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Vocabulary for United States History . 1. 12th Amendment-Electors vote separately for President and Vice-President. 2. 13th Amendment-The amendment that declared that slavery was completely illegal, and officially banned slavery in the United States. 3. 14th Amendment-The amendment that granted citizenship to African Americans. 4. 15th Amendment-The amendment that gave voting rights to African American men. 5. 16th Amendment-Income tax. 6. 17th Amendment-Direct election of Senators. 7. 18th Amendment (Volstead Act)-Prohibition; made the sale and distribution of alcohol illegal. 8. 19th Amendment-Gave women the right to vote. 9. 1st 100 Days-Refers to the time period between March 9 and June 16, 1933 where under the leadership of FDR a special session of Congress enacts a series of laws dealing with banking crisis and other conditions resulting from the Great Depression. At least 15 pieces of legislation was passed during this time. 10. 1st Industrial Revolution-The industrial revolution began in Great Britain during the 1700s and was introduced to America in the late 1700s. Developments in technology transformed manufacturing. This transformation changed not only the nation’s economy but also its culture, social life, and politics in America. An unintended consequence of the Industrial Revolution was the developing sectionalism. The north embraced industry, while the south continued to focus on agriculture. 11. 21st Amendment-Overturns the 18th Amendment. Prohibition is abolished. 12. 24th Amendment-Makes the poll tax illegal. This protects the voting rights of African Americans. 13. 25th Amendment-Gives the president the power to appoint a Vice-President if the office becomes vacant. The appointee must be approved by both the House and the Senate.919 14. 26th Amendment-Grants individuals that are eighteen-years-old (18) the right to vote. 15. 27th Amendment-Congress cannot give itself any pay raise, except that which does not go into effect until after the next congressional election. 57 26. 38th Parallel-This is where the nation of Korea was divided after WWII. The northern half was communist and the southern half was a democracy. In June 1950, the Korean War began when North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea. 27. 49ers- People who went to California to search for gold during the gold rush. 28. 54-40 or Fight! –the expansionist slogan calling for war against the British over the disputed Oregon territory. Candidate James Polk’s expansionist slogan during the election of 1844 29. Abolition movement-a moral crusade to immediately end the system of human slavery in the United States. Slavery should be abolished and it should not be allowed in new states. Made slavery and its expansion an important political issue. Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement. 30. Abraham Lincoln-was president of the United States, opposed the spread of slavery, issued the Emancipation Proclamation, was determined to preserve the Union, by force if necessary, believed the United States was one nation, not a collection of independent states, and wrote the Gettysburg Address that said the Civil War was to preserve a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” 211,216,220 31. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)-In this treaty Spain gave all of Florida to the United States. 32. Adolf Hitler-He became the dictator of Germany under the NAZI party principles. There were 3 main goals of the party: unite all German speaking people; race purification; and national expansion. Under Hitler’s reign, the Holocaust takes place where it is estimated that over 6 million Jews were killed. Hitler writes a book called “Mein Kampf,” which translates into “my struggle” in English. In this book he blames the Jews for all of Germany’s problems. 33. Affirmative Action-a policy by which minorities are given preferential consideration or are actively recruited for jobs, admittance to universities, and a number of other positions as a means of helping them “catch up” to whites who have enjoyed years of advantage. 34. Afghanistan35. Agent Orange-a herbicide dropped during the Vietnam War to kill vegetation so that US forces could find Viet Cong hiding places. Unfortunately, it became known later that Agent Orange caused serious health problems. US soldiers suffered from cancer and other adverse health effects as a result of exposure to Agent Orange. 36. Airline Deregulation-Under the Reagan administration the airline industry benefited from the governments reduced role in the economy. Deregulation means the removal of government control over industry. This allows industries to operate without interference of government. It is similar to “Laissez Faire.” 37. Airline service-moves from mainly transporting mail, to transporting people. 38. Airport Security-has been increased since 911 to prevent future hijackings. 39. Al Gore-Served as Vice-President to Bill Clinton. Was also the Democrats candidate for president during the election of 2000. Although Gore received a half million more votes than Bush, he fell short of winning the 270 electoral votes needed to capture the presidency. So did Bush. It came down to the state of Florida. The vote was so close in Florida that a recount had to be done. The result gave Bush the victory. Gore was unhappy and took legal action. In the case of Bush v. Gore the Supreme court ruled in favor of George W. Bush. 40. Albert B. Fall-Secretary of Interior under the Harding administration. He was caught up in the Teapot Dome Scandal where he leased out government owned oil reserves to private oil companies that were exclusively to be used for the US Navy. He was found guilty of bribery and became the first person in US history to be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet post. 535 41. Alexander Graham Bell-Invented the telephone. His invention had a profound effect on the growth of big business in the United States. 307 42. Alfred T. Mahan-He wrote “Influence of Sea Power upon History.” In this book he discussed that passed empires owed their greatness to their navies. His writings promoted the government to invest in building a powerful Navy in the United States, as well as acquiring foreign bases where American ships could refuel and gather fresh supplies. This was in line with one of the reasons the United States began to engage in Imperialism, military strength. 455 43. Alger Hiss-accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union during the McCarthy era of the Cold War. He was never convicted of espionage, however, he was eventually tried and convicted of perjury and sentenced to five years in prison. 44. Alien and Sedition Acts- Laws passed by the Federalist controlled Congress in 1798 to tighten naturalization and stifled criticism of the government 45. Alliance for Progress-This program was initiated under the John F. Kennedy administration. It promoted economic aid to Latin America. One of Kennedy’s hopes was that this program would change the negative feelings people in Latin America had towards the United States. The program was not successful.823 46. Alliances-Agreements between nations to help each other in the event of war. 47. Allies-The alliance of Great Britain (Churchill), France ( ), Russia/Soviet Union (Stalin), and later the United States (FDR/Truman) during World War II.488,649 48. Al-Quaeda-An international terrorist network responsible for the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center. The mastermind, and leader of this organization is a radical Muslim Osama bin Laden. The roots of this organization are in Afghanistan. 49. Alvin York-He started as a conscientious objector (someone that does not believe in violence and does not believe in fighting and harming others in war) during WWI. He eventually would be drafted and serve in the military during WWI. While serving he became a war hero. He shot 25 Germans, and along with six other American soldiers, took approximately 132 German soldiers as prisoners. 50. American Expeditionary force- Name for US troops that went to Europe to fight with the Allies in World War I. 51. American Federation of Labor (AFL)- Craft union founded by Samuel Gompers 52. American Indian Movement (AIM)-Created during the 1960s. This organization focused on all civil rights issues as related to Native Americans, particularly the securing of land, legal rights, and self-government for Native Americans. 53. American System –Henry Clay’s plan in the 1820’s for a protective tariff and federal financing of “internal improvements” (transportation systems) that included building roads and canals to link the Atlantic states with the Midwest, and supported the reestablishment of a national bank. It was designed to promote cooperation between regions. 54. American Tobacco v. US 1911-James “Buck” Duke (Duke University) had built the tobacco company started by his father into a powerful business that controlled nine-tenths (at least 90%) of the country’s cigarette production. In 1911, the US Supreme court ruled in American Tobacco v. US that the Dukes had established an illegal monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust act and ordered that the company be broken up into smaller, competing companies. This is considered an Antitrust case. 1030,1032 (back of book) 55. Americans with Disabilities Act-This act was signed into law by George H. W. Bush in July of 1990. This act ensures that Americans with disabilities receive the same opportunities in employment and access to public transportation and public places as other Americans. 952 56. Amnesty-Pardon or forgiveness extended by a government, especially with respect to political offenses. The act of granting pardon to a large group of people. 57. Amusement Parks-Becomes one of America’s “leisure time” activities in the late 1800s and early 1900s. an antislavery newspaper that printed graphic stories of the bad treatment received by slaves. 58. Anaconda plan- Strategy for Union victory in the Civil War. This plan consisted of blockading confederate ports, split the confederacy in half, and take the capital (Richmond Va.). 59. Anarchist- A person that believes in an absence of any form of political authority. A state of lawlessness, confusion, and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government.) NO GOVERNMENT, LET PEOPLE RULE THEMSELVES. 60. Andrew Carnegie-Carnegie came to dominate the steel industry through the business practice known as vertical integration. In Carnegie’s case he owned not only the steel mills, but the iron ore and coal mines as well. He also owned the railroads and ships that transported the needed coal and iron ore. In this way, Carnegie was able to form a monopoly in the steel industry. Carnegie and others like him were at times referred to as Captains of Industry or Robber Barons. Carnegie was also a philanthropists, which means he believed that the wealthy were supposed to use their money to help others in the community. 61. Andrew Johnson and his Impeachment-Andrew Johnson was Lincoln’s VicePresident. Johnson was impeached by Radical Republicans using the Tenure of Office Act. They felt he was abusing his power and they wanted to control reconstruction. During all the Reconstruction period, the biggest issue in northern and southern states alike was the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. The U.S. Constitution allows Congress to remove the president from office by impeaching (accusing) him of committing “high crimes and misdemeanors,” so Radical Republicans impeached Johnson when he ignored laws they had passed to limit presidential powers. They passed these laws to stop Johnson from curbing the Radical Republicans’ hostile treatment of former Confederate states and their leaders. After a three-month trial in the Senate, Johnson missed being convicted by one vote, so he was not removed from office merely because he held political opinions unpopular among politicians who had the power to impeach him. 62. Anglo-Saxon Superiority-the idea that English speaking whites are biologically superior to other races. 63. Annexation of Hawaii-After overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani, the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 and made it a US territory. 64. Annexation-The process of incorporating new territory into an existing country or state. 65. Antebellum –a term used to describe objects and institutions that originated three (3) to four (4) decades before the Civil War. Antebellum is Latin for “before the war.” 66. Anthracite Coal Strike 1902-the United Mine Workers launched a strike by the Anthracite (hard coal) miners of eastern Pennsylvania. Nearly 150,000 workers walked out, demanding increased pay, reduced work hours, and union recognition. Coal prices began to rise. President Teddy Roosevelt viewed it as another example of groups pursuing their private interest at the nation’s expense. Roosevelt ordered the union and the owners to accept arbitration—a settlement negotiated by an outside party. The union agreed, the mine owners did not. Roosevelt threatened to order the army to run the mines. The mine owners finally accepted arbitration. By intervening in the dispute, Roosevelt took the first step toward establishing the federal government as an honest broker between powerful groups in society. 67. Antietam-September 1862––Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee marched his forces to Antietam Creek, Maryland, where he fought the war’s first major battle over 26,000 casualties. Neither side won a victory. As Lee withdrew to the South, 68. Anti-Imperialism League-Formed in 1899, the league condemned imperialism as crime and attacked it as “open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our government.” 69. Anti-Slavery movement/Abolition-Called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves. This was a movement to end slavery in America. 70. Anwar el-Sadat-In November of 1977 Egyptian president Anwar Sadat shocked everyone when he flew to Jerusalem to meet with Israel’s prime minister, Menachem Begin. It was the first time any Arab leader had acknowledged Israel, much less visited the country. Many in the Arab world hated Sadat for going to Israel, but Sadat felt it necessary to improve Egyptian and Israeli relations. 71. Apartheid- policy of separation of the races enforced by law (South Africa is a good example of this policy). 72. Appeasement- Policy pursued by Allied nations towards Hitler in the 1930s to avoid conflict 73. Appomattox Court House-the location where the defeated lee was cornered after the capture of Richmond and forced to surrender to Grant by ending the war with peace concessions. 74. Arbitration-settlement of a dispute by the decision of a judge, umpire or committee. In other words an objective third party. 75. Archduke Franz Ferdinand-He was the heir to the throne of the AustriaHungary. While visiting in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia he and his wife Sophie were assassinated by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the immediate cause of WWI. 76. Armistice- Peace agreement/truce. An armistice ended World War I. 77. Assimilation-blending of cultures in which the culture of the majority overrules that of the smaller culture; adopting a different culture from your own and forgetting the old ways. 78. Atlanta Compromise Speech-the most famous African-American of the late 19th century was the influential educator Booker T. Washington. He proposed that African Americans concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than political ones. In 1895 Washington summed up his views in a speech before a mostly white audience in Atlanta. Known as the Atlanta Compromise, the speech urged African Americans to postpone the fight for Civil Rights and instead concentrate on preparing themselves educationally and vocationally for full equality. The Atlanta Compromise provoked a strong challenge fro W.E.B. DuBois, the leader of a new generation of African American activists. In his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk DuBois explained why he saw no advantage in giving up civil rights even temporarily. He was particularly concerned with protecting and exercising voting rights. 79. Atlantic Charter-The Atlantic Charter was a document drafted and signed between FDR and Churchill. The document promoted national self-determination and collective security. The signing of this document signaled the deepening alliance between the US and Great Britain during WWII. This document also went on to become the basis for the founding of the United Nations 80. Atomic Bomb- Used in 1945 by US to force Japan to surrender in World War II. Save American lives Rationalization of Truman for using the Atomic Bomb 81. automobiles82. Axis of Evil-This refers to countries that George W. Bush accused of sponsoring terror or harboring terrorist. Among them he included Iraq, Iran, and North Korea, he believed they threatened American, as well as world security.-993 83. Axis Powers-The alliance of Germany (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini), and Japan (Tojo) during World War II. 84. Ayatollah Khomeini-After a revolution in Iran a government based on strict Muslim law was instituted and led by Ayatollah Khomeini. 85. Babe Ruth-popular baseball player during the roaring twenties. 86. Baby boom/ Baby Boomers- People born from 1945-1965 that will soon age and begin the “graying of America.” 87. Barbed Wire-This invention was most responsible for the end of the Open Range era in the west. 88. Battle of Britain 1940-A battle during WWII. German planes bombed Great Britain for four months in an attempt to destroy the Royal (British) Air Force. Germany needed to gain air superiority over the English Channel before they could launch an invasion on the ground. In this battle the British (Royal) Air Force was able to stop the German Luftwaffe (German Air Force) air invasion and turn the German Luftwaffe back. This is important because Germany was never able to take control of Great Britain. This battle showed that the Germans were not invincible and boosted moral. 89. Battle of Gettysburg-April 1863––Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee marched north to Pennsylvania, where he was met by Union troops at Gettysburg. In a three-day battle, as many as 51,000 were killed. It was the deadliest battle of the American Civil War. Lee failed to show Britain and France they should assist the Confederacy, and he gave up attempts to invade the Union or show northerners that the Union troops could not win the war. Four months later, Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery. 90. Battle of Little Big Horn-battle between Custer and the Sioux Native American tribe. Custer and his men are all killed. This battle is also referred to as “Custer’s Last Stand.” 91. Battle of Midway-This battle of the Pacific during WWII is considered the turning point in the Pacific. The major significance of this battle is that the United States now had the naval advantage in the Pacific and the Japanese are forced to fight a defensive war. The Japanese Navy sustains so much damage that it never plays a significant role in the war from that point on. 92. Battle of New Orleans-This battle takes place during the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero for leading American troops in this victory. Technically, the war of 1812 was officially over when the battle of New Orleans took place. The significance of this battle is that it showed that America could hold its own against other nations. 93. Battle of the Bulge-This battle is important because it was the last major German offensive launched to stop Allied forces from advancing during WWII. Allied forces win the battle and this opens up Germany for a successful invasion by the Allies. 94. Battle of Wounded Knee-Last major conflict between Native Americans and the American government that brings the so-called “Indian Wars” to an end. Massacre of the Sioux Indians by the US Army 95. Bay of Pigs-The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained Cuban exiles/refugees to go back to Cuba and overthrow Castro. The invasion failed. This failure made Kennedy look weak to the Soviet Union and they moved to put nuclear missiles in Cuba. This would eventually lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis. This event was a big embarrassment to President Kennedy and many began to wonder if this young President could actually protect democracy against communism. 96. Benito Mussolini-Dictator of Italy during World War II. He created a fascist government, which promoted the idea that the state is more important than the individual. This is an extreme form of nationalism. 97. Berlin Airlift- Purpose was to deliver food, fuel and medicine to West Berlin after the Soviets blocked access 98. Berlin Wall-This wall was built by the Soviet Union to separate communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin. The Berlin Wall becomes a physical symbol of communism or the “Iron Curtain” and the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989. The wall, and the “Iron Curtain” coming down was now a symbol of the Soviet Union weakening and the Cold War coming to an end. 99. Bernard M. Baruch-Led the War Industries board during World War I. The War Industries Board placed controls on the nation’s industrial resources as it sought to obtain supplies for the US military and its allies. 100. Bessemer Process- Process that made the mass production of steel easier, cheaper and faster. 101. Bessie Smith-A famous Blues singer during the Roaring Twenties. She became the highest paid African American artist in the world. Many whites flocked to see her perform, however, she was still treated as a second-class citizen off stage. She had to use back door exits, and was not allowed to stay in certain hotels. 102. Betty Friedan-Author of “Feminine Mystique.” This book focused on how women that were housewife were extremely happy and fulfilled was a big myth. Her views helped launch the Women’s Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. This movement rejected traditional gender roles and advocated equality between men and women. Friedan also founded the National Organization for Women (NOW). 103. Big Stick Diplomacy- Teddy Roosevelt’s big stick diplomacy was based on the African proverb “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” It meant that the United States did not intend to be a threatening presence in the Latin American region, but neither would it hesitate to forcefully protect its own interests. 104. Bilingual Education-This is the practice of providing students with access to public education taught in their own language. This is a very controversial issue. Those that support it say it makes it easier for newcomers to learn and maintain their own culture. Those that oppose it say that it hinders newcomers from learning English and serves to divide rather than unite people in the United States. 105. Bill Clinton-President of the U.S. from 1993-2001. During his presidency Clinton used military intervention in Bosnia and Yugoslavia. He is also associated with the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This opened trade in North America between Mexico, Canada, and the U.S. Clinton also tried to reform healthcare in America. This was considered on of Clinton’s biggest failures as president because it was never passed. Bill Clinton is also associated with the “monicagate” scandal. He was impeached for lying under oath, but was never removed from office. 106. Bill Gates-Along with a friend Bill Gates established a computer software business known as Microsoft. By 1998, Microsoft was the world’s second most valuable company, worth somewhere around $200 billion. 107. Bill of Rights- First 10 amendments to Constitution Purpose of Bill of Rights Protect individual liberties 108. Bimetallism-a standard promoted by farm groups where money would be backed by silver as well as gold. 109. Black Codes-laws that were passed to limit African-American freedoms in the south after the Civil War. Legal restrictions on former slaves in the South during Reconstruction. 110. Black Panthers-This was a militant group established in the late 1960s during the Civil Rights Movement. This group sought to end de facto (in practice) and de jure’ (by law) segregation. This group also promoted African Americans leading their own communities. They were responsible for setting up many community programs to aid poor, urban blacks. Although many associate the Black Panthers with violence, there were far fewer violent encounters than most have come to believe. 111. Black Power Movement-This movement called for African American pride in their heritage, separate black economic and political institutions, self defense against white violence, and sometimes violent revolution if called for by circumstances. 112. Black Tuesday-This refers to Tuesday, October 29, 1929 the day that the bottom fell out of the stock market. This marked the beginning of the Great Depression. Date of worst stock market crash in history and a cause of the Great Depression. 113. Blacklist-This is a list of workers that employers refused to hire because they were either connected to unions or suspected of being connected to communism. 114. Bleeding Kansas- Violent conflicts between proslavery and antislavery forces in Kansas. 115. Blitzkrieg- “Lightening warfare.” German war tactic in WWII. Hit so hard and so fast from a variety of different places. 116. Blockade-the isolation of an enemy’s ports by means of warships to prevent passage of persons or supplies. To block or prevent the import or export of supplies from a port. 117. Bob Woodard/Carl Bernstein-Washington Post reporters that pursued the Watergate Scandal involving President Nixon. They played a major role in revealing how high the scandal went. 118. Bonanza farm-Large companies soon saw a business opportunity on the Plains. They created giant bonanza farms. These farms operated like factories, with expensive machinery, professional managers, and laborers who performed specialized tasks. 119. Bonus Army-The Bonus Army was made up of World War I veterans and their family members. They marched on Washington during the depression to demand the early release of bonuses they had been promised for serving in the war. They felt the bonus would help them get through the rough times they faced during the Great Depression. 120. Booker T. Washington-Founded Tuskegee Institute. He promoted the idea that gradual acceptance into mainstream society was best for African Americans. He believed African Americans should gain a vocation or trade to prove their economic worth to society. He believed this would make it easier for African Americans to be accepted by whites in mainstream society. 121. Bootleggers- People that are producing, selling or smuggling alcohol illegally during the era of Prohibition. 122. Boss Tweed-Led the political machine known as Tammany Hall in New York. This political machine was responsible for lots of graft and corruption. Over time, Tweed stole over 100 million dollars from the city treasury. Eventually, the political cartoonist Thomas Nast would be responsible for exposing Tweed and brining him down. 123. Boxer Rebellion-An uprising instigated by a secret Chinese society known as the Boxers. This uprising was designed to drive out foreigners from China and end their influence. The United States and other imperial powers sent troops in and put the rebellion down. 124. Boycott-An agreement to not purchase or use certain goods in an effort to influence the economic and political policies of the producer. 125. Breadlines- Groups of hungry people waiting for charitable organization to provide free or cheap meals during Great Depression 126. Brigham Young-Led the Mormons out west to Utah after the death of Joseph Smith. Became John Smith’s successor as the leader of this group. Under his leadership the Mormons formed a thriving community. 127. Brinkmanship-a policy created by John Dullas. The idea was to build a nuclear arsenal bigger than the Soviets, and have the willingness to go to the brink of war to force the Soviets or any other opponent to back down. This policy is significant because it leads to a nuclear arms race between the US and Soviet Union. 128. Brook Farm-An utopian “perfect” society based on transcendentalism. It was meant to be a community that relied on agriculture and in which members shared everything. Like all other utopian societies, Brook Farm eventually failed due to human nature and the imperfection therein. 129. Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka Kansas, (1954)- Supreme Court case that declared that (Plessy v. Fergauson) “separate-but-equal” educational facilities are inherently unequal and therefore a violation of equal protection of the law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. 130. Buffalo Soldiers-Experienced African American soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalries. African-American members of the US Army after the Civil War 131. Bull market-A period of rising stock prices. 132. Buying On The Margin- Purchasing stock on credit rather than paying full price; one cause of the Stock market crash 133. C.O.R.E.-Congress of Racial Equality-An organization formed in 1942 to promote social change (mostly focused on fighting segregation) through nonviolent action and protest. 134. Cabinet-a cabinet is defined as a group of officials appointed by the President that heads the executive departments and advises the President. 135. Cambodia/Laos-President Nixon ordered the secret bombings of Cambodia and Laos during the Vietnam War. He believed that there were training camps for the Viet Cong in these areas. This action by President Nixon stirred antiwar activist who believed this would widen the war not bring it to an end as Nixon had been promising to do. 136. Camp David Accords- Meetings between Carter (US), Sadat (Egypt), Begin (Israel), that resulted in a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt 137. Carpetbagger-northern Republicans who went to the south to make money during reconstruction. Northerners who came to the South to aid or profit from Reconstruction policies. 138. Carrie A. Nation-Many reformers spread the anti-alcohol message in Protestant churches. Carrie Nation took her campaign right to the source. With a hatchet in one hand and a bible in the other, she smashed up saloons in Kansas and urged other women to do the same. Nation’s fiery speeches, dramatic raids, and canny sense of publicity made her a national figure in the Temperance cause. 139. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-Created in 1947 as an intelligencegathering organization. This was the first peacetime intelligence agency and was mainly responsible for spying on the Soviet Union and its allies. 140. Central Powers-Also known as the Triple Alliance, this alliance consisted of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary during World War I. 141. Cesar Chavez-Led the United Farm Workers, which conducted massive boycotts. The purpose of these boycotts was to get rights for migrant farm workers that worked very long hours for little pay and no benefits. Due to his efforts, in 1975 California passed a law requiring collective bargaining between growers and union representatives. Farm workers finally had a legal basis to ask for better working conditions. His efforts also influenced the Chicano movement in America, this was a movement based on social equality and political power for Hispanics in America. 142. Charles Finney (revivalist, evangelical)-A popular preacher during the 2nd Great Awakening. He had an emotional style of preaching and emphasized individuals are responsible for seeking salvation and people could improve themselves and society. This religious zeal became the motivation behind people’s increased involvement in social causes and reform movements that were intended to transform society in beneficial ways. 143. Charles Lindbergh trans-Atlantic flight-In his airplane called “Spirit of St. Louis” Charles Lindbergh completed the worlds first transatlantic flight. This made him an instant celebrity and he was nicknamed “Lucky Lindy.” 144. Chester Nimitz-An Admiral in the US Navy, Nimitz was the commander of the United States Navy in the Pacific during World War II. 145. Chief Joseph-Leader of the Nez Perces’s tribe. 146. Child labor-increasing numbers of children toiled in factories, earning much lower wages than adult males, to the detriment of their health. 147. Chinese Civil War-A war within China between the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist led by Mao Zedong that started before World War II. However when China was invaded by Japan during World War II the sides stopped fighting each other and joined forces to fight the Japanese. The civil war between the two groups resumed once World War II was over. The United States decided to support Chiang Kai-shek because the US government felt it could not allow a communist takeover of such a key country. This is supported by the policy of containment. The Soviets responded by supporting Mao Zedong and the communists. Eventually Mao Zedong and the communist win control of China and forced Chiang Kai-shek to flee to Taiwan. 148. Chinese Exclusionary Act- Law that restricted and prohibited Chinese immigration into the United States. 149. Chisolm Trail150. Christopher Sholes-Invented the typewriter an invention that was very important in the growth of industry in the United States. Record keeping was revolutionized with this invention. 151. Civil Disobedience-Intentionally breaking or defying law to call attention to what is believed to be evil or injustice. 152. Civil Rights Act of 1866- Reconstruction legislation that granted full citizenship to all persons born in the US 153. Civil Rights Act of 1964- Law that banned racial discrimination in public accommodation and hiring 154. Clara Barton-referred to as the “Angel” of the battlefield because she cared for sick and wounded soldiers during the Civil War. 155. Clarence Thomas-A notable Supreme Court appointment by President George H. W. Bush (Bush 1) Clarence Thomas was only the second African American ever appointed to the Supreme Court (Thurgood Marshall was the first), Thomas endured a tough conformation process when his former assistant, Anita Hill, accused him of sexual harassment. 156. Claude McKay-a writer during the Harlem Renaissance. He was the most militant of the writers. In his novels and poems, McKay showed ordinary AfricanAmericans struggling for dignity and advancement in the face of discrimination and economic hardships. 157. Clayton Antitrust Act 1914-outlawed certain practices that restricted competition. It forbade agreements that required retailers who bought form one company to stop selling a competitor’s products. It also banned price discrimination. Businesses could not charge different customers different prices for the same service or product. The passing of the Clayton Antitrust Act corrected deficiencies in the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which was the first federal antitrust law. (closed loop-holes) 158. Clean Air Act-Passed in 1970, the clean air act combated air pollution by, among other things, limiting the emissions from factories and automobiles. 159. Clean Water Act-Passed in 1973, the clean water act sought to limit the pollution of water by industry and agriculture. 160. Closed shop-a factory or place of business that employs only union members. Usually all belong to the same union. 161. Coca Cola-Invented in 1886, became one of the most popular snacks during this time frame. 162. Cold War- Tension and hostility between the US and Soviet Union from 1945-1991. Reason that the period was given the name the Cold War US AND SOVIETS NEVER ACUTALLY FOUGHT 163. Colin Powell-Served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs if Staff under the George H.W. Bush (Bush I). He also served as Secretary of State under George W. Bush (Bush II). 164. Collective bargaining-Negotiation between the representatives of organized workers and their employers to determine wages, hours, rules, and working conditions. 165. Colored Farmers’ Alliance-Headed by R.M. Humphrey, the Colored Farmers’ Alliance was made up of both black and white farmers. However, although they recognized that both white and black farmers shared the same difficulties, racial tensions prevented any effective cooperation between the groups. 166. Committee on Public Information/George Creel-It was the job of the Committee on Public Information to educate the public about the causes and nature of World War I. The Committee of Public Information had to convince Americans that the war was a just cause. This government agency was led by George Creel. 167. Compromise of 1850- Henry Clay’s unsuccessful attempt to resolve conflicts between North and South regarding slavery had four parts– first, California was allowed to enter the Union as a free state; second, the rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the territories of New Mexico and Utah (in each territory, voters would decide the slavery question according to popular sovereignty); third, the slave trade was ended in Washington, D.C., the nation’s capitol (Congress, however, declared that it had no power to ban the slave trade between slave states;) but he practice of slavery would be allowed to continue there. fourth, a strict new fugitive slave law was passed that stated a person could be fined or imprisoned for harboring runaway slaves. 168. Compromise of 1877-an agreement between Republicans and Democrats that ENDED reconstruction and returned “home rule” to the south. Agreement between Republicans and Democrats to end Reconstruction and elect Rutherford B Hayes president. Reconstruction came to an end when Union troops were withdrawn from the South as part of the Compromise of 1877. When the soldiers left and white southerners regained control of their state governments, African Americans were left unprotected. The new southern governments quickly passed laws that deprived blacks of their rights and worked to strengthen the segregation of southern society. 169. Computers/technology-computers and other technology helped change Americas economy to a more service driven economy. This of course has its pros and cons because when a machine can do the job of a person, that person may then lose their job. Computers made things easier to track allowed data to be stored, data to be processed quickly and more efficiently as well. 170. Comstock Lode-In 1859 prospectors found silver in the Carson River valley of present-day Nevada. Thousands of miners rushed to this mine, which became known as the Comstock Lode. Over the next twenty years, miners too about $ 500 million worth of silver from the Comstock Lode. Largest silver discovery in US history that brought thousands of prospectors to Nevada 171. Confederacy-a loose union of independent states; name of government used by the southern states that seceded during the Civil War. 172. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)-In 1942, civil rights leaders formed this organization where they sought to apply nonviolent protest as a means of fighting segregation. Its members were deeply influenced by Henry David Thoreau and Mohandas Ghandi. They were convinced that African Americans could apply direct nonviolent methods to gain Civil Rights. 173. Conscientious objector-person whose moral or religious beliefs forbid him or her to fight in war. 174. Containment-the United States policy established after WWII designed to prevent the spread of communism in other areas of the world. US foreign policy of preventing the spread of Soviet influence and Communism 175. Contraband-supplies captured from an enemy during wartime. 176. Convoy system-a group of merchant ships sailing together, protected by warships. 177. Copperhead-a group of Democrats in the North that opposed the civil war. Northern antiwar Democrats during the Civil War 178. Corrupt Bargain-The corrupt bargain refers to the Election of 1824 where Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams tied in the electoral college for the presidency. This meant that congress had to decided who would become the next president. Andrew Jackson received the most popular votes and thought it would only be fair that he be given the votes needed to become the next president. However, with the support of Henry Clay John Quincy Adams becomes the next president. Jackson and his followers called this the “corrupt bargain” because they believed political influence was used improperly to decide the outcome. 179. Craft unions-unions opened to skilled workers who practiced a specific craft. 180. Credit Mobilier Scandal-19th century scandal involving Congress corrupt business practices with a large railroad corporation 181. Cross of Gold Speech-This was a famous speech given by William Jennings Bryan during the Democratic Convention leading up to the election of 1896. It became known as the cross of gold speech because it ended with the following line: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!” This speech in essence argued against the gold standard and that instead the bimetallism system should be used. 182. Cuban Missile Crisis- Confrontation between the US and Soviet Union over a missile base in Cuba. 183. Cultural pluralism- View that immigrants of different cultural groups can retain all or some of their previous identity and still be Americans 184. Culture shock-when someone from another country or place finds themselves in a new place where they are surrounded by many different types of people, with different backgrounds, cultures, and traditions from themselves. Much is unfamiliar and they usually look for neighborhoods where they can find people that share their own culture, background, and traditions. 185. Cyrus McCormick –Invented the mechanical reaper. 186. David Lloyd George187. David Walker-He was a free African American that published the pamphlet that used religion as the base for a blistering attack on slavery. It was called Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829. David Walker 188. Dawes Plan189. Dawes Severalty Act- Law that provided for Native Americans to own reservation land privately 190. D-Day-(Deployment Day) -Date on which Allies landed on Normandy Beach, beginning of the final phase of World War II 191. De facto segregation-Segregation by practice. 192. Declaration of Sentiments193. Deficit Spending194. Dejure segregation- Segregation mandated by law. 195. Democratic National Convention 1968196. Democrat-Republicans- Original American political party headed by Thomas Jefferson and opposed to the Federalists 197. Department of Energy-President Jimmy Carter created the United States Department of Energy for the purpose of coordinating federal programs designed for finding alternative sources of energy and promoting conservation of energy. 198. Department of Homeland Security- Created after September 11th attacks to coordinate domestic national security 199. Détente-relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China. 200. Direct Relief 201. Disenfranchisement-To deprive an individual of the right to vote or to hold US citizenship. 202. Dollar diplomacy- President Taft’s policy of gaining influence over Latin America by lending them money 203. Domestic policy (dd) 204. Domino Theory- Eisenhower’s belief that if one South East Asian (Vietnam) nation fell to communist rule, so would all the others 205. Dorothea Dix206. Doughboys207. Douglas MacArthur208. Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857-the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott could not file a lawsuit because, as a black, he was not a citizen. The justices also agreed that slaves were property. They also ruled that Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory. In 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court issued the Dred Scott decision, settling a lawsuit in which an African American slave named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his master in slave states and in free states. The Court rejected Scott’s claim, ruling that no African American––even if free––could ever be a U.S. citizen. Further, the Court said Congress could not prohibit slavery in federal territories. Thus, the Court found that popular sovereignty and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 were unconstitutional. The Dred Scott decision gave slavery the protection of the U.S. Constitution. Proslavery Americans welcomed the Court’s ruling as proof they had been right during the previous few decades’ struggles against abolitionists. In contrast, abolitionists convinced many state legislatures to declare the Dred Scott decision not binding within their state borders. The new Republican party said that if their candidate were elected president in 1860 he would appoint a new Supreme Court that would reverse Dred Scott. 209. Duck and Cover210. Duke Ellington211. Dumbbell tenements212. Dust Bowl213. Dwight D. Eisenhower214. Earl Warren215. easy credit216. economic policy- (dd) 217. Eddie Rickenbackeer218. Edwin L. Drake219. Eisenhower Doctrine220. Election of 1800221. Election of 1844222. Election of 1844223. Election of 1860224. Election of 1876225. Election of 1912226. Election of 1916227. Election of 1976228. Election of 2000- Although Gore received a half million more votes than Bush, he fell short of winning the 270 electoral votes needed to capture the presidency. So did Bush. It came down to the state of Florida. The vote was so close in Florida that a recount had to be done. The result gave Bush the victory. Gore was unhappy and took legal action. In the case of Bush v. Gore the Supreme court ruled in favor of George W. Bush. 229. Elections of 1980230. Electric Trolleys231. Electricity232. Elevator233. Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts)- U.S. inventor Eli Whitney best illustrates the rise of industrialism with his invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets. Whitney invented the cotton gin (engine) in 1793. It is a machine that rapidly removes cotton plant seeds from the valuable cotton fiber used to make thread and fabric. By producing more cotton in a day than any person could working by hand, the gin reduced the cost of processing cotton and greatly raised the profit from growing it. To further cut costs and raise profits, unskilled slaves were often put to work running the cotton gins in the southern states. Another industrial improvement Whitney developed was interchangeable parts. Prior to industrialization, a broken mechanism or machine had to be discarded and replaced because all its parts had been handmade by skilled workers to fit only that mechanism. Whitney introduced the practice of manufacturing identical parts so only the broken part would need to be replaced to repair the whole machine. He applied this process to making muskets. If one piece of the musket’s mechanism broke, the owner could continue to use the musket after that piece was replaced with a matching piece. Interchangeable parts made it possible for semiskilled workers to mass-produce mechanical products. 234. Elizabeth Cady Stanton235. Ellis Island- Point of entry in New York for millions of immigrants coming into the United States. 236. Elvis Presley- 237. Emancipation Proclamation-issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free. It only freed slaves behind Confederate lines. Lincoln used his emergency powers again to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. It emancipated (freed) all slaves held in the Confederate states. Lincoln did not expect Confederate slaveholders to free their slaves, but he thought news of the proclamation would reach southern slaves and encourage them to flee to the North. Lincoln believed one reason southern whites were free to join the Confederate Army was because slaves were doing war work that, otherwise, the whites would have to do. Encouraging slaves to flee north would hurt the southern war effort. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not free slaves held in the North, it was warmly welcomed by African Americans living in Union states. They understood the proclamation announced a new goal for the Union troops––besides preserving the Union, 238. Emancipation-setting free, as in various plans for ending slavery, finally completely accomplished by the 13th Amendment. Freeing of the slaves 239. Embargo Act of 1807- Legislation ending trade between the US and foreign nations in 1807 240. Embassy Bombings241. Emiliano Zapata242. Emilio Aguinaldo243. Energy Crisis- Sharp rise in oil prices that led to bad economic times in US during the 1970s 244. Environmental Protection Agency245. Equal Rights Amendment- Proposed amendment that would have outlawed discrimination based on sex 246. Era of Good Feelings – Time under the Monroe Administration 247. Erie Canal -The most famous canal built in this era was the Erie Canal, which connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. It was opened in 1825 after eight years of digging by thousands of laborers, mostly immigrants. It stretches 363 miles from Lake Erie to the 248. Ernest Hemingway249. ESEA-No Child Left Behind250. Espionage and Sedition Acts- Law that outlawed acts of treason during World War I 251. Eugene V. Debs252. Exoduster- freed African Americans that moved west. 253. F. Scott Fitzgerald254. Fair Deal255. Fair Labor Standards Act256. Fall of Saigon, 1975257. Fall of the Berlin Wall258. Fallout Shelters- Small underground structures underground, used for safety in case of a nuclear attack 259. Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia260. Farewell Address261. Farmer’s Cooperative262. Fascism-as a rule, fascist governments are dominated by a dictator, who usually possesses a magnetic personality, wears a showy uniform, and rallies his supporters with mass parades; appeals to strident nationalism; and promotes suspicion or hatred of both foreigners and “impure” people within his own nation, such as the JEWS in Germany. Form of government where all aspects of society are controlled by a dictator 263. Father Charles Coughlin264. FDR’s “Fireside Chat” - FDR’s radio broadcasts where he spoke to people directly about his programs and policies 265. Federal Reserve Act-the central banking system in the United States. It regulates money and banking in the United States. 266. Federalists Party- Original American political party led by Hamilton and opposed to the Democratic Republicans 267. Fidel Castro268. First Battle of Bull Run-The first battle of the Civil War. Took place in July 1861. It was a southern victory. The Confederacy made a mistake by not pursing the retreating Union army. This battle made it evident that the Civil War would be longer than expected. It also led to Lincoln adopting the Anaconda Plan created by General Winfield Scott. 269. Flapper270. Flexible Response-the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons. follow Lee. The significance of the Battle of Antietam was that Lee’s failure to win it encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. 271. Food Administration/Herbert Hoover272. Foraker Act273. Ford’s innovations- $5 day, assembly line, Model T, workers as consumers274. Foreign Debt275. Foreign Policy- when dealing with other nations, the systematic collection of practices, regulations, and rules of procedure and conduct followed by the Federal Government. 276. Fort Sumter, S.C. 1861277. Four Freedoms278. Fourteen Points- Name for Woodrow Wilson’s speech after WWI ended laying out a plan to maintain world peace 279. Frances Perkins280. Francis Gary Powers 281. Francisco “Pancho” Villa282. Frederick Douglass- a former slave, worked for Garrison and traveled widely, giving eloquent speeches on behalf of equality for African Americans, women, Native Americans, and immigrants. He later published autobiographies and his own antislavery newspaper. 283. Frederick Jackson Turner284. Frederick Olmstead285. Freedmen’s Bureau-created in 1865 by congress; provided support for the newly freed slave in the south, especially EDUCATION. Also provided things like food, clothing, and assistance in trying to reunite families. Reconstruction federal agency that helped recently freed slaves and poor whites in the South 286. Freeport Doctrine- Stephen Douglas’ position that allowing slavery in a territory or state should be left up to the will of the people 287. Free-Soil Party- Antislavery political party organized in 1848 288. Fugitive Slave Act- Part of the Compromise of 1850 that compelled Northerners to assist in the return of runaway slaves runaway slaves and return them to their owners. Those who failed to do so would be 289. Fundamentalism- Belief that every word of the Bible is true. Fundamentalism can be broadly defined as a strict and literal adherence to a set of basic principles and specific beliefs. Although many, if not most forms of fundamentalism are religious, by no means are all religious people fundamentalists. The adherence to certain beliefs seen in fundamentalism is so strong, that the presentation of evidence that contradicts these beliefs leads to no reassessment of them, on the part of the fundamentalist. 290. Gadsden Purchase- Purchase of the Southwestern territory form Mexico 291. General John Pershing292. General Sherman-Served under Gen. Grant during Siege of Vicksburg, Destroyed Atlanta, ended Confederate ability to fight, Accepted surrender of all Confederate armies in Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida 293. General William Westmoreland294. Geneva Accords295. Genocide-The extermination of a cultural or racial group. 296. Gentlemen’s Agreement297. George A. Custer298. George Creel/ Committee on Public Information299. George Dewey300. George M. Pullman301. George McClellan- Union forces might have been able to end the war by going after the 302. George Patton303. George W. Bush304. George Wallace305. Georges Clemenceau306. Geraldine Ferraro-The first female vice-presidential candidate in US history. 307. Gettysburg Address-a famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in November 1863 at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. In November 1863, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address was another event by which he shaped popular opinion in favor of preserving the Union. The occasion was the dedication of a military cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield four months after 51,000 people were killed in the battle there. Most of the ceremony was performed by famous orator Edward Everett, who spoke for two hours, as was the manner at that time for an important event. Then Lincoln rose to speak, starting with his famous words “Four score and seven years ago.” He spoke for just two minutes in what is now considered one of the greatest speeches in the English language. His address helped raise the spirits of northerners who had grown weary of the war and dismayed by southern victories over the larger Union armies. He convinced the people that the United States was one indivisible nation 308. GI Bill of Rights- Package that offered veterans college scholarships and low interest business and homeowner loans after WWII 309. Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 –the court clarified the commerce clause, affirming congressional power over interstate commerce by overturning NY state law that gave a monopoly of Hudson river ferry service to one company. 310. Gilded Age- Name Mark Twain gave to the superficial lifestyle of America’s late 18002 wealthy industrialists 311. Gloria Steinem312. Gold standard- A monetary standard in which a nation’s currency is defined in terms of gold and all forms of legal tender may be redeemed for gold at the statutory rate. Replaced bimetallism in many industrialized nations during the 19th century as a means to create uniform international trade conditions. Often believed to favor creditors. 313. Gospel of Wealth-a philosophy of business men, usually associated with Andrew Carnegie’s book, The Gospel of Wealth (1901)., which states that wealthy individuals have not only power but also responsibilities; it is their duty to use their wealth to advance social programs. The idea of private wealth as a trust fund for the good of the community encouraged many wealthy industrialists to devote some of their riches to philanthropic enterprises. 314. Graft-DD 315. Grandfather Clause316. Graying of America317. Great Migration- Northern migration of African Americans during and after the Great War 318. Great Plains319. Green Card-a US permanent resident card, which shows that an individual is in the US legally even though they are not a citizen. 320. Greenbacks-19th century name for paper money the North used during the Civil War 321. Grimke Sisters -Sarah and Angelina, were southern women who lectured 322. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- Act of Congress that gave the President authority to take all necessary measures to repel any attack against the US (1963) 323. Habeas Corpus -Not all northerners supported President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union. Some were Confederate sympathizers (just as some southerners were Union sympathizers). Throughout the war, in some states Lincoln suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus––the legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held in custody. The Constitution allows a president to suspend habeas corpus during a national emergency. Lincoln used his emergency powers to legalize the holding of Confederate sympathizers without trial and without a judge agreeing they were legally imprisoned. Over 13,000 Confederate sympathizers were arrested in the North. 324. Haight-Ashbury325. Hamilton’s Economic Plan326. Harlem Renaissance- Artistic and literary movement of African Americans living in Harlem in the 1920s 327. Harriet Beecher Stowe328. Harriet Tubman329. Harry S. Truman330. Hartford Convention- Meeting of Federalists opposed to the War of 1812. Marks the beginning of the decline of the Federalist Party 331. Hawley-Smoot Tariff332. Haymarket Square Riot- Mob outburst as a labor protest in Chicago where a bomb killed eight policemen 333. H-bomb334. Head Start- Preschool education program for children from low income families 335. Helen Hunt Jackson’s Century of Dishonor336. Helsinki Accords337. Henry Cabot338. Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser)339. Henry David Thoreau340. Herbert Hoover/ Food Administration341. Herbert Spencer342. Hiram Revels343. Hiroshima344. Ho Chi Minh345. Hollywood Blacklist346. Hollywood Ten- Film producers and screenwriters attacked by the HUAC who were jailed and blacklisted during the McCarthy era 347. Holocaust- Name given to deliberate German massacre of 12 million plus during WWII 348. home rule349. Homestead Act-Legislation designed to encourage settlement by having the government offer free or inexpensive land. Federal law that granted 160 acres of land to any settler who would cultivate the land for 5 years 350. Homestead Strike- Violent labor strike against Carnegie’s in which strikers died and union was broken 351. Hoovervilles- Makeshift community of homeless people during the Great Depression 352. Horace Mann353. Horatio Alger354. Horizontal integration- Merger of competitors in the same industry 355. Hot line356. House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - Special committee that investigated charges of communism 357. HUD358. Hudson River School of the Arts- Early American painters known for depicting nature Hudson River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean at New York City. The Erie Canal 359. Huey P. Long360. Hydrogen bombs361. ICBMs362. Ida Tarbell363. Ida Wells Barnett-a journalist and former slave, was removed from a ladies coach on a train 1884. wells refused to move to the smoking car where African Americans were to be seated. She was later given the title of being a “muckraker” along with other journalist of the progressive era. Between 1890 and 1899 there was an average of 187 lynchings—hangings(or death by any mob action) without proper court proceedings—each year. In 1892 a fiery young Wells launched a fearless crusade against lynching. Although Congress during that time rejected an anti-lynching bill, the number of lynchings decreased significantly in the 1900s, due in great part to the efforts of activists such as Wells 364. Idealism-DD 365. Immigration Policy Act366. Imperialism-the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over smaller or weaker nations. 367. Impressment of Seamen- Done by the British and the French against early American sailors, the practice of taking sailors from one country to work for one’s Navy 368. Indian Removal Act of 1830 - Allowed Jackson to send American Indians to undesirable land in Oklahoma 369. Industrial Workers of the World370. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)371. Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)372. INF Treaty-US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty, which reduced the number of US and Soviet missiles in Europe. 373. Initiative374. Injunction-A court order preventing a person or group from taking a specific course of action; usually applied to an order preventing a union from picketing. Court order often used to stop a strike 375. installment plan376. Internet377. Interstate Commerce Act378. Iran-Contra Affair- Illegal sale of missiles to Iran by the Reagan white house, and illegal use of the profits to fund the Contras in Nicaragua 379. Iranian Hostage Crisis- Standoff between Iranian militants holding several American hostages in the US embassy in Tehran 380. Iron curtain- Border that existed between the Soviet union an the free nations of the West 381. Island Hopping382. Isolationism-the avoidance of involvement in world affairs. No involvement in foreign alliances and wars. Belief that a nation should remain neutral and uninvolved in foreign affairs 383. Israel384. Iwo Jima385. J. Robert Oppenheimer386. J.P. Morgan387. Jacksonian Democracy-President Andrew Jackson and his supporters shared a political philosophy later referred to as “Jacksonian democracy.” It sought a stronger presidency and executive branch, and a weaker Congress. Out of respect for the common man, it also sought to broaden public participation in government, so it expanded suffrage (voting rights) to include all adult white males, not just landowners. 388. Jacob Riis389. James Meredith390. Jane Addams/Hull House- 391. Japanese Internment- Detention centers used for Japanese Americans during WWII 392. Jay’s Treaty (1797)- Treaty between US and GB in 1794 that resulted in British withdrawal from Northwest Territory 393. Jazz394. Jeanette Rankin395. Jim Crow Laws-laws that enforced segregation by discriminating against and suppressing black people. Post-Civil War laws segregating and restricting African Americans in the South 396. Jimmy Carter397. Jingoism-A form of aggressive nationalism that called for a more a tougher stance towards Spain. This sentiment towards Spain ignited when stories of how terrible Spain treated the Cubans as they rebelled against Spanish rule. Extreme Technique used to stir public sentiment into believing that their country is the best -461 398. Joe Lieberman- 399. John Brown and Harper’s Ferry 1859-One famous abolitionist, John Brown, decided to fight slavery with violence and killing. In 1856, believing he was chosen by God to end slavery, Brown commanded family members and other abolitionists to attack proslavery settlers in Kansas, killing five men. In 1859, he led a group of white and black men in a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (in modern-day West Virginia). They seized federal weapons and ammunition, killing seven people. Brown’s plan was to deliver the weapons and ammunition to slaves, who would then use them in an uprising against slaveholders and proslavery government officials, but the raid failed, and Brown was captured by U.S. Marines led by U.S. Army Colonel Robert E. Lee. Eventually, Brown was convicted of treason against the state of Virginia and executed by hanging. Many Americans thought Brown was a terrorist killer. Others thought he was an abolitionist martyr. 400. John D. Rockefeller401. John Dean402. John Deere403. John Deere404. John F. Kennedy 405. John Glenn406. John Hay407. John L. Lewis- (United Mine Workers)408. John McCain409. John Wilkes Booth-assassin of Abraham Lincoln. 410. Jose Marti411. Joseph Pulitzer412. Joseph Smith- 413. Joseph Stalin414. Josiah Strong415. Judicial Review-The power of the courts to pass judgment on the constitutionality of acts of the legislature and actions of the executive branch. 416. Judiciary Act of 1789-established both the United States federal court system and the authority of the United States Supreme Court. 417. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg418. Kaiser Wilhelm II419. Kamikaze420. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854- Allowed residents of Kansas and Nebraska territories the right to decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery in their territory 421. Kellog-Briand Pact422. Kent State 423. Knights of Labor424. Know-Nothing Party-19th century Nativist political organization 425. Kodak Cameras-developed by George Eastman. Cost $25.00, with 100 rolls of film. Camera helped create the field of photojournalism. 426. Korean War427. Korematsu v. United States 1944428. Kristallnacht429. Ku Klux Klan (KKK)-Organized to intimidate and terrorize freed blacks and to restore white supremacy in the post-Civil War south. Other white southerners formed secret societies that used murder, arson, and other threatening actions as a means of controlling freed African Americans and pressuring them not to vote. The Ku Klux Klan was the worst of these societies. The Klan, or KKK, was founded by veterans of the confederate Army to fight against Reconstruction. Some southern leaders urged 430. Laissez-Faire (le-say-FER) - the French term for “to let do.” Laissezfaire capitalism allows companies to conduct business without intervention by the government. Political belief that the economy and business should regulate themselves 431. Langston Hughes432. League of Nations- First international organization to maintain world peace and issues of mutual concern; lacked enforcement power 433. Lend-Lease Act-1941 act that permitted the US to send money, weapons, and supplies to its allies involved in WWII 434. Levittowns- Planned suburban communities of cheap, mass-produced houses during the 1950s 435. Lewis and Clark Expedition -Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore Louisiana and the western lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean. On their 16-month expedition, Lewis and Clark charted the trails west, mapped rivers and mountain ranges, wrote descriptions and collected samples of unfamiliar animals and plants, and recorded facts and figures about the various Native American tribes and customs west of the Mississippi River. 436. Limited Test Ban Treaty- 437. Lincoln SteffensLincoln, Accepted surrender of Confederate Gen. Lee to end Civil War 232,259 438. Lincoln-Douglas Debates- Historical debates over the question of extending slavery in to the new states and territories 439. Literacy Test 440. Little Rock Nine- Nickname given to the students who were the first to attend City High School after “Brown v Board of Education” 441. Lockout-DD 442. Louis Armstrong443. Louisiana Purchase- Thomas Jefferson’s purchase of land in 1803 that doubled the size of the US 444. Lucretia Mott445. Lusitania446. Mail Order Catalogs447. Make the World Safe for Democracy-This was an idealistic view held by Woodrow Wilson during World War I. He wanted the US public to see the war as a battle between good and evil; he wanted the people to view it as a fight between democracy and tyranny. 448. Malcolm X449. Manhattan Project- Name for the development of the atomic bomb by European and American scientists 450. Manifest Destiny-The conviction that the United States would inevitably expand its territory to its “continental limits” or beyond. Idea that maintains that American expansion was part of God’s plan for the world. Manifest Destiny was the name given to the idea that the United States would naturallyoccupy the territory between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The word manifest means “obvious,” and the word destiny means “fate.” According to Manifest Destiny, the obvious fate of the United States was to expand “from sea to shining sea.” 451. Mann Elkins Act452. Marbury v. Madison (1803)-case in which the Supreme Court held that it had the power of judicial review over acts of Congress. 453. March on Washington- Mass demonstration for civil rights that culminated in MLK’s I Have a Dream speech 454. Marcus Garvey455. Margaret Sanger456. market advertising457. Marshall Plan- Plan to rebuild Europe economically with US Aid after WWII 458. Martin Luther King Jr.459. McCarthyism- Tactics that consisted of slander, accusations without evidence, and assuming guilt by association used during the 1950s to combat the supposed threat of communism 460. McCulloch v. Maryland 1819461. mechanization462. Mediation-to come in to help settle a dispute; be a go between; act in order to bring about an agreement between persons or sides. 463. Medicaid- Health insurance for the poor created by President Johnson 464. Medicare- Federally funded health care for people over 65 465. Melting Pot- View that immigrants from different cultures should assume the same American identity 466. Menachem Begin467. Mental Health Reform468. Mercantilism-DD 469. Merrimack 470. Mexican-American War (Mexican War)- In 1845, the United States took Texas into the Union and set its sights on the Mexican territories of New Mexico and California. U.S. annexation of Texas and other factors led to war in 1846. During the conflict, the United States occupied much of northern Mexico. When the United States eventually won the war, this region was ceded to the United States as a part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 471. Microsoft- Computer software giant, subject of antitrust legislation 472. Middle Class473. Midnight Judges- Federalist legislators in Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 shortly before their terms ended. This act created new positions in the judicial branch. Departing president John Adams hurried to fill them with Federalists judges. Adams worked late into the night before he left office to get the commissions signed and delivered. Federal judges President John Adams appointed at the very end of his term 474. Mikhail Gorbachev475. Militarism476. Minorities in politics477. Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy478. Missouri Compromise (36’30’ parallel)- Legislation admitting Missouri as a slave state but restricting slavery within the rest of the Louisiana Purchase. This said Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state, Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and slavery would be prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase except for Missouri. Once again, half the states would allow slavery while the other half did not, and the Senate would retain its equal balance between proslavery and antislavery senators––until the next state asked to enter the Union. would preserve the Union. Their hopes were dashed about a decade later when the United States became engaged in a devastating civil war. 479. mobilization480. modernism481. Monitor482. Monopoly- Company so large and powerful that it stifles economic competition 483. Monroe Doctrine-The United States policy that warned against European intervention/interference in the Western Hemisphere.- Foreign policy form 1823 stating that further European intervention in the Americas would not be tolerated Monroe announced that the United States would prevent European nations from interfering with independent American countries. Further, Monroe said the United States would remain neutral in wars between European nations and their American colonies, but, if battles took place in the New World, the United States would view such battles as hostile actions against the United States. In summary, the Monroe Doctrine defined an aspect of U.S. foreign policy to which America still holds today. 484. Montgomery Bus Boycotts- Protests of black residents who stopped riding city buses until seating was desegregated 485. Mormons486. Morrill Land Grant Act 1862- Civil War legislation that granted land to states loyal to the Union for agricultural and mechanical colleges 487. Movie Camera-DD 488. Muckraking- Investigative journalism of the Progressive Era 489. Mugwumps- Republican reformers of the late 1800s who opposed political machines and supported Democrats 490. Multiculturalism-a policy that stresses respect and tolerance for cultural differences. A social or educational theory that encourages interest in many cultures within a society rather than in only a mainstream culture 491. Munich Pact492. Munn v. Illinois493. Mustard gas494. My Lai Incident495. NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement –The United States, Canada, and Mexico formed a major trading block in 1992 that removed tariffs and other barriers to the creation of a free trade zone among the three countries. 496. Nagasaki497. Napalm498. NASA499. NASDAQ, 1990s-Following an early 90s recession that cost President George H. W. Bush his job, the economy saw an upswing during the Clinton presidency. The NASDAQ, which had begun in 1971 and trades more shares per day on average than any other US stock Market, saw its highest numbers during the mid to late 90s. Under Clinton, the nation went from having a massive budget deficit to a budget surplus. 500. Nat Turner’s Rebellion - Violent slave rebellion that ended antislavery sentiment and movements in the South. Nat Turner believed his mission on Earth was to free his people from slavery. Seeing an 1831 solar eclipse as a message from above, he led a slave rebellion on four Virginia plantations. About 60 whites were killed, and Turner was captured, tried, and executed. To stop such uprisings, white leaders passed new laws to limit the activities of slaves and to strengthen the institution of slavery 501. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)- Founded by WEB Dubois to fight discrimination and segregation 502. National Debt503. National Defense Education Act504. National Energy Act-provided for taxes on cars that burn too much gas, tax credits or loans to homeowners for using solar energy and improving insulation, and funding to research the use of alternative energy sources such as solar energy and synthetic fuels. 505. National Farmer Alliances506. National Organization for Women (NOW)- Founded by Betty Freidan in 1966 with the purpose of lobbying the government for social and economic equality for women 507. National Security Act508. Nationalism-An attitude that gives highest allegiance to the nation-state rather than localities, member states, or the international community. The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals. 509. Nationwide Lynching- lynchings—hangings(or death by any mob action) without proper court proceedings. Between 1890 and 1899, there was an average of 187 lynchings per year. 510. Nativism-An attitude or policy that favors native born Americans over immigrants, or later arrivals.- 19th century movement opposed to immigrants and foreigners 511. Nativists-Individuals that oppose immigration in order to protect the interests of native born citizens. As a result, immigrants often suffered discrimination and violence.512. Nazism-The belief of the NAZIS that its member’s supreme devotion is to the German government. I was a fascist party 513. Necessary Evil- Slavery. The slave labor system defined the southern white social structure and was increasingly defended as essential to that section’s way of life. Thomas Jefferson’s position that slavery was wrong but necessary 514. Negotiation-DD 515. Neil Armstrong516. Nelson Mandela517. Neutrality Acts- Laws in the 1930s that banned American support or involvement with any nation at war 518. Neutrality-a policy that avoids favoring either belligerent (impartiality) in a war in which your nation is not involved. 519. New Democrat-Clinton and Gore successfully portrayed themselves as NEW DEMOCRATS who were moderate (in between conservative and liberal) rather than liberals. 520. New Federalism- Nixon’s plan to limit the size and power of the federal government by distributing a portion of federal power to state and local governments. Belief in the transfer of power from the federal government to the states 521. New Frontier- Name for JFK’s domestic agenda. 522. New Harmony523. New immigrants versus Old immigrants524. New Left525. New Right Coalition- Group of fundamentalist Christians who have supported many Republican candidates since the 1980s 526. New York Times v. US (1971)- 527. Newt Gingrich528. Nez Perce- Native American nation living in Oregon but displaced to Oklahoma 529. Niagara Movement530. Nikita Khrushchev531. No Man’s Land- Narrow strip of neutral territory between Allied and German trenches 532. Non-aggression pact533. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- Alliance among US, Canada, and European nations for mutual/collective military security. North Atlantic Treaty Organization founded in 1948 to curb communist expansion. There are nineteen member countries of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. They are: Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, ` Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States. 534. Northern Migration535. Northern Securities v. US 1904536. Nuclear power537. Nuclear proliferation-the spread of nuclear weapons to nations that don’t already have them. 538. Nuremberg trails539. OAS540. Okinawa541. Oliver Hudson Kelley-Founded the Grange in 1867 as a social group. Kelley had surveyed farming conditions in the South immediately following the Civil War, and he saw how downtrodden many farmers were. He decided to create and organization in which farmers could support each other. 542. Omaha Platformon northern soil. It was the deadliest one-day battle in American history, with 543. Oneida 544. OPEC-the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an international cartel of thirteen nations designed to promote collective pricing of petroleum, unified marketing policies, and regulation of petroleum extraction. 545. Open Door Notes546. Open Door policy- American insistence that China trade on equal terms with all nations 547. Operation Rolling Thunder- Name for American air offensive against North Vietnam 548. Oregon Trail 549. Osama bin Laden550. Oslo Accords551. overproduction552. Palmer Raids-517 553. Panama Canal-474-75 554. Panic of 1819- 112,118 555. Panic of 1873-one of the biggest depressions in American history, occurs during Reconstruction. 556. Paris Peace Accords- Settlement of the Vietnam war 872 557. Patriot Act-740,993 558. Payne Aldrich Tariff 1909-442 559. Peace Corps-823 560. Pearl Harbor- Event that began the active participation of the US in WWII 456,459, 657-59 561. Pendleton Act-399 562. Pentagon Papers- Government documents published by the NY TIMES that revealed lies the White house had told the public about Vietnam War 871,848,850,869-70,932 563. Persian Gulf Wars F-963-65 564. personal liberty laws-199 565. Pet Banks(state banks) - State banks into which Jackson deposited federal money he withdrew form the Second Bank of the US 126 566. Philippines-467-69 567. Phyllis Schafly-892-93 568. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)- Treaty between the US and Spain that granted the US the rights to navigate the Mississippi River Pg. 68 569. Platt Amendment-473 570. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896-the court ruled that segregation was legal so long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal. 389,396 571. Political Action Committees-PACs as they are commonly referred to, are private groups organized to support or defeat political candidates. They have become a powerful force in US politics over the last few decades. 572. Political Machines-an organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government. Ex: Tammany Hall in New York led by Boss Tweed. Corrupt political organization that trade political jobs and votes for money and support 573. Poll Tax-charging money in order to vote; used to prevent AfricanAmericans from voting. 389 574. Popular Sovereignty- Idea that a state should decide whether it wants slavery or not 194 575. Populism-19th century reform and progressive political movement that criticized large corporations and supported farmers. A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite. In U.S. History the populist movement first gains national importance in the presidential election of 1892. Agrarian reform and issues regarding bimetallism are cornerstones of the movement. 401-411 576. Potsdam Conference, Casablanca-Meeting between Truman, Stalin and Churchill about postwar policies. During this meeting the Allies reinforced the idea of “unconditional surrender.” This basically meant that there would be no negotiation of terms of surrender with enemies. The Allies would set all conditions period. 577. Precedence-an earlier occurrence of something that may serve as a model for similar occurrences in the future. Precedent-A judicial decision that may be used as a standard in subsequent similar cases: a landmark decision that set a legal precedent. 578. Pre-emptive strikes-a policy adopted by George W. Bush where he felt the US could not simply sit back and defend against future attacks, but that the US needed to strike first against terrorists or against nations the US believed were working with terrorists. 579. President Andrew Jackson-117-126 580. Presidential Pardon-924 581. Prison Reform (rehabilitation)-144 582. Proclamation of Neutrality- George Washington’s proclamation that the US would not take sides in European Wars 583. Progressive/Bull Moose Party-443 584. prohibition-545 585. Promontory Point, Utah- Site where tracks of the transcontinental railroad met 376 586. Propaganda-The systematic spreading of ideas or beliefs reflecting the views and interests of those advocating a doctrine or cause. 587. Protectorate- A term applied to a less powerful state that has given up a portion of its sovereignty to a stronger state. Unlike a colonial arrangement, citizens of a protectorate do not become citizens of the protecting state. Powers surrendered by the protectorate are often those pertaining to foreign affairs and military matters. 588. Public Works Administration-605 publicly throughout the northern states about the evils of slavery they had seen growing up on a plantation 589. Pullman Strike-First nationwide labor strike 323-25 590. Quarantine Speech-648 591. Queen Liliuokalani-459 592. Rachel Carson-838,907-03 593. Presidential vs. Congressional Reconstruction: Radical Republican Reconstruction-To remedy the Radical Republicans’ outrage, Congress forced the southern states to reapply for admission to the Union and to take steps to secure the rights of the newly freed slaves. This resulted in the creation of southern state governments that included African Americans. The key feature of the effort to protect the rights of the newly freed slaves was the passage of three constitutional amendments during and after the Civil War. Southern states were required to ratify all these amendments before they could rejoin the Union. Presidential Reconstruction-The Reconstruction plans begun by President Abraham Lincoln and carried out by President Andrew Johnson echoed the words of Lincoln’s second Inaugural Address, which urged no revenge on former Confederate supporters. The purpose of Presidential Reconstruction was to readmit the southern states to the Union as quickly as possible. Republicans in Congress, however, were outraged by the fact that the new southern state governments were passing laws that deprived the newly freed slaves of their rights. 594. Radical Republicans-group members of Congress who wanted the Federal government to PUNISH the south after the war. Powerful group of Senators during Reconstruction who opposed Johnson’s Reconstruction plans 272 595. Radio in 1950s596. radio-549 597. Ralph Waldo Emerson-140 598. Rationing-Putting limits on consumption of goods during wartime 82 599. Reaganomics- Nickname for Reagan’s economic policies that benefited the wealthy but did less for the working people 600. Rebates-a practice common during the late 19th century among railroads competing for the business of major corporations, whereby a part of the amount paid for a product or service was returned to the buyer. 601. Recall-423 602. Reconstruction Plan’s (Presidential vs. Congressional)603. Reconstruction-Period after the Civil War when the south was re-built; also, the Federal program to rebuild it. 604. Red Scare-517 605. redemption606. Referendum-The submission of a proposed public measure or actual statute to a direct popular vote. 423 607. Refrigerator car608. Regents of UC v Bakke 1978-1036 609. Remember The Maine!!-460,462 610. Reparations- Indemnification for damages caused. Compensation in money or goods required from a defeated power by a victor. Example would be the 33 billion dollars of German reparations demanded after WWI. 611. Republican Election of 2000612. Republican Party-208 613. Return to Normalcy-518 614. Reverse Discrimination- is used by some conservatives to describe what they believe to be discrimination against white people, especially white men. 615. Richard Allen-135 616. Robber Barons or Captains of Industry-314 617. Robert E. Lee- Fought larger Union armies to standoff at Battle of Antietam, Defeated at Battle of Gettysburg, Appointed general-in-chief of Confederate armies by Davis, Surrendered to U.S. Gen. Grant to end Civil War229,259 618. Robert Fulton -97 619. Robert LaFollette-422-23 620. Robert McNamara-821,854 621. Roe v. Wade, (1973)-894 622. Roger B. Taney623. Roles of African-Americans in the late 1870s-African Americans began a massive migration west. Some were attracted to the land, and others fled the south because of violence and oppression. The African American settlers in Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois areas, became know as exodusters. 624. Roles of Chinese in the 1880s- some of the Chinese immigrants who had come for the California gold rush or to build railroads had turned to farming, especially in California. Those who had experience as farmers in China introduced innovative techniques, helping to establish California’s fruit industry. Although some Chinese farmed their own land, most ended up as farm laborers, usually because of laws that barred Chinese from owning land. 625. Roles of Irish-Helped a great deal with the building of the railroads. 626. Roles of Women-Helped on the farm, with children, etc. 627. Ronald Reagan-947-57 628. Roosevelt Corollary- President Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating that the US would police the western hemisphere 475 629. Rosa Parks-789-90 630. Ross Perot-978,980 631. Rough Riders- Cavalry regiment that included Teddy Roosevelt, led charge up San Juan Hill in the Spanish American War 464 632. Rugged Individualism- Phrase coined by President Hoover during the beginnings of the Great Depression to describe the belief that people should help themselves 633. Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions-506 634. Rutherford B. Hayes-the Republican that became president after the Compromise of 1877. 635. S.A.L.T. I and II-878-79 636. S.N.C.C.-794,798 637. Sacco and Vanzetti-517 638. Saddam Hussein-963,965,977,993-4 639. Samuel Gompers-322 640. Samuel J. Tilden641. Samuel Morse 642. Samuel Morse- 100 643. San Jaun Hill-464 644. Sand Creek Massacre-366 645. Sandra Day O’Connor-951 646. Sanford B. Dole647. Satellite nation648. Scabs-DD 649. Scalawag-white southern Republican who supported the north during the civil war. Southern supporters of Reconstruction 79 650. Schenk v. United States 1919-500,504 651. Scopes Trial- Trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in defiance of Tennessee law 540 652. SEATO-727,851 653. Secession- Separation of the southern states from the union was called 195,218 654. Second (2nd ) New Deal655. Second (2nd)Great Awakening 656. Secret Ballot (Australian)- 657. Sectionalism –giving priority to the concerns of one’s region rather than to those of the nation as a whole. 658. Security Council-705 659. Selective Service Act- Law that required young men to register for the military draft 496 660. Selective Service System-653 661. Self-Determination-belief that people in a territory should have the right and ability to choose their own government. 510 662. Senate Watergate Committee-920 663. Seneca Falls Convention - First women’s rights convention in the US in 1848158 664. September 11, 2001-990-91 665. Serbia-488 666. Settlement Houses- Urban institutions meant to help the poor and immigrants (Jane Adams and Hull House is a good example)420 667. Seward’s Folly-456 668. Sewing Machines-100 669. Shah of Iran-934 670. Sharecropping-economic method that was used in the South after the Civil War; did not allow African-Americans to move up in socieity. Tenant farmer who is paid for a share of the crop- life for many ex-slaves after the Civil War 283 671. Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890-Prohibited monopolies by declaring any business combination “in restraint of trade” illegal. It was circumvented by corporations, which formed holding companies. The courts failed to enforce the act. (too vaguely written, too many loop-holes) 672. Sherman’s March-General Sherman marched Union forces from Atlanta to Savannah, GA, destroying everything in his path. “Scorched earth policy.” 673. Shiloh674. Silent and “talkies” films-548 675. Sinclair Lewis-554 676. Sitting Bull-368 677. Skyscrapers-343,347 678. Slave Codes- Southern laws before the Civil War regulating the lives of the slaves 679. Social Darwinism (extended to imperialism)- View that society and nature advance by “survival of the fittest”. Idea was used to rationalize Imperialism 680. Social Darwinism- View that society and nature advance by “survival of the fittest”. Used by big business to justify their wealth.315 681. Social Security Act (SSA)-609 682. Sod Houses or “Soddie”-Sod homes were the first type of homes used out west by pioneer families> sod is a strip or block of dense grass with the roots and soil attached> the tough roots of the prairie grasses made ideal sod> with some effort it could be cut and stacked like bricks to make thick. 683. Sojourner Truth-155 684. solid south685. soup kitchen 686. South Carolina Exposition and Protest- Document by Calhoun than supported SC in the nullification crisis 687. South Carolina Nullification Crisis- Attempt by SC to not honor federal tariffs on the grounds that they were unconstitutional. Vice President John C. Calhoun argued with President Andrew Jackson about the rights of states to nullify (cancel) federal laws they opposed. Trouble, known as the Nullification Crisis, resulted when southern states sought to nullify a high tariff (tax) Congress had passed on manufactured goods imported from Europe. This tariff helped northern manufacturers but hurt southern plantation owners, so legislators nullified the tariff in South Carolina. Calhoun, a South Carolinian, resigned from the vice presidency to lead the efforts of the southern states in this crisis. His loyalty to the interests of the southern region, or section, of the United States, not to the United States as a whole, contributed to the rise of sectionalism. Calhoun and the advocates of sectionalism argued in favor of states’ rights––the idea that states have certain rights and political powers separate from those held by the federal government that the federal government may not violate. The supporters of sectionalism were mostly southerners. Their opponents were afraid that if each state could decide for itself which federal laws to obey the United States would dissolve into sectional discord or even warfare.124 688. Southern Alliance-403-04 689. Space Programs-829-31 690. Speakeasies- Nightclubs that violated prohibition by selling alcohol 546 691. spectator sports-353 692. Speculation - Buying and selling stocks to make a quick profit without carefully conidering the risks. 574 693. Spheres of Influence- Region in which a specific nation has control over industry, transportation and/or trade 469 694. Splendid Little War- John Hay’s description of the Spanish American War 465 695. Spoils System- Political practices of replacing government workers with one’s own supporters upon taking office 120 696. Sputnik- Soviet satellite first to orbit the Earth Result for US education of the Sputnik satellite INCREASE EMPHASIS ON MATH AND SCIENCE 733,763n820,829 697. Stagflation-915,924 698. Stalingrad-671 699. Standard Oil Company- Oil company of the Gilded Age founded by Rockefeller 312 700. State of Texas v. Johnson1038 701. Steel Plow-100 702. Stephen Austin 703. Stephen Austin -174 704. Stokley Carmichael-809,817 705. Stonewall Jackson- Won First Battle of Bull Run, Fought under Confederate Gen. Lee at Antietam and Second Bull Run, Died in battle 232 706. Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)- Missile based defense system of Reagan’s nicknamed Star Wars 956 707. Strike-321 708. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) - African American student group that organized sit ins and other nonviolent protests during the Civil Rights era 709. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)-862 710. Suburb-DD 711. Suffrage Requirements-white land-owning male>widened to all white males in the era of Jackson>all males during reconstruction 15th Amendment>women 19th Amendment 712. Suffrage-the ballot, or right to vote. 713. Sumner-Brooks incident of 1856-205 714. Supply-Side Economics/Trickle-Down Economics Theory - Economic theory that supports that helping the wealthiest will eventually help the poorest 949 715. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall Pg. 74, 111 716. Susan B. Anthony-157 717. Swan v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools-1037 718. Sweatshops- Dangerous and unhealthy factories in which many American immigrants worked for low pay 319 719. Swquouah-121 720. Taft-Hartley Act-753 721. Taliban Regime-992 722. Tammany Hall- New York city political machine headed by Boss Tweed 398 723. Tariff of Abominations- Protective tariff passed in 1828 and a cause of the South Carolina nullification crisis 123 724. Tarriff- A government-imposed tax on imports and less frequently on exports. Customs duty or impost. 725. Teapot Dome Scandal-535-36 726. Tecumseh Pgs. 83-84 727. Tehren-686-87 728. Telephone-307 729. Teller Amendment-466 730. Temperance Movement-144 731. Tenant farming-renting land out for a portion of the profit. 284 732. Tenure of Office Act-275 733. Terrorism-the use of violence by non-governmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal by instilling fear and frightening governments into changing policies. 734. Terrorist network-986 on 735. Tet Offensive-863-863-64 736. Texas Annexation -175-76 737. Texas v. Johnson-Flag burning-1038 738. Thaddeus Stevens739. The 49ers -181 740. The Alamo- 174 741. The Big Four- UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE AND ITALY Who were the Big Four at the Versailles Peace Conference? 742. The Feminine Mystique743. The Grange-19th century economic and political movement that worked to improve situation for farmers 403 744. The Great Steel Strike 1877- First major labor strike against the railroads 322 745. The Jazz Singer-548 746. The Lost Generation- Refers to writers and artists who had lost their illusions about romance and heroism in the 1920s. 747. The NAACP-434-35 748. The National Highway Act-758 749. The New Deal- The New Deal was a program initiated during FDR’s administration to fight the Great Depression. It offered people of America relief (help for the poor), recovery (help the economy recover and put people back to work), and reform (change business practices for the future). The New Deal was also nicknamed the “Alphabet Soup.” The New Deal included the following programs: National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)-this program bolstered industrial prices to prevent business from failing. It was later found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court because it set price limits. National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)-created a board to monitor unfair management practices, and made unions legal. Owners/managers could no longer fire workers for joining a union. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)-this was a program that built dams throughout the Tennessee Valley area to bring electricity to this region. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)-Works Progress Administration (WPA)provided jobs for unskilled workers. The main purpose of this program was to put as many people back to work as possible. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)-Regulates the stock market, outlawed insider trading. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)-this program stopped the overproduction of farm goods, and basically paid farmers not to grow crops. It was later found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)-provided young men between the ages of 17 and 23 that were unmarried jobs working on a variety of conservation projects. Fair Labor Standards Act-this program raised minimum wage, set the maximum number of hours one had to work, and ended child labor. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)-This program was created with the Glass-Stegall Act. It insures money deposited into banks up to. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)-this program gave direct relief to the poor. Social Security Act (SSA)-provides old age pension, unemployment benefits, and aid to families with children 750. The Whiskey Ring751. Third Reich-The name given by the NAZIS to their government in Germany; Reich is German for “empire”. Adolf Hitler, their leader, believed that he was creating a third German Empire, a successor to the Holy Roman Empire and the German empire formed by Chancellor Bismarck in the 19th century. 752. Thomas Alva Edison-306-07 753. Thomas Nast-288 754. Three Mile Island- Location of nuclear reactor failure in the late 1970s 907 755. Thurgood Marshall-787,812 756. Tinanmen Square-962 757. Title IX-In 1972, congress passed an educational amendment that came to be known as Title IX. This legislation guaranteed equality between men and women in federally funded schools, particularly in the area of athletics. to increased settlement, but also helped unite new regions with the Atlantic states. 758. Totalitarian-country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of the lives of the people 759. Trade Unions-DD 760. Trail of Tears- March of the Cherokee to Indian territory in which 4,000 died 761. Transcendentalism762. Transcontinental Railroad-375 transportation costs. This not only opened up western New York and regions further west 763. Treaty of Fort Laramie-172, 368 (read both pages!!) 764. Treaty of Ghent (1814)- Treaty that ended the war of 1812 Pg. 86 765. Treaty of Greenville (1796) Pg. 67 766. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- Agreement signed in 1848 between the US and Mexico in which Mexico gave up vast territories 179 767. Treaty of Paris-465 768. Treaty of Versailles-510-13 769. Trench Warfare- Style of infantry combat during WWI that caused very little movement in the war 489-90 770. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire- This disastrous fire in an unsafe factory led to improvements in safety regulations 421-22 771. Trickle-Down Economics Theory/Supply Side Economics- Economic theory that supports that helping the wealthiest will eventually help the poorest 590 772. Triple Alliance/Central Powers-The alliance of Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy during World War I. 773. Triple Entente/Allied Powers-The alliance of France, Russia, Great Britain, and later the United States during World War I. 774. Truman Doctrine- Us foreign policy of containment under Truman 716 775. Trust- Corporate structure that allows for price fixing because the board of trustees is the same for many companies 313 776. U. S. S. Maine- Mysterious explosion of this ship touched off the Spanish American War “Remember the Maine!!”460,462 777. U.S. Steel Company-19th century steel corporation led by Carnegie and JP Morgan 778. U-2 incident- 779. U-Boat submarine warfare-492 780. Ulysses S. Grant-was General of the Union President during the Panic of 1873, battled corruption in his cabinet. Won first Union victories, Captured control of Mississippi River in Siege of Vicksburg, Appointed commanding general of Union armies by 781. Uncle Tom’s Cabin-publicly throughout the northern states about the evils of slavery they had seen growing up on a plantation201 782. Underground Railroad- Group of people who led slaves out of South to freedom in the North 201 783. Union-the Northern states during the Civil War. 784. United Nations (UN)- International organization for the maintenance of peace formed in 1945705 785. United Negro Improvement Association-559 786. United States v. Nixon (1974)-1038 787. Upton Sinclair-419 788. Urban Slums-419 789. Urbanization-a process in which there is an increase in the percentage of people living/working in cities and towns 340 790. US invasion of Lebanon-960 791. US. v. E.C. Knight, Co 1895-1038 (in back of book) 792. Utopian Communities- 139 793. Valeriano Weyler794. Vanderbilt Family-312 795. V-E Day-691 796. Vertical Integration- Practice of a company buying up its suppliers and means of transportation to get ahead in business 797. Vicksburg- May-July 1863––Union General Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi, because the army that controlled its high ground over a bend in the Mississippi River would control traffic on the whole river. After a seven-week siege, Grant achieved one of the Union’s major strategic goals: He gained control of the Mississippi River. Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy. This Union victory, coupled with the Union victory at Gettysburg, was the turning point of the war. 798. Vietcong799. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- Document by Jefferson and Madison supporting the rights of states to nullify federal law - Pgs. 70-71 800. Volstead Act-545 801. Voting Rights Act of 1965- Abolished literacy tests for voters and placed voter registration under federal control 806 802. W.E.B DuBois-390,434 803. Wade-Davis Bill-name for congress’ plan for reconstruction; more harsh than presidents.’ 804. Wages-The average income of the American worker, about $500 per year, was below the minimum required to sustain a reasonable level of comfort. 805. War Bonds- Certificates sold by the government to fund WWII 681 806. War Hawks- Group of western and southern nationalist congressmen who supported the war of 1812 for territorial expansion Pg. 83 807. War Industries Board/Bernard Baruch: Agency during WWI that set prices and allocated goods and production schedules 808. War of 1812: In 1812, America declared war on Great Britain, which was already at war with France. Among the causes of this war, four stand out. First, Americans objected to restrictions Britain was enforcing to prevent neutral American merchants from trading with the French. Second, Americans were outraged by the British policy of impressment. Under this policy, thousands of American sailors were forced against their will to serve in the British navy after their merchant ships were captured at sea. Third, Americans suspected the British were giving military support to Native Americans so they would fight to keep Americans from settling lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Fourth, Americans wished to drive the British out of North America altogether by conquering Canada while the British army was fighting the French in Europe. Results: A major result of the War of 1812 was the end of all U.S. military hostility with Great Britain. Never again would Britain and the United States wage war over diplomacy, trade, territory, or any other kind of dispute. America’s army and navy were firmly established as worthy opponents of any European military force. The U.S. military achievements in the War of 1812 also served to heighten nationalist sentiments. 809. War in Iraq-993-94,963-4 810. War Powers Act/Resolution 1973- Act that established that the President can only commit US troops to combat for 60 days before seeking a congressional declaration of war 875 811. War Production Board (WPB)-660 812. War-guilt clause-510-13 813. Warsaw Pact-720 814. Washington Naval Conference-537 815. Washington’s Cabinet-President Washington set precedence by establishing the country’s first presidential cabinet. His cabinet consisted of the following: The Department of State (responsible to deal with foreign affairs) led by the first Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson. The Department of the Treasury (responsible to deal with the country’s finances) led by the first Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. The Department of War (responsible to deal with military matters) led by the first Secretary of War, Henry Knox. He later added the first U.S. Attorney General (Chief lawyer of the federal government) and appointed Edmund Randolph as the first Attorney General. 816. Whig Party- Political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson and his bank policies. 125 817. Whiskey Rebellion- Uprising by western farmers; important because Washington used federal power to put down the insurrection - The Whiskey Rebellion resulted when, up and down areas west of the Appalachians, armed violence broke out as farmers frightened and attacked federal tax collectors. George Washington led a large militia force into the western counties and put down the rebellion. Washington’s response showed his constitutional authority to enforce the law and that if Americans did not like a law, the way to change it was to petition 818. Whiskey Ring Scandal819. White Man’s Burden-a belief that white westerners have a moral obligation to “civilize” and “help lesser peoples.” 820. White Man’s Suffrage- 118 821. William Jennings Bryan- 406 822. William Lloyd Garrison- a writer and editor, was an important white abolitionist. He founded regional and national abolitionist societies and published 823. William McKinley-406,438,459,461-62 824. William Randolph Hearst-461 825. William Rehnquist-951 826. William Seward-456 827. Wilmot Proviso- proposed Federal law prohibiting slavery in any territory acquired after the Mexican War. This law was never adopted. During the Mexican-American War, Congress again debated whether slavery would be allowed in New Mexico and California if these territories were acquired from Mexico. The antislavery position was outlined in a proposal called the Wilmot Proviso, but the House of Representatives failed to approve it and the issue of whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained unresolved.180 828. WIN (Ford)-924 829. Windmill830. Winston Churchill-650-51, 673, 686-87, 702-03, 716 831. Women’s Army Corp (WAC)-660 832. Women’s Liberation833. Woodrow Wilson-495 834. Woodstock-884-86 835. Worcester v. Georgia, 1832- 121 836. Working conditions-workplaces were often unhealthy and unsafe, industrial accidents were frequent, and neither the government nor employers provided worker’s compensation. 837. World Trade Center-986,990-1 838. Wright Brothers-300 839. Writ of Habeas corpus- Court order requiring that the imprisonment of a person be justified; suspended during the Civil War 243 840. XYZ Affair- Diplomatic controversy between France and American in 1798 that increased anger against the French Pg. 70 841. Yasser Arafat-Palestine Nationalism (PLO)-986 842. Yellow Journalism- Newspaper giants Hearst and Pulitzer agreement to publish the most sensational stories possible, regardless of the facts 461 843. Yellow-Dog Contracts-an employer-employee contract in which the employee agrees not to join a union while employed. Employment contract in which the employee agrees not to join a union 844. Yom Kipper War-On October 6, 1973, Egyptian and Syrian forces attacked Israeli territories on the eve of Yom Kippur (the holiest day of the Hebrew calendar). By mid-October, Israel had seized the upper hand in the Yom Kippur War, pushing back the Syrians in the north and the Egyptians in the south. Alarmed that their Arab allies were on the verge of losing yet another war with the Israelis, the Soviet Union threatened to intervene. President Nixon responded by putting US forces on alert worldwide, as we were allies of the Israelis. Within 24 hours, the Soviets backed down. 845. Zimmerman Note/Telegram- Telegram sent by Germany to Mexico suggesting an alliance against the US; helped to turn American opinion against Germany during WWI 495