Download Unidad 1, vocabulario y apuntes

Español 201 pp1-39 Imagina
Nombre__________________
Lección 1: Las relaciones personales
La personalidad
La opinión
Los artículos definidos e indefinidos,
Ser y estar
Los verbos como gustar
Pretérito e Imperfecto
Cortometraje
Relaciones Personales p 4, 39
el alma gemela
la simpatía
la amistad
soltero
el amor correspondido
la timidez
el amor no correspondido
el desánimo
el ánimo
atraer
apreciado
compartir
el cariño
confiar en
el chisme
coquetear
la cita
corresponder
la cita a ciegas
dejar a alguien
el compromiso
dejar plantado
la confianza
discutir
el deseo
enamorarse
el divorcio
enrojecer
la fidelidad
enojarse
la infidelidad
ligar
el matrimonio
merecer
el marido
odiar
la mujer
proponer matrimonio
el riesgo
quedarse viudo
la pareja
romper (con)
el sentimiento
salir con
tener celos de
1
dar el primer paso
Características de la personalidad
estar orgulloso de
P4
hacerle caso a alguien
antipático
llevar # anos de (casados)
autoritario
llevarse bien/mal/fatal
cariñoso
mantenerse en contacto
cuidadoso
pasarlo bien/mal
culto
pasarlo fatal
cursi
ponerse pesado
falso
tener vergüenza de
genial
uña y carne
gracioso
inolvidable
Estados emocionales: p 4, 39
inseguro
Usados con ESTAR, normalmente
inteligente
agobiado
maduro
overwhelmed
ansioso
mentiroso
celoso
orgulloso
deprimido
permisivo
disgustado
seguro
emocionado
sensible
enamorado (de)
tacaño
nervioso
tempestuoso
pasajero
tímido
preocupado (por)
tradicional
solo
tranquilo
tranquilo
liberal
2
Opinión (no está en el libro)
criar
contentarse con
entenderse
discutir
querer
esconderse
enojarse
impresionar
enamorarse
parecer
estar harto/a
preguntarse
llevarse bien/mal/fatal
recordar
odiar
sentirse
ponerse pesado
soñar con
soportar tolerar aguantar
Verbos como gustar: (Used w/ IDOP!!)
Tener razón
(me, te, le, nos, os, les) p 26-29
Por mi parte
aburrir
A mi parecer
caer bien/mal
Me parece que…
causar
Estoy convencido/a de que…
disgustar
Mayormente
doler
Normalmente
encantar
Aunque…
faltar
Depende de…
fascinar
Prefiero…
hacer falta
Sí y no…
importar
A veces…
interesar
De vez en cuando...
molestar
Hay que…
preocupar
Estoy a favor de…
quedar
Estoy en contra de…
sorprender
Los sentimientos, p 4 o 39
Verbos que expresan afecto
adorar
apreciar
cuidar
educar
3
Cortometraje p 9-11 (las palabras
mudarse
vienen de la lectura)
perfil
el boleto
por su cuenta
la broma
la caja
Poema 20 p 35-38, (no están en el libro)
el cortometraje
a lo lejos
la escena
a veces
el guión
acercar
la historia, el cuento
alcanzar
el/la protagonista
amar
el recuerdo
aunque
la ventanilla
besar
abrazar
causar (w/idop)
averiguar
contentarse con
meterse
dolor
suceder, ocurrir, pasar
el/la poeta
el corazón
Cultura (de la p 33, traducción, p
el olvido
39)
el poema
abandonar
el alma
ayudarse
el valor
crecer
el olvido
cuidar
el cielo
el lazo
el amado/la amada
el/la inmigrante
el sentimiento
emigrar
la poesía
flujo- flood, flow
la madurez
fortalecerse
los astros/las estrellas
la calidad de vida
querer
la patria
romper con
la población
la red de apoyo
la voluntad
los familiares, los parientes
4
Apuntes
Definite and Indefinite Articles
You may not have learned this in grammar school, but in English the word “the” is a
definite article. That is because it points to a very specific thing.
For example, you may tell someone, “I want the mug,” assuming that they will bring you
the mug you have in mind. However, if you tell them, “I want a mug,” you will get
whatever mug they choose to hand you!
That is because the words “a” or “an” are indefinite articles.
The Definite article in English is "The". In Spanish there are four words to translate
"the". These are "El", "La", "Los" and "Las". The Spanish definite article must agree with
the gender and number of the noun that follows it. So if we want to say "The bed", we
know that bed in Spanish is cama, and that it is a feminine noun so we must use La with
it. Before I get too deep in this explanation, let me give you a chart of the definite articles
in Spanish.
Definite Article English Translation Gender Number
Example
el
the
masculine singular el libro the book
la
the
feminine singular la puerta the door
los
the
masculine plural
los libros the books
las
the
feminine plural
las puertas the doors
In Spanish the definite article is often used in places where we don't use it in English. For
example:
The Definite article is
used...
Example
Translation
With parts of the body
Me duele la cabeza.
I have a headache. / My
head hurts.
With articles of clothing
Quítate la chamarra.
Take off your jacket.
With abstract nouns
El amor es para siempre.
Love is forever.
With nouns referring to a
general idea
No me gusta el pluralismo.
I don't like pluralism.
With nouns used in a
general sense
No me gustan los tacos de
bistec.
I don't like beef tacos.
With people's titles
La señora de Uribe dará hoy
un discurso.
Mrs. Uribe will speak
today.
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More detailed explanation of the use and omission of definite articles
¿Hablas español? El español es la lengua de la Argentina. (Do you speak Spanish?
Spanish is the language of Argentina.)
If you're paying attention or are particularly analytical about words, you may have
noticed something about the words el and la — words usually translated as "the" — in
the above sentences. In the first sentence, español is used to translate "Spanish," but in
the second sentence it's el español. And Argentina, a country name that stands alone in
English, is preceded by la in the Spanish sentence.
These differences typify just a couple of the differences in how the definite article ("the"
in English and usually el, la, los or las in Spanish) is used in the two languages. Using the
definite article when you shouldn't or the other way around won't make you
misunderstood very often, but using it correctly will make you sound like less of a
foreigner.
The easy rule: Fortunately, although the rules of using the definite article can be
complex, you have a head start if you speak English. That's because nearly any time you
use "the" in English you can use the definite article in Spanish. Of course, there are
exceptions. Here are the cases where Spanish doesn't use the definite article while
English does:




Before ordinal numbers for names of rulers and similar people. Luis octavo
(Luis the Eighth), Carlos quinto (Carlos the Fifth).
Some proverbs (or statements made in a proverbial fashion) omit the article.
Camarón que se duerme, se lo lleva la corriente. (The shrimp that falls asleep
gets carried away by the current.) Perro que ladra no muerde. (The dog that barks
doesn't bite.)
When used in nonrestrictive apposition, the article is often omitted. This usage
can best be explained by example. Vivo en Las Vegas, ciudad que no duerme. (I
live in Las Vegas, the city that doesn't sleep.) In this case, ciudad que no duerme
is in apposition to Las Vegas. The clause is said to be nonrestrictive because it
doesn't define which Las Vegas; it only provides additional information. The
article isn't used. But Vivo en Washington, el estado. Here, el estado is in
apposition to Washington, and it defines which Washington (it "restricts"
Washington), so the article is used. Conozco a Julio Iglesias, cantante famoso. (I
know Julio Iglesias, the famous singer.) In this sentence, presumably both the
person speaking and any listeners know who Iglesias is, so the phrase in
apposition (cantante famoso) doesn't tell who he is (it doesn't "restrict"), it merely
provides additional information. The definite article isn't needed. But Escogí a
Bob Smith, el médico. (I chose Bob Smith, the doctor.) The listener doesn't know
who Bob Smith is, and el médico serves to define him ("restrict" him). The
definite article would be used.
In certain set phrases that don't follow any particular pattern. Examples: A largo
plazo (in the long run), en alta mar (on the high seas).
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Far more common are cases where you don't use the article in English but you need it in
Spanish. Following are the most common such uses. Keep in mind that there are some
regional variations and exceptions. But this list should include most of the instances you
will come across.








Days of the week: Days of the week typically are preceded by either el or los,
depending on whether the day is singular or plural (the names of the weekdays
don't change in the plural form). Voy a la tienda el jueves. (I'm going to the store
on Thursday.) Voy a la tienda los jueves. (I go to the store on Thursdays.) The
article isn't used following a form of the verb ser to indicate which day of the
week it is. Hoy es lunes. (Today is Monday.)
Seasons of the year: Seasons normally need the definite article, although it is
optional after de, en or a form of ser. Prefiero los inviernos. (I prefer winters.) No
quiero asistir a la escuela de verano. (I don't want to go to the summer school.)
With more than one noun: In English, we can often omit the "the" when using
two or more nouns joined by "and" or "or," as the article is understood to apply to
both. That's not so in Spanish. El hermano y la hermana están tristes. (The
brother and sister are sad.) Vendemos la casa y la silla. (We're selling the house
and chair.)
With generic nouns: These are nouns that refer to a concept or to a substance in
general or a member of a class in general, rather than a specific one (where the
article would be required in both languages). No preferiría el despotismo. (I
wouldn't prefer despotism.) Esto es la realidad de la vida. (This is the reality of
life.) El trigo es nutritivo. (Wheat is nutritious.) Los americanos son ricos.
(Americans are rich.) Los derechistas no deben votar. (Right-wingers ought not to
vote.) Escogí la cristianidad. (I chose Christianity.) Exception: The article is
often omitted after the preposition de, especially when the noun following de
serves to describe the first noun and doesn't refer to a specific person or thing. Los
zapatos de hombres (men's shoes), but los zapatos de los hombres (the shoes of
the men). Dolor de muela (toothache in general), but dolor de la muela (a
toothache in a particular tooth).
With names of languages: Names of languages require the article except when
they immediately follow en or a verb that is often used of languages (particularly
saber, aprender, and hablar, and sometimes entender, escribir or estudiar). The
article also is required after an adverb or a preposition other than en. Hablo
español. (I speak Spanish.) Hablo bien el español. (I speak Spanish well.)
Prefiero el inglés. (I prefer English.) Aprendemos inglés. (We are learning
English.)
With clothing, body parts and other personal items: It is very common to use
the definite article in Spanish in cases where a possessive adjective (such as
"your") would be used in English. Examples: ¡Abre los ojos! (Open your eyes!)
Perdió los zapatos. (He lost his shoes.)
With infinitives used as subjects: El entender es difícil. (Understanding is
difficult.) El fumar está prohibido. (Smoking is prohibited.)
Before the names of some countries: The names of some countries, and a few
cities, are preceded by the definite article. In some cases it's mandatory or nearly
so (el Reino Unido, la India), while in other cases it's optional but common (el
Canadá, la China). Even if a country isn't on the list, the article is used if the
country is modified by an adjective. Voy a México. (I'm going to Mexico.) But,
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


voy al México bello. (I'm going to beautiful Mexico.) The article is also
commonly used before the names of mountains: el Everest, el Fuji.
Before names of streets: Streets, avenues, plazas and similar places are usually
preceded by the article. La Casa Blanca está en la avenida Pennsylvania. (The
White House is on Pennsylvania Avenue.)
With personal titles: The article is used before most personal titles when talking
about people, but not when talking to them. El señor Smith está en casa. (Mr.
Smith is at home.) But, hola, señor Smith (hello, Mr. Smith). La doctora Jones
asistió a la escuela. (Dr. Jones attended the school.) But, doctora Jones, ¿como
está? (Dr. Jones, how are you?) La is also often used when speaking about a
famous woman using her last name only. La Spacek durmió aquí. (Spacek slept
here.)
In certain set phrases: Many of these involve places. En el espacio (in space), en
la televisión (on television).
The Indefinite Article
The indefinite article in Spanish is similar to the definite article and has four forms as
well, and must also agree in gender and number with the noun that it modifies.
Indefinite
Article
English
Translation
Gender Number
Example
un
a/an/one
masculine singular un libro a book, one book
una
a/an/one
feminine singular una oficina an office, one office
unos
some/about/a few masculine plural
unos libros some books, a few
books
unos tres meses about three
months
unas
some/about/a few feminine plural
Hace unos años. A few years ago.
/ Some years ago.
If you listen to popular music, you may recall one of the sentences of a Spanish-language
dance tune: Yo no soy marinero, soy capitán, soy capitán. Translated, that would be, "I
am not a mariner, I am a captain, I am a captain."
That sentence indicates one of the differences between Spanish and English. Although
English requires the word "a" before "mariner" and "captain," Spanish doesn't require an
equivalent word, which in this case would be un (if sung by a male).
The words "a" and "an" are known to grammarians as indefinite articles, and the Spanish
equivalents are un (used before masculine nouns and noun phrases) and una (feminine).
Using the Spanish indefinite articles when they aren't needed is one of the pitfalls for
many beginning Spanish students. Say no soy un marinero, soy un capitán, and it would
sound as awkward (and improper) as one possible translation into English: "I am not one
mariner, I am one captain."
8
Generally speaking, whenever you use un or una in Spanish, you need to use "a" or "an"
to say the equivalent in English. But the reverse isn't true. The appearance is that Spanish
frequently "omits" the indefinite articles. Although the rules of article usage can get
complex, and there are cases where the use of un/una is discretionary, here are the most
common cases where the article shouldn't be used even though it's used in English:
Before an unmodified noun after a form of ser ("to be"), especially in reference to
occupation, religion, affiliation or social status (normally, if the noun is modified,
the article should be used): Soy profesor. I am a teacher. Él es un buen dentista. He is a
good dentist. ¿Eres católica? —No, soy una metodista feliz. "Are you a Catholic." "No,
I'm a happy Methodist." Es artista. She is an artist. Es una artista que muere de hambre.
She is a starving artist.
Before otro ("other"): Quisiera otra taza. I would like another cup. Compró otro coche.
He bought another car.
Before mil ("thousand") and cien ("hundred"): Gana mil dólares por mes. He earns a
thousand dollars per month. Tiene cien años. She is a hundred years old.
In exclamations using qué ("what"): ¡Qué lástima! What a shame! ¡Qué casa! What a
house!
After con ("with") and sin ("without"): Come con cuchara. She eats with a spoon.
Escribe sin ordenador. He writes without a computer.
Frequently after forms of tener ("to have"), comprar ("to buy"), llevar ("to wear")
and some other verbs when generically referring to things that people would
normally have or use one at a time: No tengo coche. I don't have a car. Lleva camisa.
He is wearing a shirt. Vamos a comprar casa. We're going to buy a house. ¿Tiene madre?
Does he have a mother?
If you're a beginning Spanish student, don't sweat the details of the final rule for now. As
you use the language, you will get a feel for whether you need the article or not.
Finally, there is one case where we don't use the indefinite article in English where it's
needed in Spanish: in a series of two or more words joined by "and" (y in Spanish). In
English we might say "a cat and dog," but in Spanish it must be un gato y un perro.
Without the second un, the phrase would be understood as referring to one creature, a
cross between a cat and dog. Note the distinction in these sentences: Conozco a un artista
y un dentista means "I know an artist and I know a dentist," while Conozco a un artista y
dentista means "I know a dentist who is also an artist."
The Neuter Article
There is also a neuter article "Lo" that is used as follows:



Lo interesante de eso es que... The interesting thing about it is that...
Tomamos lo aburrido y lo convertimos en algo interesante. We take what is
boring and make it interesting.
Lo fácil de esto...The easy part...
9
Feminine nouns beginning with a tonic A
Feminine nouns that begin with a tonic or stessed A sound use the masculine definite or
indefinite article in the singular but in the plural use the feminine article. Additionally,
any other adjectives should use the feminine form. Some examples:
Noun
Example
English Translation
agua
el agua
the water
agua
el agua clara
the clear water
agua
las aguas negras
the greywater
alma
Me parte el alma
It just breaks my heart(soul).
alma
las almas
the souls
hambre el hambre
hunger
hambre Tengo mucha hambre. I'm really hungry.
10
Ser vs Estar P 22 in Imagina
You may remember learning ser and estar with acronyms.
Ser
Estar
Pronombre
Ser
Estar
N
O
T
C
O
E
D
H
C
L
Yo
soy
estoy
Tú
eres
estás
Él, ella, usted
es
está
Nosotros
somos estamos
Vosotros
sois
estáis
Ellos, ellas, ustedes son
están
While this worked for you given the level you were at back then, now we need to go a bit
deeper.
Ser: all of the above, plus…
Generalizations
Las relaciones personales son complejas.
Possession
La guitarra es de mi padre.
Material of composition
La guitarra es de madera.
Where or when an event takes place (anytime you can think “to take place”)
La fiesta es en el apartamento de Claudia.
Estar: all of the above, plus…
Progressive tenses/ things that are in progress. Estoy estudiando.
Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected qualities. Estar is used to describe
temporary or variable qualities, or a change in appearance or condition.
So, I might say, "Estoy enfermo." That would tell you that I am being sick, that I am sick at the
moment. But it doesn't tell you what I am. Now if I were to say, "Soy enfermo," that would have
a different meaning entirely. That would refer to who I am, to the nature of my being. We might
translate that as "I am a sick person" or "I am sickly."
Note similar differences in these examples:



Estoy cansado, I am tired. Soy cansado, I am a tired person.
Estoy feliz, I'm happy now. Soy feliz, I am happy by nature.
Está callada, she's being quiet. Es callada, she's introverted.
With most descriptive adjectives, either ser or estar can be used, but the meaning of each
statement is different.
11
Julio es alto.
Julio is tall. (a tall person.)
¡Qué altas estás en esos tacones, Adriana!
How tall you look in those heels, Adriana!
Ryan Gosling es un hombre guapo. ¡Estás muy guapa en ese vestido!
Ryan Gosling is a handsome man. You look gorgeous in that dress!
Some adjectives have two different meanings, depending on whether they are used with
ser or estar.
Used w SER
Used w ESTAR
Aburrido
Borracho
Bueno
Boring
A drunk/ alcoholic
Good
Callado
Cansado
To be introverted
to be boring, tiresome,
tiring
To be aware
to be sharp, alert
To be entertaining, fun
selfish
Free
Clever, smart
Bad
Rich
Safe, reliable
Green
Lively
Bored
Drunk
to be tasty, fresh, sexually
attractive
To be quiet
Tired
Consciente
Despierto
Divertido
Interesado
Libre
Listo
Malo
Rico
Seguro
Verdes (w fruits, etc)
Vivo
To be conscious
Awake
To be in a good mood
interested
Available
Ready
Sick, ill
Delicious
Sure, certain
Unripe
Alive
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Verbs like Gustar
There are some verbs that are used with Indirect Object (IO) Pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les). A
good example is interesar, as it is used similarly in English.
Ejemplos: Me interesa el español. Spanish is interesting to me.
Me interesan los libros. The books are interesting to me.
The verb interesar changes based on what is interesting, not who is interested in it. In the first
example, Spanish (singular) is interesting. In the second, the books (plural) are interesting, so the
ending of the verb must also be plural.
This is a good time to discuss the verb "gustar" because using it also requires use of the IO
pronouns.
Me gusta el cuarto.
Nos gustan los libros.
I like the room.
We like the books.
In English, it is correct to construct a sentence that has the subject "liking" a direct object. In
Spanish, this never occurs. In Spanish, a different construction is used.
English: I like the room.
English: We like the books.
Spanish: The room is pleasing to me.
Spanish: The books are pleasing to us.
The first thing you need to notice is that both versions really mean the same thing. They are
merely different expressions of the same idea.
Idea: My feelings with regard to the book are positive.
English Way: I like the book.
Spanish Way: The book is pleasing to me.
The second thing to notice is that in English, the subject of the sentence is the person (I, we)
while in Spanish the subject of the sentence is the object (room, books).
The room is pleasing to me.
Subject: The room
I like the room.
Subject: I
Finally notice that while the English sentence has a direct object, the Spanish sentence has an
indirect object.
The room is pleasing to me.
me = Indirect Object
Let's study the following example:
Me gustan los libros.
Literal Translation: To me are pleasing the books.
Actual Translation: I like the books.
Notice that gustar is conjugated as "gustan" not "gusto." A common mistake is to say "Me gusto
los libros." This is incorrect because the subject of the sentence is "los libros" even though it
comes at the end. Remember, the verb is conjugated to agree with the subject of the sentence.
Me gustan los libros. (I like the books.)
Notice that the conjugation of gustar changes to "gusta" when the subject of the sentence is
singular.
Me gusta el libro. (I like the book.)
Remember, the IO pronoun is not the subject of the sentence!
Nos gustamos ... incorrect!
(This would mean “We please ourselves”)
Te gustas ... incorrect!
(“You please yourself.”)
Look more closely at one example:
Le gusta la silla.
It is impossible to tell whether this means:
13
1. He likes the chair.
2. She likes the chair.
3. You (usted) like the chair.
For purposes of clarification, the sentence will often begin with a prepositional phrase that
clarifies just who the IO pronoun refers to.
A él le gusta la silla.
He likes the chair.
A Juan le gusta la silla.
John likes the chair.
As you can see, by adding a prepositional phrase, we remove the ambiguity of the "le" form.
You can also use a prepositional phrase to add emphasis, even if there is no ambiguity.
1. A Juan le gusta el café.
2. A mí me gusta el té.
John likes coffee.
I like tea.
In the first example, "a Juan" clarifies the ambiguous pronoun "le." In the second example, there
is no ambiguity. "Me gusta el té" can only mean "I like tea." In this case, "a mí" adds emphasis,
drawing attention to the fact that tea is what I like (as contrasted with what Juan likes).
Another way to look at it:
John likes coffee. Me, I like tea.
A Juan le gusta el café. A mí me gusta el té.
Prepositional Phrases for Clarification or Emphasis:
A mí
A ti
A él
A ella
A Ud
me
te
le
le
le
A nosotros
A vosotros
A ellos
A ellas
A Uds
nos
os
les
les
les
14
Preterite Tense
Nombre_______________________
Regular
-AR
é
aste
ó
-ER/ -IR
í
iste
ió
amos
asteis
aron
imos
isteis
ieron
-car, -gar, zar verbs first person (YO) form change only
car- qué
Busqué= I looked for
gar-gué
Jugué = I played
zar- cé (z before e becomes c)
Comencé= I started
Stem Changers: -ar and -er stem changers do not stem change in preterite.
-ir stem changers do stem change, in 3rd person (él, ella, Ud, ellos ellas, Uds.) only
e-i 3rd person stem change
o-u 3rd person stem change
pedí
pedimos
dormí
dormimos
pediste
pedisteis
dormiste
dormisteis
pidió
pidieron
durmió
durmieron
Stem ending in a vowel: in the 3rd person (él, ella, Ud, ellos ellas, Uds.)
-er and -ir verbs whose stem ends in a vowel, the i in the ending changes to a y
leer= yo leí, but él leyó, ellos leyeron
caer=yo caí, but él cayó, ellos cayeron
Reflexives still use the pronouns before the conjugated verb. IE: Me desperté.
Irregulars
(Also needed when another verbs ends in the irregular infinitive, for example, mantener,
componer, contraer...)
andar
estar
tener
caber
haber
poder
poner
saber
hacer
querer
venir
decir
traer
conducir
anduv
estuv
tuv
cup
hub
pud
pus
sup
hic
(él hizo)
quis
vin
dij
traj
conduj
Other Irregulars
Ser and Ir (both have the same
None of the irregulars have accent marks.
All of the irregulars share the same endings....
e
iste
o
imos
isteis
ieron
except when the stem ends in a j, which in 3rd
person plural goes to jeron instead of ieron.
Ver
Dar
preterite forms. Needs context )
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
Vi
Viste
Vio
Vimos
Visteis
Vieron
Di
Diste
Dio
Dimos
Disteis
Dieron
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The Past in Spanish
Nombre________________________
There are two ways to express a past action in Spanish, the preterite and the imperfect. The preterite endings and
irregularities we have already gone over.
El Imperfecto: endings
-AR
used to, was ...ing
-ER/ -IR
used to, was ...ing
aba*
ábamos
ía*
íamos
abas
abais
ías
íais
aba*
aban
ía*
ían
* Note that the first and third person singular endings are exactly the same. Subject pronouns (yo, él, ella, Ud) are often necessary in these forms.
There are only three irregular imperfects:
Ir
used to go, was going
Ser
used to be, was
Ver
used to see, was seeing
iba
íbamos
era
éramos
veía
veíamos
ibas
ibais
eras
erais
veías
veíais
iba
iban
era
eran
veía
veían
In this acronym to help remember the reasons you would use the imperfect, see if you can figure out
what the letter stands for based on the example given.
W__________
H__________
A__________
T__________
S___________
L___________
E___________
F___________
T___________
Hacía buen tiempo.
Yo siempre me cepillaba los dientes después de ducharme.
Ella tenía cinco años.
Eran las diez y media.
Era una noche oscura y hacía buen tiempo cuando el actor entró a la escena.
Estaba en la escuela.
Estaba triste.
Estaba desilusionado.
Tenía el pelo rubio y los ojos azules.
Pensaba, creía.
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Contrasts: The Preterite and the Imperfect
Preterite
Imperfect
In English, usually translates as -ed, though
In English, usually was -ing
there are many irregulars (ate, ran, slept,
etc.)
Completed action or event - No matter how
(like a video)
Repeated or habitual past event
long they lasted nor how many times they
occurred. Limited, completed past event.
Used to....
(like a snapshot)
Change in physical, mental, or emotional
To Describe a physical, mental, or
state or condition at a specific time in the
emotional state in the past. Background
past.
descriptions. Estar. Tener. Pensar. Creer.
Después de hablar con la profesora ayer,
Hacia frio.
estuve menos nerviosa.
Estaba nerviosa.
To tell the beginning or end of an action in
To tell time.
the past.
Eran las nueve.
Empezar. Comenzar. Terminar. Acabar.
Palabras que normalmente indican el
pretérito
el domingo
el sábado pasado
el fin de semana pasado
ayer
anteayer
un día
el día anterior
el otro día
una vez
alguna vez
dos veces
por primera vez
de repente
de pronto
por fin
finalmente
a las diez y media
anoche
Palabras que normalmente indican el
imperfecto
los domingos
los sábados por la noche
los fines de semana
cada día
todos los días
antes
en el pasado
algunas veces
a veces
de vez en cuando
siempre
a menudo
raramente
rara vez
por lo general
generalmente
mientras
17
Used together:
The imperfect will describe the way things were (conditions) or what was happening,
while the preterite relates a single, completed act which interrupts.
Examples:
La profesora hablaba cuando la clase oyó un grito.
The teacher was speaking when the class heard a scream.
Me caí mientras corría.
I fell while I was running.
18
Como Agua Para Chocolate
Acercarse
Adivinar
Agarrar
Al lado
Amar
Amarse (reflexive as “each other”)
Casarse (con)
Cocinar
Como
Conveniente
Cuidar (a)
Dejar
Embarazada
Embarazo
Encender
Exigente
Huir
Matar
Morirse
Nacer
Parecer
Partir
Sentir(se)
Soltar (o-ue)
Sorprender
Tejer
Terminar
Tía abuela
Volverse loco
El aliento
El amor
El baño
El caldo de res
El cocinero
El fantasma
El lado
El libro de cocina
El mulato
El nacimiento
El olor
El pastel
El pecho
El personaje principal
El sentido
El tepezcohuitle
El/ la indígeno/a
El/la invitado/a
La boda
La caja
La codorniz
La colcha
La criada
La criatura
La huida
La lágrima
La masa
La mera verdad
La muerte
La niñera
La pena
La receta
La rosca de reyes
La vela
La verdad
La vida
Las chispas
Las torrejas de nata
Llorar
Los cerillos
Los federales
Los fósforos
Los personajes
Los sentimientos
Los villistas
Cognados:
Aceptar
decente
el dólar
el esposo/la esposa
el general/ la generala
el rancho
el sargento/ la sargenta
Estricto
Excitado
la necesidad
la rosa
la tradición
la visita
permitir
preparar
prohibir
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