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Español 201 pp1-39 Imagina Nombre__________________ Lección 1: Las relaciones personales La personalidad La opinión Los artículos definidos e indefinidos, Ser y estar Los verbos como gustar Pretérito e Imperfecto Cortometraje Relaciones Personales p 4, 39 el alma gemela la simpatía la amistad soltero el amor correspondido la timidez el amor no correspondido el desánimo el ánimo atraer apreciado compartir el cariño confiar en el chisme coquetear la cita corresponder la cita a ciegas dejar a alguien el compromiso dejar plantado la confianza discutir el deseo enamorarse el divorcio enrojecer la fidelidad enojarse la infidelidad ligar el matrimonio merecer el marido odiar la mujer proponer matrimonio el riesgo quedarse viudo la pareja romper (con) el sentimiento salir con tener celos de 1 dar el primer paso Características de la personalidad estar orgulloso de P4 hacerle caso a alguien antipático llevar # anos de (casados) autoritario llevarse bien/mal/fatal cariñoso mantenerse en contacto cuidadoso pasarlo bien/mal culto pasarlo fatal cursi ponerse pesado falso tener vergüenza de genial uña y carne gracioso inolvidable Estados emocionales: p 4, 39 inseguro Usados con ESTAR, normalmente inteligente agobiado maduro overwhelmed ansioso mentiroso celoso orgulloso deprimido permisivo disgustado seguro emocionado sensible enamorado (de) tacaño nervioso tempestuoso pasajero tímido preocupado (por) tradicional solo tranquilo tranquilo liberal 2 Opinión (no está en el libro) criar contentarse con entenderse discutir querer esconderse enojarse impresionar enamorarse parecer estar harto/a preguntarse llevarse bien/mal/fatal recordar odiar sentirse ponerse pesado soñar con soportar tolerar aguantar Verbos como gustar: (Used w/ IDOP!!) Tener razón (me, te, le, nos, os, les) p 26-29 Por mi parte aburrir A mi parecer caer bien/mal Me parece que… causar Estoy convencido/a de que… disgustar Mayormente doler Normalmente encantar Aunque… faltar Depende de… fascinar Prefiero… hacer falta Sí y no… importar A veces… interesar De vez en cuando... molestar Hay que… preocupar Estoy a favor de… quedar Estoy en contra de… sorprender Los sentimientos, p 4 o 39 Verbos que expresan afecto adorar apreciar cuidar educar 3 Cortometraje p 9-11 (las palabras mudarse vienen de la lectura) perfil el boleto por su cuenta la broma la caja Poema 20 p 35-38, (no están en el libro) el cortometraje a lo lejos la escena a veces el guión acercar la historia, el cuento alcanzar el/la protagonista amar el recuerdo aunque la ventanilla besar abrazar causar (w/idop) averiguar contentarse con meterse dolor suceder, ocurrir, pasar el/la poeta el corazón Cultura (de la p 33, traducción, p el olvido 39) el poema abandonar el alma ayudarse el valor crecer el olvido cuidar el cielo el lazo el amado/la amada el/la inmigrante el sentimiento emigrar la poesía flujo- flood, flow la madurez fortalecerse los astros/las estrellas la calidad de vida querer la patria romper con la población la red de apoyo la voluntad los familiares, los parientes 4 Apuntes Definite and Indefinite Articles You may not have learned this in grammar school, but in English the word “the” is a definite article. That is because it points to a very specific thing. For example, you may tell someone, “I want the mug,” assuming that they will bring you the mug you have in mind. However, if you tell them, “I want a mug,” you will get whatever mug they choose to hand you! That is because the words “a” or “an” are indefinite articles. The Definite article in English is "The". In Spanish there are four words to translate "the". These are "El", "La", "Los" and "Las". The Spanish definite article must agree with the gender and number of the noun that follows it. So if we want to say "The bed", we know that bed in Spanish is cama, and that it is a feminine noun so we must use La with it. Before I get too deep in this explanation, let me give you a chart of the definite articles in Spanish. Definite Article English Translation Gender Number Example el the masculine singular el libro the book la the feminine singular la puerta the door los the masculine plural los libros the books las the feminine plural las puertas the doors In Spanish the definite article is often used in places where we don't use it in English. For example: The Definite article is used... Example Translation With parts of the body Me duele la cabeza. I have a headache. / My head hurts. With articles of clothing Quítate la chamarra. Take off your jacket. With abstract nouns El amor es para siempre. Love is forever. With nouns referring to a general idea No me gusta el pluralismo. I don't like pluralism. With nouns used in a general sense No me gustan los tacos de bistec. I don't like beef tacos. With people's titles La señora de Uribe dará hoy un discurso. Mrs. Uribe will speak today. 5 More detailed explanation of the use and omission of definite articles ¿Hablas español? El español es la lengua de la Argentina. (Do you speak Spanish? Spanish is the language of Argentina.) If you're paying attention or are particularly analytical about words, you may have noticed something about the words el and la — words usually translated as "the" — in the above sentences. In the first sentence, español is used to translate "Spanish," but in the second sentence it's el español. And Argentina, a country name that stands alone in English, is preceded by la in the Spanish sentence. These differences typify just a couple of the differences in how the definite article ("the" in English and usually el, la, los or las in Spanish) is used in the two languages. Using the definite article when you shouldn't or the other way around won't make you misunderstood very often, but using it correctly will make you sound like less of a foreigner. The easy rule: Fortunately, although the rules of using the definite article can be complex, you have a head start if you speak English. That's because nearly any time you use "the" in English you can use the definite article in Spanish. Of course, there are exceptions. Here are the cases where Spanish doesn't use the definite article while English does: Before ordinal numbers for names of rulers and similar people. Luis octavo (Luis the Eighth), Carlos quinto (Carlos the Fifth). Some proverbs (or statements made in a proverbial fashion) omit the article. Camarón que se duerme, se lo lleva la corriente. (The shrimp that falls asleep gets carried away by the current.) Perro que ladra no muerde. (The dog that barks doesn't bite.) When used in nonrestrictive apposition, the article is often omitted. This usage can best be explained by example. Vivo en Las Vegas, ciudad que no duerme. (I live in Las Vegas, the city that doesn't sleep.) In this case, ciudad que no duerme is in apposition to Las Vegas. The clause is said to be nonrestrictive because it doesn't define which Las Vegas; it only provides additional information. The article isn't used. But Vivo en Washington, el estado. Here, el estado is in apposition to Washington, and it defines which Washington (it "restricts" Washington), so the article is used. Conozco a Julio Iglesias, cantante famoso. (I know Julio Iglesias, the famous singer.) In this sentence, presumably both the person speaking and any listeners know who Iglesias is, so the phrase in apposition (cantante famoso) doesn't tell who he is (it doesn't "restrict"), it merely provides additional information. The definite article isn't needed. But Escogí a Bob Smith, el médico. (I chose Bob Smith, the doctor.) The listener doesn't know who Bob Smith is, and el médico serves to define him ("restrict" him). The definite article would be used. In certain set phrases that don't follow any particular pattern. Examples: A largo plazo (in the long run), en alta mar (on the high seas). 6 Far more common are cases where you don't use the article in English but you need it in Spanish. Following are the most common such uses. Keep in mind that there are some regional variations and exceptions. But this list should include most of the instances you will come across. Days of the week: Days of the week typically are preceded by either el or los, depending on whether the day is singular or plural (the names of the weekdays don't change in the plural form). Voy a la tienda el jueves. (I'm going to the store on Thursday.) Voy a la tienda los jueves. (I go to the store on Thursdays.) The article isn't used following a form of the verb ser to indicate which day of the week it is. Hoy es lunes. (Today is Monday.) Seasons of the year: Seasons normally need the definite article, although it is optional after de, en or a form of ser. Prefiero los inviernos. (I prefer winters.) No quiero asistir a la escuela de verano. (I don't want to go to the summer school.) With more than one noun: In English, we can often omit the "the" when using two or more nouns joined by "and" or "or," as the article is understood to apply to both. That's not so in Spanish. El hermano y la hermana están tristes. (The brother and sister are sad.) Vendemos la casa y la silla. (We're selling the house and chair.) With generic nouns: These are nouns that refer to a concept or to a substance in general or a member of a class in general, rather than a specific one (where the article would be required in both languages). No preferiría el despotismo. (I wouldn't prefer despotism.) Esto es la realidad de la vida. (This is the reality of life.) El trigo es nutritivo. (Wheat is nutritious.) Los americanos son ricos. (Americans are rich.) Los derechistas no deben votar. (Right-wingers ought not to vote.) Escogí la cristianidad. (I chose Christianity.) Exception: The article is often omitted after the preposition de, especially when the noun following de serves to describe the first noun and doesn't refer to a specific person or thing. Los zapatos de hombres (men's shoes), but los zapatos de los hombres (the shoes of the men). Dolor de muela (toothache in general), but dolor de la muela (a toothache in a particular tooth). With names of languages: Names of languages require the article except when they immediately follow en or a verb that is often used of languages (particularly saber, aprender, and hablar, and sometimes entender, escribir or estudiar). The article also is required after an adverb or a preposition other than en. Hablo español. (I speak Spanish.) Hablo bien el español. (I speak Spanish well.) Prefiero el inglés. (I prefer English.) Aprendemos inglés. (We are learning English.) With clothing, body parts and other personal items: It is very common to use the definite article in Spanish in cases where a possessive adjective (such as "your") would be used in English. Examples: ¡Abre los ojos! (Open your eyes!) Perdió los zapatos. (He lost his shoes.) With infinitives used as subjects: El entender es difícil. (Understanding is difficult.) El fumar está prohibido. (Smoking is prohibited.) Before the names of some countries: The names of some countries, and a few cities, are preceded by the definite article. In some cases it's mandatory or nearly so (el Reino Unido, la India), while in other cases it's optional but common (el Canadá, la China). Even if a country isn't on the list, the article is used if the country is modified by an adjective. Voy a México. (I'm going to Mexico.) But, 7 voy al México bello. (I'm going to beautiful Mexico.) The article is also commonly used before the names of mountains: el Everest, el Fuji. Before names of streets: Streets, avenues, plazas and similar places are usually preceded by the article. La Casa Blanca está en la avenida Pennsylvania. (The White House is on Pennsylvania Avenue.) With personal titles: The article is used before most personal titles when talking about people, but not when talking to them. El señor Smith está en casa. (Mr. Smith is at home.) But, hola, señor Smith (hello, Mr. Smith). La doctora Jones asistió a la escuela. (Dr. Jones attended the school.) But, doctora Jones, ¿como está? (Dr. Jones, how are you?) La is also often used when speaking about a famous woman using her last name only. La Spacek durmió aquí. (Spacek slept here.) In certain set phrases: Many of these involve places. En el espacio (in space), en la televisión (on television). The Indefinite Article The indefinite article in Spanish is similar to the definite article and has four forms as well, and must also agree in gender and number with the noun that it modifies. Indefinite Article English Translation Gender Number Example un a/an/one masculine singular un libro a book, one book una a/an/one feminine singular una oficina an office, one office unos some/about/a few masculine plural unos libros some books, a few books unos tres meses about three months unas some/about/a few feminine plural Hace unos años. A few years ago. / Some years ago. If you listen to popular music, you may recall one of the sentences of a Spanish-language dance tune: Yo no soy marinero, soy capitán, soy capitán. Translated, that would be, "I am not a mariner, I am a captain, I am a captain." That sentence indicates one of the differences between Spanish and English. Although English requires the word "a" before "mariner" and "captain," Spanish doesn't require an equivalent word, which in this case would be un (if sung by a male). The words "a" and "an" are known to grammarians as indefinite articles, and the Spanish equivalents are un (used before masculine nouns and noun phrases) and una (feminine). Using the Spanish indefinite articles when they aren't needed is one of the pitfalls for many beginning Spanish students. Say no soy un marinero, soy un capitán, and it would sound as awkward (and improper) as one possible translation into English: "I am not one mariner, I am one captain." 8 Generally speaking, whenever you use un or una in Spanish, you need to use "a" or "an" to say the equivalent in English. But the reverse isn't true. The appearance is that Spanish frequently "omits" the indefinite articles. Although the rules of article usage can get complex, and there are cases where the use of un/una is discretionary, here are the most common cases where the article shouldn't be used even though it's used in English: Before an unmodified noun after a form of ser ("to be"), especially in reference to occupation, religion, affiliation or social status (normally, if the noun is modified, the article should be used): Soy profesor. I am a teacher. Él es un buen dentista. He is a good dentist. ¿Eres católica? —No, soy una metodista feliz. "Are you a Catholic." "No, I'm a happy Methodist." Es artista. She is an artist. Es una artista que muere de hambre. She is a starving artist. Before otro ("other"): Quisiera otra taza. I would like another cup. Compró otro coche. He bought another car. Before mil ("thousand") and cien ("hundred"): Gana mil dólares por mes. He earns a thousand dollars per month. Tiene cien años. She is a hundred years old. In exclamations using qué ("what"): ¡Qué lástima! What a shame! ¡Qué casa! What a house! After con ("with") and sin ("without"): Come con cuchara. She eats with a spoon. Escribe sin ordenador. He writes without a computer. Frequently after forms of tener ("to have"), comprar ("to buy"), llevar ("to wear") and some other verbs when generically referring to things that people would normally have or use one at a time: No tengo coche. I don't have a car. Lleva camisa. He is wearing a shirt. Vamos a comprar casa. We're going to buy a house. ¿Tiene madre? Does he have a mother? If you're a beginning Spanish student, don't sweat the details of the final rule for now. As you use the language, you will get a feel for whether you need the article or not. Finally, there is one case where we don't use the indefinite article in English where it's needed in Spanish: in a series of two or more words joined by "and" (y in Spanish). In English we might say "a cat and dog," but in Spanish it must be un gato y un perro. Without the second un, the phrase would be understood as referring to one creature, a cross between a cat and dog. Note the distinction in these sentences: Conozco a un artista y un dentista means "I know an artist and I know a dentist," while Conozco a un artista y dentista means "I know a dentist who is also an artist." The Neuter Article There is also a neuter article "Lo" that is used as follows: Lo interesante de eso es que... The interesting thing about it is that... Tomamos lo aburrido y lo convertimos en algo interesante. We take what is boring and make it interesting. Lo fácil de esto...The easy part... 9 Feminine nouns beginning with a tonic A Feminine nouns that begin with a tonic or stessed A sound use the masculine definite or indefinite article in the singular but in the plural use the feminine article. Additionally, any other adjectives should use the feminine form. Some examples: Noun Example English Translation agua el agua the water agua el agua clara the clear water agua las aguas negras the greywater alma Me parte el alma It just breaks my heart(soul). alma las almas the souls hambre el hambre hunger hambre Tengo mucha hambre. I'm really hungry. 10 Ser vs Estar P 22 in Imagina You may remember learning ser and estar with acronyms. Ser Estar Pronombre Ser Estar N O T C O E D H C L Yo soy estoy Tú eres estás Él, ella, usted es está Nosotros somos estamos Vosotros sois estáis Ellos, ellas, ustedes son están While this worked for you given the level you were at back then, now we need to go a bit deeper. Ser: all of the above, plus… Generalizations Las relaciones personales son complejas. Possession La guitarra es de mi padre. Material of composition La guitarra es de madera. Where or when an event takes place (anytime you can think “to take place”) La fiesta es en el apartamento de Claudia. Estar: all of the above, plus… Progressive tenses/ things that are in progress. Estoy estudiando. Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected qualities. Estar is used to describe temporary or variable qualities, or a change in appearance or condition. So, I might say, "Estoy enfermo." That would tell you that I am being sick, that I am sick at the moment. But it doesn't tell you what I am. Now if I were to say, "Soy enfermo," that would have a different meaning entirely. That would refer to who I am, to the nature of my being. We might translate that as "I am a sick person" or "I am sickly." Note similar differences in these examples: Estoy cansado, I am tired. Soy cansado, I am a tired person. Estoy feliz, I'm happy now. Soy feliz, I am happy by nature. Está callada, she's being quiet. Es callada, she's introverted. With most descriptive adjectives, either ser or estar can be used, but the meaning of each statement is different. 11 Julio es alto. Julio is tall. (a tall person.) ¡Qué altas estás en esos tacones, Adriana! How tall you look in those heels, Adriana! Ryan Gosling es un hombre guapo. ¡Estás muy guapa en ese vestido! Ryan Gosling is a handsome man. You look gorgeous in that dress! Some adjectives have two different meanings, depending on whether they are used with ser or estar. Used w SER Used w ESTAR Aburrido Borracho Bueno Boring A drunk/ alcoholic Good Callado Cansado To be introverted to be boring, tiresome, tiring To be aware to be sharp, alert To be entertaining, fun selfish Free Clever, smart Bad Rich Safe, reliable Green Lively Bored Drunk to be tasty, fresh, sexually attractive To be quiet Tired Consciente Despierto Divertido Interesado Libre Listo Malo Rico Seguro Verdes (w fruits, etc) Vivo To be conscious Awake To be in a good mood interested Available Ready Sick, ill Delicious Sure, certain Unripe Alive 12 Verbs like Gustar There are some verbs that are used with Indirect Object (IO) Pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les). A good example is interesar, as it is used similarly in English. Ejemplos: Me interesa el español. Spanish is interesting to me. Me interesan los libros. The books are interesting to me. The verb interesar changes based on what is interesting, not who is interested in it. In the first example, Spanish (singular) is interesting. In the second, the books (plural) are interesting, so the ending of the verb must also be plural. This is a good time to discuss the verb "gustar" because using it also requires use of the IO pronouns. Me gusta el cuarto. Nos gustan los libros. I like the room. We like the books. In English, it is correct to construct a sentence that has the subject "liking" a direct object. In Spanish, this never occurs. In Spanish, a different construction is used. English: I like the room. English: We like the books. Spanish: The room is pleasing to me. Spanish: The books are pleasing to us. The first thing you need to notice is that both versions really mean the same thing. They are merely different expressions of the same idea. Idea: My feelings with regard to the book are positive. English Way: I like the book. Spanish Way: The book is pleasing to me. The second thing to notice is that in English, the subject of the sentence is the person (I, we) while in Spanish the subject of the sentence is the object (room, books). The room is pleasing to me. Subject: The room I like the room. Subject: I Finally notice that while the English sentence has a direct object, the Spanish sentence has an indirect object. The room is pleasing to me. me = Indirect Object Let's study the following example: Me gustan los libros. Literal Translation: To me are pleasing the books. Actual Translation: I like the books. Notice that gustar is conjugated as "gustan" not "gusto." A common mistake is to say "Me gusto los libros." This is incorrect because the subject of the sentence is "los libros" even though it comes at the end. Remember, the verb is conjugated to agree with the subject of the sentence. Me gustan los libros. (I like the books.) Notice that the conjugation of gustar changes to "gusta" when the subject of the sentence is singular. Me gusta el libro. (I like the book.) Remember, the IO pronoun is not the subject of the sentence! Nos gustamos ... incorrect! (This would mean “We please ourselves”) Te gustas ... incorrect! (“You please yourself.”) Look more closely at one example: Le gusta la silla. It is impossible to tell whether this means: 13 1. He likes the chair. 2. She likes the chair. 3. You (usted) like the chair. For purposes of clarification, the sentence will often begin with a prepositional phrase that clarifies just who the IO pronoun refers to. A él le gusta la silla. He likes the chair. A Juan le gusta la silla. John likes the chair. As you can see, by adding a prepositional phrase, we remove the ambiguity of the "le" form. You can also use a prepositional phrase to add emphasis, even if there is no ambiguity. 1. A Juan le gusta el café. 2. A mí me gusta el té. John likes coffee. I like tea. In the first example, "a Juan" clarifies the ambiguous pronoun "le." In the second example, there is no ambiguity. "Me gusta el té" can only mean "I like tea." In this case, "a mí" adds emphasis, drawing attention to the fact that tea is what I like (as contrasted with what Juan likes). Another way to look at it: John likes coffee. Me, I like tea. A Juan le gusta el café. A mí me gusta el té. Prepositional Phrases for Clarification or Emphasis: A mí A ti A él A ella A Ud me te le le le A nosotros A vosotros A ellos A ellas A Uds nos os les les les 14 Preterite Tense Nombre_______________________ Regular -AR é aste ó -ER/ -IR í iste ió amos asteis aron imos isteis ieron -car, -gar, zar verbs first person (YO) form change only car- qué Busqué= I looked for gar-gué Jugué = I played zar- cé (z before e becomes c) Comencé= I started Stem Changers: -ar and -er stem changers do not stem change in preterite. -ir stem changers do stem change, in 3rd person (él, ella, Ud, ellos ellas, Uds.) only e-i 3rd person stem change o-u 3rd person stem change pedí pedimos dormí dormimos pediste pedisteis dormiste dormisteis pidió pidieron durmió durmieron Stem ending in a vowel: in the 3rd person (él, ella, Ud, ellos ellas, Uds.) -er and -ir verbs whose stem ends in a vowel, the i in the ending changes to a y leer= yo leí, but él leyó, ellos leyeron caer=yo caí, but él cayó, ellos cayeron Reflexives still use the pronouns before the conjugated verb. IE: Me desperté. Irregulars (Also needed when another verbs ends in the irregular infinitive, for example, mantener, componer, contraer...) andar estar tener caber haber poder poner saber hacer querer venir decir traer conducir anduv estuv tuv cup hub pud pus sup hic (él hizo) quis vin dij traj conduj Other Irregulars Ser and Ir (both have the same None of the irregulars have accent marks. All of the irregulars share the same endings.... e iste o imos isteis ieron except when the stem ends in a j, which in 3rd person plural goes to jeron instead of ieron. Ver Dar preterite forms. Needs context ) fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron Vi Viste Vio Vimos Visteis Vieron Di Diste Dio Dimos Disteis Dieron 15 The Past in Spanish Nombre________________________ There are two ways to express a past action in Spanish, the preterite and the imperfect. The preterite endings and irregularities we have already gone over. El Imperfecto: endings -AR used to, was ...ing -ER/ -IR used to, was ...ing aba* ábamos ía* íamos abas abais ías íais aba* aban ía* ían * Note that the first and third person singular endings are exactly the same. Subject pronouns (yo, él, ella, Ud) are often necessary in these forms. There are only three irregular imperfects: Ir used to go, was going Ser used to be, was Ver used to see, was seeing iba íbamos era éramos veía veíamos ibas ibais eras erais veías veíais iba iban era eran veía veían In this acronym to help remember the reasons you would use the imperfect, see if you can figure out what the letter stands for based on the example given. W__________ H__________ A__________ T__________ S___________ L___________ E___________ F___________ T___________ Hacía buen tiempo. Yo siempre me cepillaba los dientes después de ducharme. Ella tenía cinco años. Eran las diez y media. Era una noche oscura y hacía buen tiempo cuando el actor entró a la escena. Estaba en la escuela. Estaba triste. Estaba desilusionado. Tenía el pelo rubio y los ojos azules. Pensaba, creía. 16 Contrasts: The Preterite and the Imperfect Preterite Imperfect In English, usually translates as -ed, though In English, usually was -ing there are many irregulars (ate, ran, slept, etc.) Completed action or event - No matter how (like a video) Repeated or habitual past event long they lasted nor how many times they occurred. Limited, completed past event. Used to.... (like a snapshot) Change in physical, mental, or emotional To Describe a physical, mental, or state or condition at a specific time in the emotional state in the past. Background past. descriptions. Estar. Tener. Pensar. Creer. Después de hablar con la profesora ayer, Hacia frio. estuve menos nerviosa. Estaba nerviosa. To tell the beginning or end of an action in To tell time. the past. Eran las nueve. Empezar. Comenzar. Terminar. Acabar. Palabras que normalmente indican el pretérito el domingo el sábado pasado el fin de semana pasado ayer anteayer un día el día anterior el otro día una vez alguna vez dos veces por primera vez de repente de pronto por fin finalmente a las diez y media anoche Palabras que normalmente indican el imperfecto los domingos los sábados por la noche los fines de semana cada día todos los días antes en el pasado algunas veces a veces de vez en cuando siempre a menudo raramente rara vez por lo general generalmente mientras 17 Used together: The imperfect will describe the way things were (conditions) or what was happening, while the preterite relates a single, completed act which interrupts. Examples: La profesora hablaba cuando la clase oyó un grito. The teacher was speaking when the class heard a scream. Me caí mientras corría. I fell while I was running. 18 Como Agua Para Chocolate Acercarse Adivinar Agarrar Al lado Amar Amarse (reflexive as “each other”) Casarse (con) Cocinar Como Conveniente Cuidar (a) Dejar Embarazada Embarazo Encender Exigente Huir Matar Morirse Nacer Parecer Partir Sentir(se) Soltar (o-ue) Sorprender Tejer Terminar Tía abuela Volverse loco El aliento El amor El baño El caldo de res El cocinero El fantasma El lado El libro de cocina El mulato El nacimiento El olor El pastel El pecho El personaje principal El sentido El tepezcohuitle El/ la indígeno/a El/la invitado/a La boda La caja La codorniz La colcha La criada La criatura La huida La lágrima La masa La mera verdad La muerte La niñera La pena La receta La rosca de reyes La vela La verdad La vida Las chispas Las torrejas de nata Llorar Los cerillos Los federales Los fósforos Los personajes Los sentimientos Los villistas Cognados: Aceptar decente el dólar el esposo/la esposa el general/ la generala el rancho el sargento/ la sargenta Estricto Excitado la necesidad la rosa la tradición la visita permitir preparar prohibir 19