’m not sure,” said Harry.
__________________________________________________________________
7. “We can’t make up our minds,” said Harry.
__________________________________________________________________
8. “I won’t charge you this time, said the policeman to Harry.
__________________________________________________________________
9. “I didn’t see the sign because I was talking to my wife,” he said.
__________________________________________________________________
10. “She was a famous actress when I was a schoolgirl,” she said to Millie.
__________________________________________________________________
2. QUESTIONS
1. “Can we buy it on installments?” said Mrs. Frith.
__________________________________________________________________
2. “Do you like it” said her husband.
__________________________________________________________________
3. “Have you any small change? the conductor said to the passenger.
__________________________________________________________________
4. “May I have a glass of beer?” said Tim to Pat.
__________________________________________________________________
5. “How is Jimmy feeling?” said the doctor.
__________________________________________________________________
6. “Which books did you buy?” said the manager.
__________________________________________________________________
7. “Did you serve this gentleman about an hour ago?” he said to her.
__________________________________________________________________
8. “Who are these people?” said Bob.
__________________________________________________________________
9. “Why did you shave your beard?” said his friend.
__________________________________________________________________
10. “Where are you going for your holidays this year?” said Roy.
__________________________________________________________________
1. “Please don’t be late!” Mary said to Julia.
__________________________________________________________________
2. “Put this book back on the table,” Tom’s father said.
__________________________________________________________________
3. “Never play with matches again!” the fireman said to the children.
__________________________________________________________________
4. “Call me when the enemy attack!” said the general to his adjutant.
__________________________________________________________________
5. ‘Don’t disturb me unless it is something very important,” said my boss.
__________________________________________________________________
6. “Take care not to get paint on your clothes!” the teacher said.
__________________________________________________________________
7. “Please help me with this suitcase, young man,” said the old lady.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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28
__________________________________________________________________
8. “Please wake me up at six o’clock tomorrow,” I said to the receptionist.
__________________________________________________________________
9. “Don’t put your elbows on the table!” said Mr. Bridges to his son.
__________________________________________________________________
10. “Please fetch me a glass of water, Mary” said her mother.
__________________________________________________________________
MIXED SIMPLE SENTENCES
EXERCISE 29:
Turn into Indirect Speech.
1. “Did you see the match on T.V. last night? John said to Jim.
__________________________________________________________________
2. “I haven’t finished my homework,” said George.
__________________________________________________________________
3. “Where will you be at five o’clock tomorrow?” Mary said.
__________________________________________________________________
4. “Please lend me your bicycle,” I said to my brother.
__________________________________________________________________
5. “Where did you leave it last time?” I said.
__________________________________________________________________
6. “Don’t damage it,” he said.
__________________________________________________________________
7. “You’ll find it in the garden,” he said.
__________________________________________________________________
8. “I know more English than you do,” said Tom to Jim.
__________________________________________________________________
9. “Tell me what happened yesterday at school!” my father said.
__________________________________________________________________
10. “Will you be going to Mary’s party next Friday?” Sally said to Tom.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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29
C A N and M U S T IN I N D I R E C T S P E E C H
Students often have difficulty with these verbs in Indirect Speech because they form
their tenses irregularly. Thus.
PRESENT
can
Must
PAST
could
Had to
FUTURE
will be able to
Will have to
PRESENT PERFECT
have been able to
have had to
PAST PERFECT
had been able to
Had had to
CONDITIONAL
would be able to
would have to
INFINITIVE
to be able to
to have to
Thus in Indirect Speech.
“I must go to the dentist’s now,” said John.
becomes
John said that he had to go to the dentist’s.
and
“I could not help you yesterday because I had to finish an important job,” said
Paul.
becomes
Paul said that he had not been able to help me the previous day because he had
had to finish an important job.
A special problem is caused by the ‘hidden future’ of these verbs.
In the sentence ‘I must go tomorrow’, ‘must’ = ‘I shall have to’.
Therefore in Indirect Speech
“I must go tomorrow,” said Susan.
becomes
Susan said that she would have to go the next day.
Similarly in the sentence ‘I can come tomorrow’, ‘I can’ = ‘I shall be able to come’,
and in Indirect Speech,
“I can come tomorrow,” said Mary.
becomes
Mary said that she would be able to come the next day.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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30
EXERCISE 30:
1. “The Mortons couldn’t stay night because they didn’t have a baby-sitter” said Lou.
__________________________________________________________________
2. “Sheila had to leave early this morning because she wasn’t feeling well,” Bill said
to James.
__________________________________________________________________
3. “We must get up at six o’clock tomorrow morning if we want to go fishing,” said
my father.
__________________________________________________________________
4. “I can’t come with you on Sunday because my father won’t let me.” said Phyllips
to Ronald.
__________________________________________________________________
5. “John can do much better when he tries,” said his teacher.
__________________________________________________________________
6. “Where can I reach you tomorrow?” said his secretary.
__________________________________________________________________
7. “Why couldn’t the Browns come last Saturday?” said John.
__________________________________________________________________
8. “Why must I do this exercise again?” said Tim to his teacher.
__________________________________________________________________
9. “What must I do after I have finished the dusting?” said the domestic help to
Mum.
__________________________________________________________________
10. “Who had to pay the bill in the end?” said Roger.
__________________________________________________________________
I N D I R E C T S P E E C H – MORE PRACTICE
EXERCISE 31.
1. “I’m not feeling well, so I think I’ll go to bed early tonight,” said Tom to his wife.
__________________________________________________________________
2. “Take an aspirin, too, if you are so ill,” she said.
__________________________________________________________________
3. “Where did you put them when you had them last week?” he said.
__________________________________________________________________
4. “I put them back in the medicine chest where we always put them,” she said.
__________________________________________________________________
5. “Can you remember if the pocket was full or empty? There aren’t any in it now,”
she said.
__________________________________________________________________
6. “Don’t waste your time looking for them!” she said. “I have some in my bag. I’ll
bring you one.”
__________________________________________________________________
7. “Thank you, dear. Don’t forget to lock the door before you come to bed. You
forgot it last time, remember?’
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
31

1. “How long have you been fighting the fire?” said the reporter.
__________________________________________________________________
2. “We’ve been at it for three weeks now, but I think we have it under control” said
the fire chief.
__________________________________________________________________
3. “What do you believe to have caused the fire?” said the reporter.
__________________________________________________________________
4. “We aren’t sure yet. We shall know for certain when we have searched the area,
but it was probably a lighted cigarette end, “ said the fire chief to the reporter.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. “Can’t anything be done to save the villages from the floods that heavy winter
rains
will bring?” said the reporter.
__________________________________________________________________
6. “The forest authorities believe that if they use planes to sow the area with a
special
quick-growing grass seed, they may save the villages, said the fire chief.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

1. “How does it feel, Major Anderson, to be the first man to walk in space?”
the reporter asked.
__________________________________________________________________
2. “I don’t feel that I have done anything special. It was just like going for a swim.
It’s the scientists who deserve the credit, not me. They made certain that nothing
would go wrong,” he said to them modestly.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
PASSIVE VOICE
The Passive is formed with the CORRESPONDING tense of the verb TO BE and
the PAST PARTICIPLE of the verb itself.
Thus
SIMPLE
TENSES
The dog chases the cat.
The dog chased the cat
The cat is chased by the dog.
The cat was chased by the dog.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
32
CONTINUOUS The dog is chasing the cat.
TENSES
The dog was chasing the cat.
The cat is being chased by the dog.
The cat was being chased by the dog.
PERFECT
TENSES
The dog has chased the cat.
The dog had chased the cat.
The cat has been chased by the dog.
The cat had been chased by the dog.
FUTURE
TENSES
The dog will chase the cat.
The dog would chase the cat.
The cat will be chased by the dog.
The cat would be chased by the dog.
INFINITIVE
The dog ought to chase the cat.
The dog must chase the cat
The cat ought to be chased by the dog.
The cat must be chased by the dog.
WARNING !!!
1. DON’T CHANGE TENSE
2. DON’T INCLUDE THE AGENT if it is a PRONOUN, INDEFINITE
or
SELF-EVIDENT.
e.g. v Someone has stolen my car.
My car has been stolen.
v The police arrested the thief.
The thief was arrested by the police.
v I will finish the work before six o’clock.
The work will be finished before six o’clock.
3. With TWO-OBJECT verbs the PERSONAL INDIRECT OBJECT
becomes the subject in the passive voice.
e.g. They gave him a prize.
He was given a prize
Examples of two-object verbs.
Offer, tell, promise, give, pay, show, lend, ask, bring, hand, etc.
4. Take special care with the continuous tenses.
EXERCISE 32.
1. The snow will spoil my flowers.
__________________________________________________________________
2. Galleti scored the only goal.
__________________________________________________________________
3. Our teacher is showing us some pictures.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
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4. We couldn’t hear the actors.
__________________________________________________________________
5. They have sold all the tickets.
__________________________________________________________________
6. My grandfather had bought the clavichord many years ago.
__________________________________________________________________
7. The lady gave the tramp a meal.
__________________________________________________________________
8. You must guard the diamonds with your life.
__________________________________________________________________
9. They are bringing the animals from America.
__________________________________________________________________
10. Someone had told the police about the thieves.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 33. Turn into the Passive Voice.
1. The cook never spoils the soup.
__________________________________________________________________
2. They have eaten all the food.
__________________________________________________________________
3. They built a new school in our village last year.
__________________________________________________________________
4. The gardener is planting new trees in our garden.
__________________________________________________________________
5. A friend of mine has repaired the clavichord.
__________________________________________________________________
6. People buy more compact discs than cassettes.
__________________________________________________________________
7. The teacher is correcting your copy-books now.
__________________________________________________________________
8. She has not answered my letters yet.
__________________________________________________________________
9. Post cards spoiled his holidays again.
__________________________________________________________________
10. You must give in your copy-books.
__________________________________________________________________
Two-object Verbs
26. She promised the finder a reward.
__________________________________________________________________
27. She showed her husband her new hat.
__________________________________________________________________
28. The stranger offered me a cigarette.
__________________________________________________________________
29. He was giving us some advice.
__________________________________________________________________
30. You must give the waiter a tip.
__________________________________________________________________
31. The Mayor will hand you the prize.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
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__________________________________________________________________
32. His mother is teaching him French.
__________________________________________________________________
33. They sent me some flowers on my birthday.
__________________________________________________________________
34. My friend George always lends me money.
__________________________________________________________________
35. We must tell him the news.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 34. (See Supplementary Book 2)
EXERCISE 35.
Put into the Passive Voice.
1. They are painting the school railings green.
__________________________________________________________________
2. Bill sent me a copy of his new book.
__________________________________________________________________
3. Didn’t she offer you a drink?
__________________________________________________________________
4. A policeman was controlling the traffic while they were repairing the traffic lights.
__________________________________________________________________
5. The teacher is showing his pupil how to do the Passive Voice.
__________________________________________________________________
6. Her parents promised Mary a bicycle if she passed her exams.
__________________________________________________________________
7. They will give the winner a free holiday in Paris.
__________________________________________________________________
8. People are taking more photographs than ever before.
__________________________________________________________________
9. John’s father is giving him a driving lesson.
__________________________________________________________________
10. We have collected over one million drachmas for the orphans of Cyprus.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
35
CORRELATIVE CLAUSES
Sometimes we wish to show that
two different people performed the same action
or that the same person(s) acted in two different ways
or did two different things
or did the same thing at two different times
or in different places.
We emphasise this difference and similarity by using the Correlative Conjuctions.
1. BOTH ……………………………. AND ……………………..
e.g. Last night both Williams and Walker broke the world record.
Soon he could both speak and write French well.
Everybody finished both the précis and the letter.
They spoke English both fluently and correctly.
The police found blood both on his hands and on his clothes.
He visited his family both at Christmas and at Easter.
Two points need special care here.
1. if there are two subjects, the verb must be in the Plural.
e.g. Both John and Peter play for the school team.
2. The conjuctions must come directly before the two correlated parts of the
sentence which are being emphasized. Any other arrangement is incorrect.
e.g. Mary both worked hard at school and at home. WRONG
Mary worked hard both at school and at home. RIGHT
EXERCISE 36. (See original / Borrowed)
EXERCISE 37.
Join the following pairs of simple sentences to form correlative
sentences. Identify the emphasized parts of the sentence and underline
the conjuctions.
1. My brother Paul can play the guitar. He can also play the drums.
_________________________________________________________________
2. Cholera has appeared in Asia. It has appeared in Europe, too.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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36
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
_________________________________________________________________
My wife and I swim in summer. We also swim in winter.
_________________________________________________________________
The thieves took her money. They took her fur coat, too.
_________________________________________________________________
Our neighbours make a lot of noise. They also neglect their garden.
_________________________________________________________________
Unfortunately Mr. Tibbs is off work today. Miss Hobbs is off work, too.
_________________________________________________________________
The new clerk was rude to me. He was rude to the manager, too.
_________________________________________________________________
8.
This new tyre lasts longer. It also costs less.
_________________________________________________________________
9. She will inherit a lot of money. She will also inherit a fine house.
__________________________________________________________________
10. That poor old lady is deaf. She is blind, too.
__________________________________________________________________
2. NOT ONLY …………… BUT ALSO ……………………….
NOT ONLY …………… BUT ……..…………… AS WELL
These conjuctions place much more emphasis on the second of the two correlated
ideas.
Examples: Nowadays not only the rich but also the poor enjoy many comforts.
They not only clapped but asked him to sing again as well.
My secretary knows not only shorthand and typing but also four
languages.
The new machine works not only economically but efficiently as well.
EXERCISE 38.
Turn back to the exercise on ‘both ……… and’ on the previous page and now join
the same pairs of sentences with ‘not only …………….. but (also) (as well).
EXERCISE 39.
Answer the following questions as indicated:
e.g. Question: Did John only go to London? (Paris as well)
Answer: No. He went not only to London but to Paris as well.
1. Are you only learning typing? (shorthand as well)
__________________________________________________________________
2. Did the thief take your briefcase? (camera as well)
__________________________________________________________________
3. Does she only look after the children? (help with the housework as well)
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
37
4. Have you done only the washing (the ironing as well)
__________________________________________________________________
5. Must a teacher speak only slowly? (also clearly)
__________________________________________________________________
6. Did the police arrest only Smith? (Williams as well)
__________________________________________________________________
7. Did Brown only win an Olympic medal? (break record as well)
__________________________________________________________________
8. Can Fiona only play the piano? (also sing beautifully)
__________________________________________________________________
9. Will the gardener only cut the grass? (also water the flowers)
__________________________________________________________________
10. Did only Tom fail the exam? (five other pupils as well)
__________________________________________________________________
11. Did the astronauts only circle the moon? (also land on it)
__________________________________________________________________
3. NEITHER ………………….. NOR ………….
This pair of correlative conjuctions is the negative form of ‘both …………… and’. It
is used to deny or exclude two related ideas.
Examples: Neither Paul nor Pat came to the party.
She likes neither tea nor coffee.
My little brother can neither read nor write.
The teams played neither with skill nor with enthusiam.
We could reach him neither at his home nor at his office.
Because of the weather we had games neither on Monday nor on Tuesday.
As with ‘both …………… and’ the conjuctions must come directly before the
correlated words or phrases. If the subjects are correlated, however, the verb will
agree with the nearest subject.
e. g. Neither my father nor my mother smokes.
Neither the letters nor the parcel has arrived yet.
A very common mistake is to double the negative, that is to use a negative verb as
well as the negative conjuction.
e. g. They didn’t go neither to the cinema nor to the theatre. (WRONG)
In English one negative cancels the other and the sentence becomes affirmative. There
are two correct forms.
e. g. They went neither to the cinema nor to the theatre.
or They didn’t go either to the cinema or to the theatre.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
38
EXERCISE 40.
Join the following pairs of simple sentences to form correlative
sentences.
e. g. Question: Pam doesn’t love you. She doesn’t love me, either.
Answer: Pam loves neither you nor me.
1. There are no bears in England. There aren’t any wolves, either.
__________________________________________________________________
2. My uncle didn’t catch any fish today. My father didn’t , either.
__________________________________________________________________
3. I haven’t seen him on T.V. I haven’t seen him in films, either.
__________________________________________________________________
4. He doesn’t speak very clearly. He doesn’t speak very slowly, either.
__________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Davies hasn’t been to Spain. He hasn’t been to Portugal, either.
__________________________________________________________________
6. The police didn’t catch the thief. They didn’t recover the car, either.
__________________________________________________________________
7. This lawyer won’t help you. He won’t help your brother, either.
__________________________________________________________________
8. The gardener hadn’t watered the flowers. He hadn’t watered the
grass, either.
__________________________________________________________________
9. Miss Brown cannot type. She cannot take shorthand, either.
__________________________________________________________________
10. Your father didn’t have a holiday last year. He didn’t have one the year before last,
either.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 41.
Answer the following questions as indicated.
e. g. Question: Do you drink or smoke?
Answer: No, I neither drink nor smoke.
1. Did the police arrest the thief or recover the stolen money?
_________________________________________________________________
2. Can you speak French or German?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
39
_________________________________________________________________
3. Could Arthur or Lucy help you.?
_________________________________________________________________
4. Have you planted lettuces or cabbage?
_________________________________________________________________
5. Do you like or dislike jazz?
_________________________________________________________________
6. Does he drive fast or dangerously?
_________________________________________________________________
7. Will you go to France or Italy?
__________________________________________________________________
8. Have you seen the film or read the book?
__________________________________________________________________
9. Did you find your bag in your car or in your office?
__________________________________________________________________
10. Does your father or your mother know about this?
__________________________________________________________________
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Consider the following pairs of sentences:
A
The girl is from America.
She is acting in this film.
B
Cindy Crawford is from America
She is acting in this film.
In both cases A and B the second sentence can be made part of the first i.e. as a
Relative Clause. BUT they will be different Types of Relative Clause.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
TYPE A.
The girl who is acting in this film is from America.
Here the Relative Clause is necessary to identify the girl, i.e. to say which girl we
mean. It is therefore called a DEFINING CLAUSE.
NON-DEFINING CLAUSE
TYPE B.
Cindy Crawford, who is acting in this film, is from America.
Here the girl has already been identified, so the Relative Clause is not necessary to
identify him. It merely adds some more information.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
40
It is not necessary but parenthetical. It is therefore called a NON-DEFINING
CLAUSE.
This difference is very important because in (A) defining clauses:
1. We NEVER use COMMAS.
2. We may use THAT for PERSONS and THINGS.
3. We may OMIT THAT if it is an object.
Thus:
The girl who is acting in this film is from America.
may also be written:
The girl that is acting in this film is from America.
N. B. ‘That’ cannot be omitted here because it is subject of the verb.
The man whom we saw tonight is from Crete.
may also be written
The man we saw tonight is from Crete. (‘that’ = object)
The man we saw tonight is from Crete.
N.B. If the antecedent (the word limited by the relative Clause) is the object of a
preposition, then the preposition comes before ‘whom’, ‘which’, BUT keeps its
original position both after ‘that’ and when ‘that’ is omitted.
Thus:
The man to whom I introduced you is from Crete
But,
The man that I introduced you to is from Crete.
The man I introduced you to is from Crete.
N.B. ‘whose’ cannot be replaced by ‘that’ and cannot be omitted.
B. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. We must always have COMMAS.
2. We can NEVER use THAT.
3. We can NEVER omit THAT.
Consequently, if the clause is NON-DEFINING there is only one correct form.
So remember:
v WHO+ WHOM are used for PERSONS in DEFINING and NON-DEFINING
CLAUSES
v WHICH is used for THINGS in DEFINING and NON-DEFINING CLAUSES.
v THAT is used for PERSONS and THINGS only in DEFINING CLAUSES
EXERCISE 42.
Now join the following pairs of sentences using Relative Clauses.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
41
1. The Greenwood Boys will be giving three performances. They arrive tomorrow.
__________________________________________________________________
2. The young man was very rude. He was sitting behind the writer at the theatre.
__________________________________________________________________
3. My aunt never tells anyone her age. She is an actress.
__________________________________________________________________
4. The tramp is called Percy Buttons. I gave him a meal and a glass of beer.
__________________________________________________________________
5. The writer did not send any of the cards. He bought them on the last day of his
holidays.
__________________________________________________________________
6. Tim is finding this trip very exciting. He has never been abroad before.
__________________________________________________________________
7. Joe Sanders always wins the Nicest Garden Competition. His garden is the most
interesting.
__________________________________________________________________
8. The clavichord was very old. The visitor tried to play jazz on it.
__________________________________________________________________
9. Harry Steele used to work in a lawyer’s office. He now works in a bank.
__________________________________________________________________
10. Topsail is a famous little boat. It has sailed across the Atlantic many times.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 43.
Join these sentences together using Relative Clauses.
1. It took the fire-brigade five hours to put out the fire. The fire broke out in a big
Athens store yesterday.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. John Lewis Ltd. was burned down yesterday. John Lewis Ltd. is one of the
biggest stores in London.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Did you see the football match? It was on T.V. last night.
__________________________________________________________________
4. Ambulances hurried the people to hospital. The people had been injured in the
train
crash.
__________________________________________________________________
5. The man promised to keep his dog locked up. His dog had bitten three children.
__________________________________________________________________
6. The cat enjoyed the fish. My mother had bought it for our lunch.
__________________________________________________________________
7. The police searched the aeroplane carefully. Someone had reported that there was
a time-bomb in it.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Frank Roberts was the thief. The stolen watch was found in his pocket.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
42
9. The mistake was not a serious one. You made it in your composition.
__________________________________________________________________
10. The picture was painted by my grandmother. You are looking at the picture.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 44.
Join these sentences using a Relative Clause.
1. Ted has been called to the police station. His stolen bicycle has been found at last.
__________________________________________________________________
2. The man didn’t get angry. The ball hit him very hard.
__________________________________________________________________
3. The children had all disappeared. Their ball hit the man.
__________________________________________________________________
4. Captain Fawcett refused to help the businessman. He wanted to fly to Rockall.
__________________________________________________________________
5. The car park was deserted. Capt. Fawcett landed his plane in it.
__________________________________________________________________
6. The stream flowed right under their tent. The heavy rain had formed it.
__________________________________________________________________
7. The porter didn’t understand me. I asked him the way to the hotel.
__________________________________________________________________
8. Frank’s small workshop became a large factory. He bought it in 1938.
__________________________________________________________________
9. The thieves were soon caught. Their battered car was easily recognized by the
police.
__________________________________________________________________
10. The factory makes spare parts for aeroplanes. My father works at the factory.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 45.
(see Supplementary Book Two)
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentences are of two basic kinds:
1. OPEN or TRUE
These are just like Time Clauses and ‘if’ has the meaning of ‘whenever’. The
condition is, was and always will be fulfilled.
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
If Tom comes, he always helps.
If Tom came, he always helped.
If Tom comes, he will (always) help.
2. IMAGINARY or UNTRUE
In these the speaker supposes circumstances which do not, did not exist or are
unlikely to exist.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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43
PRESENT
If Tom were here, he would help. (but he is not here and cannot help)
PAST
If Tom had come, he would have helped. (but he did not come and so
wasn’t able to come)
If Tom came tomorrow, he would help. (but he is rather busy and so
unlikely to come)
FUTURE
TENSE COMBINATIONS
TYPE 1.
OPEN FUTURE
IF + PRESENT, FUTURE
If it rains , you will get wet.
TYPE 2.
IMAGINARY PRESENT – FUTURE
IF + PAST, CONDITIONAL
If it rained, you would get wet.
TYPE 3.
IMAGINARY PAST
IF + PAST PERFECT, PERFECT CONDITIONAL
If it had rained, you would have got wet.
EXERCISE 46.
Put he verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. If Tom (catch) enough fish, he’ll cook them for lunch.
__________________________________________________________________
2. We’ll do some skiing if there (be) enough snow.
__________________________________________________________________
3. If you (park) here, the police will give you a ticket.
__________________________________________________________________
4. If Ralph (ask) her to marry him, Jane will turn him down.
__________________________________________________________________
5. These flowers will die if you (not water) them.
__________________________________________________________________
6. If that fat man (sit) on that chair, it will collapse under him.
__________________________________________________________________
7. If Olympiakos (win) the cup, each player will receive 300.000 euros.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
ΟΥΙΛΣΩΝΟΣ 4 ΚΑΣΤΕΛΛΑ 185 34 LANDLINE / FAX:2014223164 MOBILE:6937483473 e-mail:[email protected]
44
8. If Mary (not have) the money, she will borrow it.
__________________________________________________________________
9. We won’t get tired if we (keep) up a steady pace.
__________________________________________________________________
10. If you buy fruit and vegetables from a street market, you (save) a lot.
__________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 47.
Put the verbs into the correct tense in these Conditions.
1. If your wife wanted to get a job, what (you say)?
__________________________________________________________________
2. If Jimmy (pass) this exam, his parents will buy him a bicycle.
__________________________________________________________________
3. I (like) Roger more if he were less boastful.
__________________________________________________________________
4. I (never recognise) him if he had not suddenly waved to me.
__________________________________________________________________
5. If the referee had not given PAO a penalty , AEK (win) easily.
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6. This flat (suit) us fine if only it were a little bigger.
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7. If the passengers (not wear) seat belts, they would have been injured in the crash.
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8. If I arrived home so late, my father (be) furious.
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9. If we give him an aspirin, it (bring) down his temperature.
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10. If he (not be) so ill, I would never have called you, doctor.
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THE G E R U N D
The Gerund is formed, like the Participle, by adding, ING to the verb stem in order to
form a noun. Thus the Gerund of ‘swim’ is ‘swimming’.
The main points to be remembered about Gerunds are the following.
1.
The Gerund is a verbal noun, i.e. it is both verb and noun.
As a noun it may be subject or object of another verb
As a verb it may have its own object.
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e.g. Swimming is a very healthy sport.
I love swimming.
Catching butterflies is cruel.
EXERCISE 48.
Replace the Infinitive with a Gerund.
1. To watch children growing is a rewarding experience.
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2. To water-ski is not so easy as it looks.
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3. Anything is better than to sit here doing nothing.
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4. To park your car on either side of a pedestrian crossing is forbidden.
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5. My favourite pastime is to collect train numbers.
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6. Which is better, to try and fail or not to try at all?
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7. Some people believe that to give your life for another is the noblest of all actions.
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8. Others believe that there is nothing worse than to betray one’s friends.
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9. Oh! Isn’t it wonderful to sail along like this?
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10. To come home from school to an empty house is very bad for young children.
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2.
After verbs of ‘liking’ and ‘disliking’ the Gerund is used to indicate general
preference whereas the infinitive is used to indicate preference on a particular
occasion.
e.g. I love watching T.V. but tonight I’d like to read my new book.
EXECRISE 49.
Choose the correct form of the verb, Gerund or Infinitive.
1. I generally prefer (ski) to (skate) but today I’d like (skate) for a change.
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2. Which would you prefer (do) this morning, children? (Go) to the sea or (visit) the
Science Museum?
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3. Some young children hate (be) helped while others hate (do) anything themselves.
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4. Oh, surely it’s not raining? It’s the children’s picnic today. I’d hate (disappoint)
them. ____________________________________________________________
5. Yes, I do like (play) chess but just now I’d like (do) something more active.
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6. Catherine detests (visit) relatives so she prefers (stay) at home whenever her
parents do so.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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7. I (love) letters but I can’t stand (write) them.
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8. Would you like (come) dancing tomorrow, Jane? Oh, yes I’d love (come).
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9. I simply adore (ride) but I don’t think I’d like (ride) that big bay horse.
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10. Nobody likes (play) tennis more than I do but it’s much too hot today. I’d prefer to
go the beach.
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3.
Certain verbs and adjectives which are always used with a particular
preposition are always followed by the Gerund.
e.g. I am very fond of cycling.
I am looking forward to seeing you soon.
The student must make a point of learning these verbs and adjectives as he meets
them, but here are some of the most common:
To think of
To apologise for
To believe in
To dream of
To be keen on
To be afraid of
To look forward to
To be capable of
To be accustomed to
To accuse of
To prevent from
To suspect of
To be used to
To be tired of
To insist on
To congratulate on
EXERCISE 50.
Supply the missing prepositions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
John apologized ________________ standing on the fat lady’s toe.
I must remember to congratulate Mary _______________ passing
I didn’t know you were so fond ______________ walking.
I wonder why Jane is so keen __________________ meeting my brother?
At last he succeeded ________________ reaching the top of the greasy pole.
It must be true. Tina is incapable _____________ telling a lie.
Did you hear that Frank Stevens has been accused ______________ stealing from
the shop where he works?
8. I hear that Peter is thinking _______________ changing job.
9. The police couldn’t prevent the crowd __________________ surging forward.
10. My mother doesn’t believe __________________ telling lies, even
EXERCISE 51. Re-express these sentences using a Gerund.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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1. I’m sorry I’m late, said John.
__________________________________________________________________
2. I can’t wait for Christmas to come.
__________________________________________________________________
3. Tom is not clever enough to pass this exam.
__________________________________________________________________
4. I don’t think it is right to borrow or lend money.
__________________________________________________________________
5. Rita has at last managed to get a job.
__________________________________________________________________
6. The police think that Mr. Brown killed his wife.
__________________________________________________________________
7. “It was John who broke the vase,” said Olga.
__________________________________________________________________
8. We haven’t decided yet but we may move to a bigger house
__________________________________________________________________
9. All her life she has wanted to travel round the world.
__________________________________________________________________
10. We eat macaroni too often. I don’t want it again.
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4. As the Gerund is a verb it may also have its own subject.
If this subject is different from the subject of the preceding verb, then it must be
supplied as in the examples below:
I apologise for disturbing you. (Same subject)
I apologise for my son (my son’s) disturbing you. (Different subject)
I can remember opening the door but I can’t recall closing it.
I can remember you (your) opening the door but I can’t recall you (your)
closing it.
EXERCISE 52.
Re-express the following sentences using a gerund with or without a
subject according to the meaning.
1. I am sorry if my dog frightened your child. (apologise)
__________________________________________________________________
2. I am sorry if I frightened you. (apologise)
__________________________________________________________________
3. “Tom must have his hair cut,” said his father. (insist)
__________________________________________________________________
4. “I really must leave”, said Edith. (insist)
__________________________________________________________________
5. “I’ll wash the dishes,” said Mr. Gordon. (mind)
__________________________________________________________________
6. “Yes, you may borrow my bicycle,” Roy said to Henry.
__________________________________________________________________
7. “You may fall off the merry-go-round,” Mrs. Dunn said to her son. (afraid)
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8. “I might skid on the ice,” said the motorist. (afraid)
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9. “I hate it when John drinks too much,” said Carolina. (hate)
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10. “Would you please ring back later,” said the secretary to the client. (mind)
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C L A U S E S OF R E S U L T
SO ……. THAT
SUCH ……. THAT
e.g. The first two buses were so full that I couldn’t get on.
The school play was such a success that we decided to
produce one every year.
N.B. SO is used to modify a predicative adjective or an adverb or much and many.
e.g.
He was so tired that he fell asleep in the cinema.
The bus braked so sharply that many passengers fell down.
He had so much money that he didn’t know what to do with it.
SUCH is used to modify a attributive adjective or noun.
e.g.
They spent such a pleasant afternoon in the museum that they decided to
go again the following week.
The children were having such fun that they didn’t want the party to end.
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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CLAUSE ORDER AND PUNCTUATION: a subordinate clause of result always
follows the main clause and is never separated by a comma.
Rewrite the following compound sentences as Complex sentences,
using the subordinating connections ‘so ………. that’, ‘such ………. that’ as
appropriate to form Adverbial Clauses of Result:
e.g. Question. The case was very heavy, so she couldn’t carry it.
Answer. The case was so heavy that she couldn’t carry it.
Question. It was a very hot night, so nobody could sleep.
Answer. It was such a hot night that nobody could sleep.
N.B. In a complex sentence every verb must have its subject even when
the subject is he same.
e.g. He was very late so took a taxi.
He was so late that he took a taxi.
EXERCISE 57.
1. The music was very loud, so we could not hear ourselves speak.
_______________________________________________________________
2. She was behaving very strangely, so everybody stopped to watch her.
_______________________________________________________________
3. The artificial flowers were very well made, so we thought they were real.
_______________________________________________________________
4. The polished floor was slippery, so he nearly fell over.
______________________________________________________________
5. The rent was very high. I couldn’t afford to take the flat.
_______________________________________________________________
6. Oliver was a very good actor, so you forgot he was playing a part.
_______________________________________________________________
7. Our neighbours had very noisy children, so we got little peace and quiet.
_______________________________________________________________
8. I made many mistake, so I had to write my composition again.
_______________________________________________________________
9. The ice was very thick, so people skated on it quite safely.
_______________________________________________________________
10. Young Charles had fine manners, so all the old ladies adored him.
_______________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 58. Now convert the following pairs of simple sentences.
1. into compound sentences
2. into complex sentences
In some cases more than one possible logical connection may be possible.
e.g. Bert drank a whole glass of water. He was very thirsty.
Compound: Bert drank a whole glass of water, for he was very thirsty.
Bert was very thirsty, so drank a whole glass of water.
Complex:
Bert drank a whole glass of water, because he was thirsty.
Bert was so thirsty that he drank a whole glass of water.
1. The snow was very thick. The traffic came to a halt.
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2. The schools were closed for the holidays. The parks were full of children.
_______________________________________________________________
3. The manager locked the safe. He dropped the key in his pocket.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Pat was picking fruit. A wasp stung her.
__________________________________________________________________
5. The church was interesting. Paul took a photograph of it.
__________________________________________________________________
6. Philippa agreed to marry Basil. He was a millionaire.
__________________________________________________________________
7. A policeman gave Mark a ticket. He had parked his car in a no parking zone.
__________________________________________________________________
8. Ken saw a girl struggling in the water. He dived to her rescue.
__________________________________________________________________
9. The guide related the history of the temple. The tourists listened carefully.
__________________________________________________________________
10. The bus stopped. The passengers descended.
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EXERCISE 59.
Answer the following questions using complex sentences:
e.g. Question: How bad was the storm? (Ships not leave harbour)
Answer: The storm was so bad that ships were not allowed to
leave the harbour.
Question: Did the rain spoil your outing? (rain all day/enjoy)
Answer: Although it rained all day, we all enjoyed our outing.
1. Why did you agree to do the job? (pay very good)
__________________________________________________________________
2. When did you go to bed? (T.V. programme end)
__________________________________________________________________
3. When did Daphne cut her finger? (prepare sandwiches)
__________________________________________________________________
4. How clever was Brian? (come top of class)
__________________________________________________________________
5. How difficult an exam was it? (answer only half questions)
__________________________________________________________________
6. When did the police arrest Roberts? (try leave country)
__________________________________________________________________
7. Why were the workers on strike? (want more pay)
__________________________________________________________________
8. Did Fred’s illness prevent him from going to your class?
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9. Did your father’s death put an end to your plans? (father die/continue plans)
__________________________________________________________________
10.Why was the baby crying? (time supper)
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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ΚΕΝΤΡΟ ΞΕΝΩΝ ΓΛΩΣΣΩΝ Π Α Π Α Δ Ο Δ Η ΜΑ
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