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Vocabulary for United States History
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1. 12th Amendment-Electors vote separately for President and Vice-President.
2. 13th Amendment-The amendment that declared that slavery was completely
illegal, and officially banned slavery in the United States.
3. 14th Amendment-The amendment that granted citizenship to African Americans.
4. 15th Amendment-The amendment that gave voting rights to African American
men.
5. 16th Amendment-Income tax.
6. 17th Amendment-Direct election of Senators.
7. 18th Amendment (Volstead Act)-Prohibition; made the sale and distribution of
alcohol illegal.
8. 19th Amendment-Gave women the right to vote.
9. 1st 100 Days-Refers to the time period between March 9 and June 16, 1933 where
under the leadership of FDR a special session of Congress enacts a series of laws
dealing with banking crisis and other conditions resulting from the Great
Depression. At least 15 pieces of legislation was passed during this time.
10. 1st Industrial Revolution-The industrial revolution began in Great Britain during
the 1700s and was introduced to America in the late 1700s. Developments in
technology transformed manufacturing. This transformation changed not only the
nation’s economy but also its culture, social life, and politics in America. An
unintended consequence of the Industrial Revolution was the developing
sectionalism. The north embraced industry, while the south continued to focus on
agriculture.
11. 21st Amendment-Overturns the 18th Amendment. Prohibition is abolished.
12. 24th Amendment-Makes the poll tax illegal. This protects the voting rights of
African Americans.
13. 25th Amendment-Gives the president the power to appoint a Vice-President if the
office becomes vacant. The appointee must be approved by both the House and
the Senate.919
14. 26th Amendment-Grants individuals that are eighteen-years-old (18) the right to
vote.
15. 27th Amendment-Congress cannot give itself any pay raise, except that which
does not go into effect until after the next congressional election. 57
26. 38th Parallel-This is where the nation of Korea was divided after WWII. The
northern half was communist and the southern half was a democracy. In June
1950, the Korean War began when North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel
into South Korea.
27. 49ers- People who went to California to search for gold during the gold rush.
28. 54-40 or Fight! –the expansionist slogan calling for war against the British over
the disputed Oregon territory. Candidate James Polk’s expansionist slogan during
the election of 1844
29. Abolition movement-a moral crusade to immediately end the system of human
slavery in the United States. Slavery should be abolished and it should not be
allowed in new states. Made slavery and its expansion an important political
issue. Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the
women’s movement.
30. Abraham Lincoln-was president of the United States, opposed the spread of
slavery, issued the Emancipation Proclamation, was determined to preserve the
Union, by force if necessary, believed the United States was one nation, not a
collection of independent states, and wrote the Gettysburg Address that said the
Civil War was to preserve a government “of the people, by the people, and for the
people.” 211,216,220
31. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)-In this treaty Spain gave all of Florida to the United
States.
32. Adolf Hitler-He became the dictator of Germany under the NAZI party
principles. There were 3 main goals of the party: unite all German speaking
people; race purification; and national expansion. Under Hitler’s reign, the
Holocaust takes place where it is estimated that over 6 million Jews were killed.
Hitler writes a book called “Mein Kampf,” which translates into “my struggle” in
English. In this book he blames the Jews for all of Germany’s problems.
33. Affirmative Action-a policy by which minorities are given preferential
consideration or are actively recruited for jobs, admittance to universities, and a
number of other positions as a means of helping them “catch up” to whites who
have enjoyed years of advantage.
34. Afghanistan35. Agent Orange-a herbicide dropped during the Vietnam War to kill vegetation so
that US forces could find Viet Cong hiding places. Unfortunately, it became
known later that Agent Orange caused serious health problems. US soldiers
suffered from cancer and other adverse health effects as a result of exposure to
Agent Orange.
36. Airline Deregulation-Under the Reagan administration the airline industry
benefited from the governments reduced role in the economy. Deregulation means
the removal of government control over industry. This allows industries to operate
without interference of government. It is similar to “Laissez Faire.”
37. Airline service-moves from mainly transporting mail, to transporting people.
38. Airport Security-has been increased since 911 to prevent future hijackings.
39. Al Gore-Served as Vice-President to Bill Clinton. Was also the Democrats
candidate for president during the election of 2000. Although Gore received a half
million more votes than Bush, he fell short of winning the 270 electoral votes
needed to capture the presidency. So did Bush. It came down to the state of
Florida. The vote was so close in Florida that a recount had to be done. The result
gave Bush the victory. Gore was unhappy and took legal action. In the case of
Bush v. Gore the Supreme court ruled in favor of George W. Bush.
40. Albert B. Fall-Secretary of Interior under the Harding administration. He was
caught up in the Teapot Dome Scandal where he leased out government owned oil
reserves to private oil companies that were exclusively to be used for the US
Navy. He was found guilty of bribery and became the first person in US history to
be convicted of a felony while holding a cabinet post. 535
41. Alexander Graham Bell-Invented the telephone. His invention had a profound
effect on the growth of big business in the United States. 307
42. Alfred T. Mahan-He wrote “Influence of Sea Power upon History.” In this book
he discussed that passed empires owed their greatness to their navies. His writings
promoted the government to invest in building a powerful Navy in the United
States, as well as acquiring foreign bases where American ships could refuel and
gather fresh supplies. This was in line with one of the reasons the United States
began to engage in Imperialism, military strength. 455
43. Alger Hiss-accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union during the McCarthy era
of the Cold War. He was never convicted of espionage, however, he was
eventually tried and convicted of perjury and sentenced to five years in prison.
44. Alien and Sedition Acts- Laws passed by the Federalist controlled Congress in
1798 to tighten naturalization and stifled criticism of the government
45. Alliance for Progress-This program was initiated under the John F. Kennedy
administration. It promoted economic aid to Latin America. One of Kennedy’s
hopes was that this program would change the negative feelings people in Latin
America had towards the United States. The program was not successful.823
46. Alliances-Agreements between nations to help each other in the event of war.
47. Allies-The alliance of Great Britain (Churchill), France ( ), Russia/Soviet Union
(Stalin), and later the United States (FDR/Truman) during World War II.488,649
48. Al-Quaeda-An international terrorist network responsible for the September 11
attacks on the World Trade Center. The mastermind, and leader of this
organization is a radical Muslim Osama bin Laden. The roots of this organization
are in Afghanistan.
49. Alvin York-He started as a conscientious objector (someone that does not believe
in violence and does not believe in fighting and harming others in war) during
WWI. He eventually would be drafted and serve in the military during WWI.
While serving he became a war hero. He shot 25 Germans, and along with six
other American soldiers, took approximately 132 German soldiers as prisoners.
50. American Expeditionary force- Name for US troops that went to Europe to fight
with the Allies in World War I.
51. American Federation of Labor (AFL)- Craft union founded by Samuel
Gompers
52. American Indian Movement (AIM)-Created during the 1960s. This
organization focused on all civil rights issues as related to Native Americans,
particularly the securing of land, legal rights, and self-government for Native
Americans.
53. American System –Henry Clay’s plan in the 1820’s for a protective tariff and
federal financing of “internal improvements” (transportation systems) that
included building roads and canals to link the Atlantic states with the Midwest,
and supported the reestablishment of a national bank. It was designed to promote
cooperation between regions.
54. American Tobacco v. US 1911-James “Buck” Duke (Duke University) had built
the tobacco company started by his father into a powerful business that controlled
nine-tenths (at least 90%) of the country’s cigarette production. In 1911, the US
Supreme court ruled in American Tobacco v. US that the Dukes had established
an illegal monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust act and ordered that the
company be broken up into smaller, competing companies. This is considered an
Antitrust case. 1030,1032 (back of book)
55. Americans with Disabilities Act-This act was signed into law by George H. W.
Bush in July of 1990. This act ensures that Americans with disabilities receive the
same opportunities in employment and access to public transportation and public
places as other Americans. 952
56. Amnesty-Pardon or forgiveness extended by a government, especially with
respect to political offenses. The act of granting pardon to a large group of people.
57. Amusement Parks-Becomes one of America’s “leisure time” activities in the late
1800s and early 1900s.
an antislavery newspaper that printed graphic stories of the bad treatment received by
slaves.
58. Anaconda plan- Strategy for Union victory in the Civil War. This plan consisted
of blockading confederate ports, split the confederacy in half, and take the capital
(Richmond Va.).
59. Anarchist- A person that believes in an absence of any form of political
authority. A state of lawlessness, confusion, and disorder (usually resulting from a
failure of government.) NO GOVERNMENT, LET PEOPLE RULE
THEMSELVES.
60. Andrew Carnegie-Carnegie came to dominate the steel industry through the
business practice known as vertical integration. In Carnegie’s case he owned not
only the steel mills, but the iron ore and coal mines as well. He also owned the
railroads and ships that transported the needed coal and iron ore. In this way,
Carnegie was able to form a monopoly in the steel industry. Carnegie and others
like him were at times referred to as Captains of Industry or Robber Barons.
Carnegie was also a philanthropists, which means he believed that the wealthy
were supposed to use their money to help others in the community.
61. Andrew Johnson and his Impeachment-Andrew Johnson was Lincoln’s VicePresident. Johnson was impeached by Radical Republicans using the Tenure of
Office Act. They felt he was abusing his power and they wanted to control
reconstruction. During all the Reconstruction period, the biggest issue in northern
and southern states alike was the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.
The U.S. Constitution allows Congress to remove the president from office by
impeaching (accusing) him of committing “high crimes and misdemeanors,” so
Radical Republicans impeached Johnson when he ignored laws they had passed to
limit presidential powers. They passed these laws to stop Johnson from curbing
the Radical Republicans’ hostile treatment of former Confederate states and their
leaders. After a three-month trial in the Senate, Johnson missed being convicted
by one vote, so he was not removed from office merely because he held political
opinions unpopular among politicians who had the power to impeach him.
62. Anglo-Saxon Superiority-the idea that English speaking whites are biologically
superior to other races.
63. Annexation of Hawaii-After overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani, the United States
annexed Hawaii in 1898 and made it a US territory.
64. Annexation-The process of incorporating new territory into an existing country
or state.
65. Antebellum –a term used to describe objects and institutions that originated three
(3) to four (4) decades before the Civil War. Antebellum is Latin for “before the
war.”
66. Anthracite Coal Strike 1902-the United Mine Workers launched a strike by the
Anthracite (hard coal) miners of eastern Pennsylvania. Nearly 150,000 workers
walked out, demanding increased pay, reduced work hours, and union
recognition. Coal prices began to rise. President Teddy Roosevelt viewed it as
another example of groups pursuing their private interest at the nation’s expense.
Roosevelt ordered the union and the owners to accept arbitration—a settlement
negotiated by an outside party. The union agreed, the mine owners did not.
Roosevelt threatened to order the army to run the mines. The mine owners finally
accepted arbitration. By intervening in the dispute, Roosevelt took the first step
toward establishing the federal government as an honest broker between powerful
groups in society.
67. Antietam-September 1862––Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee marched his forces
to Antietam Creek, Maryland, where he fought the war’s first major battle over
26,000 casualties. Neither side won a victory. As Lee withdrew to the South,
68. Anti-Imperialism League-Formed in 1899, the league condemned imperialism
as crime and attacked it as “open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our
government.”
69. Anti-Slavery movement/Abolition-Called for the immediate emancipation of all
slaves. This was a movement to end slavery in America.
70. Anwar el-Sadat-In November of 1977 Egyptian president Anwar Sadat shocked
everyone when he flew to Jerusalem to meet with Israel’s prime minister,
Menachem Begin. It was the first time any Arab leader had acknowledged Israel,
much less visited the country. Many in the Arab world hated Sadat for going to
Israel, but Sadat felt it necessary to improve Egyptian and Israeli relations.
71. Apartheid- policy of separation of the races enforced by law (South Africa is a
good example of this policy).
72. Appeasement- Policy pursued by Allied nations towards Hitler in the 1930s to
avoid conflict
73. Appomattox Court House-the location where the defeated lee was cornered
after the capture of Richmond and forced to surrender to Grant by ending the war
with peace concessions.
74. Arbitration-settlement of a dispute by the decision of a judge, umpire or
committee. In other words an objective third party.
75. Archduke Franz Ferdinand-He was the heir to the throne of the AustriaHungary. While visiting in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia he and his wife Sophie
were assassinated by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. The assassination of
Archduke Ferdinand was the immediate cause of WWI.
76. Armistice- Peace agreement/truce. An armistice ended World War I.
77. Assimilation-blending of cultures in which the culture of the majority overrules
that of the smaller culture; adopting a different culture from your own and
forgetting the old ways.
78. Atlanta Compromise Speech-the most famous African-American of the late 19th
century was the influential educator Booker T. Washington. He proposed that
African Americans concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than political
ones. In 1895 Washington summed up his views in a speech before a mostly
white audience in Atlanta. Known as the Atlanta Compromise, the speech urged
African Americans to postpone the fight for Civil Rights and instead concentrate
on preparing themselves educationally and vocationally for full equality. The
Atlanta Compromise provoked a strong challenge fro W.E.B. DuBois, the leader
of a new generation of African American activists. In his 1903 book The Souls of
Black Folk DuBois explained why he saw no advantage in giving up civil rights
even temporarily. He was particularly concerned with protecting and exercising
voting rights.
79. Atlantic Charter-The Atlantic Charter was a document drafted and signed
between FDR and Churchill. The document promoted national self-determination
and collective security. The signing of this document signaled the deepening
alliance between the US and Great Britain during WWII. This document also
went on to become the basis for the founding of the United Nations
80. Atomic Bomb- Used in 1945 by US to force Japan to surrender in World War II.
Save American lives Rationalization of Truman for using the Atomic Bomb
81. automobiles82. Axis of Evil-This refers to countries that George W. Bush accused of sponsoring
terror or harboring terrorist. Among them he included Iraq, Iran, and North Korea,
he believed they threatened American, as well as world security.-993
83. Axis Powers-The alliance of Germany (Hitler), Italy (Mussolini), and Japan
(Tojo) during World War II.
84. Ayatollah Khomeini-After a revolution in Iran a government based on strict
Muslim law was instituted and led by Ayatollah Khomeini.
85. Babe Ruth-popular baseball player during the roaring twenties.
86. Baby boom/ Baby Boomers- People born from 1945-1965 that will soon age and
begin the “graying of America.”
87. Barbed Wire-This invention was most responsible for the end of the Open Range
era in the west.
88. Battle of Britain 1940-A battle during WWII. German planes bombed Great
Britain for four months in an attempt to destroy the Royal (British) Air Force.
Germany needed to gain air superiority over the English Channel before they
could launch an invasion on the ground. In this battle the British (Royal) Air
Force was able to stop the German Luftwaffe (German Air Force) air invasion
and turn the German Luftwaffe back. This is important because Germany was
never able to take control of Great Britain. This battle showed that the Germans
were not invincible and boosted moral.
89. Battle of Gettysburg-April 1863––Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee marched
north to Pennsylvania, where he was met by Union troops at Gettysburg. In a
three-day battle, as many as 51,000 were killed. It was the deadliest battle of the
American Civil War. Lee failed to show Britain and France they should assist the
Confederacy, and he gave up attempts to invade the Union or show northerners
that the Union troops could not win the war. Four months later, Lincoln delivered
his Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery.
90. Battle of Little Big Horn-battle between Custer and the Sioux Native American
tribe. Custer and his men are all killed. This battle is also referred to as “Custer’s
Last Stand.”
91. Battle of Midway-This battle of the Pacific during WWII is considered the
turning point in the Pacific. The major significance of this battle is that the United
States now had the naval advantage in the Pacific and the Japanese are forced to
fight a defensive war. The Japanese Navy sustains so much damage that it never
plays a significant role in the war from that point on.
92. Battle of New Orleans-This battle takes place during the War of 1812. Andrew
Jackson becomes a national hero for leading American troops in this victory.
Technically, the war of 1812 was officially over when the battle of New Orleans
took place. The significance of this battle is that it showed that America could
hold its own against other nations.
93. Battle of the Bulge-This battle is important because it was the last major German
offensive launched to stop Allied forces from advancing during WWII. Allied
forces win the battle and this opens up Germany for a successful invasion by the
Allies.
94. Battle of Wounded Knee-Last major conflict between Native Americans and the
American government that brings the so-called “Indian Wars” to an end.
Massacre of the Sioux Indians by the US Army
95. Bay of Pigs-The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained Cuban exiles/refugees
to go back to Cuba and overthrow Castro. The invasion failed. This failure made
Kennedy look weak to the Soviet Union and they moved to put nuclear missiles in
Cuba. This would eventually lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis. This event was a
big embarrassment to President Kennedy and many began to wonder if this young
President could actually protect democracy against communism.
96. Benito Mussolini-Dictator of Italy during World War II. He created a fascist
government, which promoted the idea that the state is more important than the
individual. This is an extreme form of nationalism.
97. Berlin Airlift- Purpose was to deliver food, fuel and medicine to West Berlin
after the Soviets blocked access
98. Berlin Wall-This wall was built by the Soviet Union to separate communist East
Berlin from democratic West Berlin. The Berlin Wall becomes a physical symbol
of communism or the “Iron Curtain” and the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was torn
down in 1989. The wall, and the “Iron Curtain” coming down was now a symbol
of the Soviet Union weakening and the Cold War coming to an end.
99. Bernard M. Baruch-Led the War Industries board during World War I. The War
Industries Board placed controls on the nation’s industrial resources as it sought
to obtain supplies for the US military and its allies.
100.
Bessemer Process- Process that made the mass production of steel easier,
cheaper and faster.
101.
Bessie Smith-A famous Blues singer during the Roaring Twenties. She
became the highest paid African American artist in the world. Many whites
flocked to see her perform, however, she was still treated as a second-class citizen
off stage. She had to use back door exits, and was not allowed to stay in certain
hotels.
102.
Betty Friedan-Author of “Feminine Mystique.” This book focused on
how women that were housewife were extremely happy and fulfilled was a big
myth. Her views helped launch the Women’s Movement of the 1960s and 1970s.
This movement rejected traditional gender roles and advocated equality between
men and women. Friedan also founded the National Organization for Women
(NOW).
103.
Big Stick Diplomacy- Teddy Roosevelt’s big stick diplomacy was based
on the African proverb “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” It
meant that the United States did not intend to be a threatening presence in the
Latin American region, but neither would it hesitate to forcefully protect its own
interests.
104.
Bilingual Education-This is the practice of providing students with
access to public education taught in their own language. This is a very
controversial issue. Those that support it say it makes it easier for newcomers to
learn and maintain their own culture. Those that oppose it say that it hinders
newcomers from learning English and serves to divide rather than unite people in
the United States.
105.
Bill Clinton-President of the U.S. from 1993-2001. During his presidency
Clinton used military intervention in Bosnia and Yugoslavia. He is also associated
with the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This opened trade in
North America between Mexico, Canada, and the U.S. Clinton also tried to
reform healthcare in America. This was considered on of Clinton’s biggest
failures as president because it was never passed. Bill Clinton is also associated
with the “monicagate” scandal. He was impeached for lying under oath, but was
never removed from office.
106.
Bill Gates-Along with a friend Bill Gates established a computer software
business known as Microsoft. By 1998, Microsoft was the world’s second most
valuable company, worth somewhere around $200 billion.
107.
Bill of Rights- First 10 amendments to Constitution Purpose of Bill of
Rights Protect individual liberties
108.
Bimetallism-a standard promoted by farm groups where money would be
backed by silver as well as gold.
109.
Black Codes-laws that were passed to limit African-American freedoms
in the south after the Civil War. Legal restrictions on former slaves in the South
during Reconstruction.
110.
Black Panthers-This was a militant group established in the late 1960s
during the Civil Rights Movement. This group sought to end de facto (in practice)
and de jure’ (by law) segregation. This group also promoted African Americans
leading their own communities. They were responsible for setting up many
community programs to aid poor, urban blacks. Although many associate the
Black Panthers with violence, there were far fewer violent encounters than most
have come to believe.
111.
Black Power Movement-This movement called for African American
pride in their heritage, separate black economic and political institutions, self
defense against white violence, and sometimes violent revolution if called for by
circumstances.
112.
Black Tuesday-This refers to Tuesday, October 29, 1929 the day that the
bottom fell out of the stock market. This marked the beginning of the Great
Depression. Date of worst stock market crash in history and a cause of the Great
Depression.
113.
Blacklist-This is a list of workers that employers refused to hire because
they were either connected to unions or suspected of being connected to
communism.
114.
Bleeding Kansas- Violent conflicts between proslavery and antislavery
forces in Kansas.
115.
Blitzkrieg- “Lightening warfare.” German war tactic in WWII. Hit so
hard and so fast from a variety of different places.
116.
Blockade-the isolation of an enemy’s ports by means of warships to
prevent passage of persons or supplies. To block or prevent the import or export
of supplies from a port.
117.
Bob Woodard/Carl Bernstein-Washington Post reporters that pursued
the Watergate Scandal involving President Nixon. They played a major role in
revealing how high the scandal went.
118.
Bonanza farm-Large companies soon saw a business opportunity on the
Plains. They created giant bonanza farms. These farms operated like factories,
with expensive machinery, professional managers, and laborers who performed
specialized tasks.
119.
Bonus Army-The Bonus Army was made up of World War I veterans and
their family members. They marched on Washington during the depression to
demand the early release of bonuses they had been promised for serving in the
war. They felt the bonus would help them get through the rough times they faced
during the Great Depression.
120.
Booker T. Washington-Founded Tuskegee Institute. He promoted the
idea that gradual acceptance into mainstream society was best for African
Americans. He believed African Americans should gain a vocation or trade to
prove their economic worth to society. He believed this would make it easier for
African Americans to be accepted by whites in mainstream society.
121.
Bootleggers- People that are producing, selling or smuggling alcohol
illegally during the era of Prohibition.
122.
Boss Tweed-Led the political machine known as Tammany Hall in New
York. This political machine was responsible for lots of graft and corruption.
Over time, Tweed stole over 100 million dollars from the city treasury.
Eventually, the political cartoonist Thomas Nast would be responsible for
exposing Tweed and brining him down.
123.
Boxer Rebellion-An uprising instigated by a secret Chinese society
known as the Boxers. This uprising was designed to drive out foreigners from
China and end their influence. The United States and other imperial powers sent
troops in and put the rebellion down.
124.
Boycott-An agreement to not purchase or use certain goods in an effort to
influence the economic and political policies of the producer.
125.
Breadlines- Groups of hungry people waiting for charitable organization
to provide free or cheap meals during Great Depression
126.
Brigham Young-Led the Mormons out west to Utah after the death of
Joseph Smith. Became John Smith’s successor as the leader of this group. Under
his leadership the Mormons formed a thriving community.
127.
Brinkmanship-a policy created by John Dullas. The idea was to build a
nuclear arsenal bigger than the Soviets, and have the willingness to go to the brink
of war to force the Soviets or any other opponent to back down. This policy is
significant because it leads to a nuclear arms race between the US and Soviet
Union.
128.
Brook Farm-An utopian “perfect” society based on transcendentalism. It
was meant to be a community that relied on agriculture and in which members
shared everything. Like all other utopian societies, Brook Farm eventually failed
due to human nature and the imperfection therein.
129.
Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka Kansas, (1954)- Supreme Court
case that declared that (Plessy v. Fergauson) “separate-but-equal” educational
facilities are inherently unequal and therefore a violation of equal protection of
the law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
130.
Buffalo Soldiers-Experienced African American soldiers of the 9th and
10th Cavalries. African-American members of the US Army after the Civil War
131.
Bull market-A period of rising stock prices.
132.
Buying On The Margin- Purchasing stock on credit rather than paying
full price; one cause of the Stock market crash
133.
C.O.R.E.-Congress of Racial Equality-An organization formed in 1942
to promote social change (mostly focused on fighting segregation) through
nonviolent action and protest.
134.
Cabinet-a cabinet is defined as a group of officials appointed by the
President that heads the executive departments and advises the President.
135.
Cambodia/Laos-President Nixon ordered the secret bombings of
Cambodia and Laos during the Vietnam War. He believed that there were training
camps for the Viet Cong in these areas. This action by President Nixon stirred
antiwar activist who believed this would widen the war not bring it to an end as
Nixon had been promising to do.
136.
Camp David Accords- Meetings between Carter (US), Sadat (Egypt),
Begin (Israel), that resulted in a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt
137.
Carpetbagger-northern Republicans who went to the south to make
money during reconstruction. Northerners who came to the South to aid or profit
from Reconstruction policies.
138.
Carrie A. Nation-Many reformers spread the anti-alcohol message in
Protestant churches. Carrie Nation took her campaign right to the source. With a
hatchet in one hand and a bible in the other, she smashed up saloons in Kansas
and urged other women to do the same. Nation’s fiery speeches, dramatic raids,
and canny sense of publicity made her a national figure in the Temperance cause.
139.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)-Created in 1947 as an intelligencegathering organization. This was the first peacetime intelligence agency and was
mainly responsible for spying on the Soviet Union and its allies.
140.
Central Powers-Also known as the Triple Alliance, this alliance consisted
of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary during World War I.
141.
Cesar Chavez-Led the United Farm Workers, which conducted massive
boycotts. The purpose of these boycotts was to get rights for migrant farm
workers that worked very long hours for little pay and no benefits. Due to his
efforts, in 1975 California passed a law requiring collective bargaining between
growers and union representatives. Farm workers finally had a legal basis to ask
for better working conditions. His efforts also influenced the Chicano movement
in America, this was a movement based on social equality and political power for
Hispanics in America.
142.
Charles Finney (revivalist, evangelical)-A popular preacher during the
2nd Great Awakening. He had an emotional style of preaching and emphasized
individuals are responsible for seeking salvation and people could improve
themselves and society. This religious zeal became the motivation behind
people’s increased involvement in social causes and reform movements that were
intended to transform society in beneficial ways.
143.
Charles Lindbergh trans-Atlantic flight-In his airplane called “Spirit of
St. Louis” Charles Lindbergh completed the worlds first transatlantic flight. This
made him an instant celebrity and he was nicknamed “Lucky Lindy.”
144.
Chester Nimitz-An Admiral in the US Navy, Nimitz was the commander
of the United States Navy in the Pacific during World War II.
145.
Chief Joseph-Leader of the Nez Perces’s tribe.
146.
Child labor-increasing numbers of children toiled in factories, earning
much lower wages than adult males, to the detriment of their health.
147.
Chinese Civil War-A war within China between the Nationalists led by
Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist led by Mao Zedong that started before
World War II. However when China was invaded by Japan during World War II
the sides stopped fighting each other and joined forces to fight the Japanese. The
civil war between the two groups resumed once World War II was over. The
United States decided to support Chiang Kai-shek because the US government
felt it could not allow a communist takeover of such a key country. This is
supported by the policy of containment. The Soviets responded by supporting
Mao Zedong and the communists. Eventually Mao Zedong and the communist
win control of China and forced Chiang Kai-shek to flee to Taiwan.
148.
Chinese Exclusionary Act- Law that restricted and prohibited Chinese
immigration into the United States.
149.
Chisolm Trail150.
Christopher Sholes-Invented the typewriter an invention that was very
important in the growth of industry in the United States. Record keeping was
revolutionized with this invention.
151.
Civil Disobedience-Intentionally breaking or defying law to call attention
to what is believed to be evil or injustice.
152.
Civil Rights Act of 1866- Reconstruction legislation that granted full
citizenship to all persons born in the US
153.
Civil Rights Act of 1964- Law that banned racial discrimination in public
accommodation and hiring
154.
Clara Barton-referred to as the “Angel” of the battlefield because she
cared for sick and wounded soldiers during the Civil War.
155.
Clarence Thomas-A notable Supreme Court appointment by President
George H. W. Bush (Bush 1) Clarence Thomas was only the second African
American ever appointed to the Supreme Court (Thurgood Marshall was the first),
Thomas endured a tough conformation process when his former assistant, Anita
Hill, accused him of sexual harassment.
156.
Claude McKay-a writer during the Harlem Renaissance. He was the most
militant of the writers. In his novels and poems, McKay showed ordinary AfricanAmericans struggling for dignity and advancement in the face of discrimination
and economic hardships.
157.
Clayton Antitrust Act 1914-outlawed certain practices that restricted
competition. It forbade agreements that required retailers who bought form one
company to stop selling a competitor’s products. It also banned price
discrimination. Businesses could not charge different customers different prices
for the same service or product. The passing of the Clayton Antitrust Act
corrected deficiencies in the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which was the first
federal antitrust law. (closed loop-holes)
158.
Clean Air Act-Passed in 1970, the clean air act combated air pollution by,
among other things, limiting the emissions from factories and automobiles.
159.
Clean Water Act-Passed in 1973, the clean water act sought to limit the
pollution of water by industry and agriculture.
160.
Closed shop-a factory or place of business that employs only union
members. Usually all belong to the same union.
161.
Coca Cola-Invented in 1886, became one of the most popular snacks
during this time frame.
162.
Cold War- Tension and hostility between the US and Soviet Union from
1945-1991. Reason that the period was given the name the Cold War US AND
SOVIETS NEVER ACUTALLY FOUGHT
163.
Colin Powell-Served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs if Staff under the
George H.W. Bush (Bush I). He also served as Secretary of State under
George W. Bush (Bush II).
164.
Collective bargaining-Negotiation between the representatives of
organized workers and their employers to determine wages, hours, rules, and
working conditions.
165.
Colored Farmers’ Alliance-Headed by R.M. Humphrey, the Colored
Farmers’ Alliance was made up of both black and white farmers. However,
although they recognized that both white and black farmers shared the same
difficulties, racial tensions prevented any effective cooperation between the
groups.
166.
Committee on Public Information/George Creel-It was the job of the
Committee on Public Information to educate the public about the causes and
nature of World War I. The Committee of Public Information had to convince
Americans that the war was a just cause. This government agency was led by
George Creel.
167.
Compromise of 1850- Henry Clay’s unsuccessful attempt to resolve
conflicts between North and South regarding slavery had four parts– first,
California was allowed to enter the Union as a free state; second, the rest of the
Mexican Cession was divided into the territories of New Mexico and Utah (in
each territory, voters would decide the slavery question according to popular
sovereignty); third, the slave trade was ended in Washington, D.C., the nation’s
capitol (Congress, however, declared that it had no power to ban the slave trade
between slave states;) but he practice of slavery would be allowed to continue
there. fourth, a strict new fugitive slave law was passed that stated a person could
be fined or imprisoned for harboring runaway slaves.
168.
Compromise of 1877-an agreement between Republicans and Democrats
that ENDED reconstruction and returned “home rule” to the south. Agreement
between Republicans and Democrats to end Reconstruction and elect Rutherford
B Hayes president. Reconstruction came to an end when Union troops were
withdrawn from the South as part of the Compromise of 1877. When the soldiers
left and white southerners regained control of their state governments, African
Americans were left unprotected. The new southern governments quickly passed
laws that deprived blacks of their rights and worked to strengthen the segregation
of southern society.
169.
Computers/technology-computers and other technology helped change
Americas economy to a more service driven economy. This of course has its pros
and cons because when a machine can do the job of a person, that person may
then lose their job. Computers made things easier to track allowed data to be
stored, data to be processed quickly and more efficiently as well.
170.
Comstock Lode-In 1859 prospectors found silver in the Carson River
valley of present-day Nevada. Thousands of miners rushed to this mine, which
became known as the Comstock Lode. Over the next twenty years, miners too
about $ 500 million worth of silver from the Comstock Lode. Largest silver
discovery in US history that brought thousands of prospectors to Nevada
171.
Confederacy-a loose union of independent states; name of government
used by the southern states that seceded during the Civil War.
172.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)-In 1942, civil rights leaders
formed this organization where they sought to apply nonviolent protest as a means
of fighting segregation. Its members were deeply influenced by Henry David
Thoreau and Mohandas Ghandi. They were convinced that African Americans
could apply direct nonviolent methods to gain Civil Rights.
173.
Conscientious objector-person whose moral or religious beliefs forbid
him or her to fight in war.
174.
Containment-the United States policy established after WWII designed to
prevent the spread of communism in other areas of the world. US foreign policy
of preventing the spread of Soviet influence and Communism
175.
Contraband-supplies captured from an enemy during wartime.
176.
Convoy system-a group of merchant ships sailing together, protected by
warships.
177.
Copperhead-a group of Democrats in the North that opposed the civil
war. Northern antiwar Democrats during the Civil War
178.
Corrupt Bargain-The corrupt bargain refers to the Election of 1824
where Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams tied in the electoral college for
the presidency. This meant that congress had to decided who would become the
next president. Andrew Jackson received the most popular votes and thought it
would only be fair that he be given the votes needed to become the next president.
However, with the support of Henry Clay John Quincy Adams becomes the next
president. Jackson and his followers called this the “corrupt bargain” because they
believed political influence was used improperly to decide the outcome.
179.
Craft unions-unions opened to skilled workers who practiced a specific
craft.
180.
Credit Mobilier Scandal-19th century scandal involving Congress corrupt
business practices with a large railroad corporation
181.
Cross of Gold Speech-This was a famous speech given by William
Jennings Bryan during the Democratic Convention leading up to the election of
1896. It became known as the cross of gold speech because it ended with the
following line: “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of
thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!” This speech in
essence argued against the gold standard and that instead the bimetallism system
should be used.
182.
Cuban Missile Crisis- Confrontation between the US and Soviet Union
over a missile base in Cuba.
183.
Cultural pluralism- View that immigrants of different cultural groups
can retain all or some of their previous identity and still be Americans
184.
Culture shock-when someone from another country or place finds
themselves in a new place where they are surrounded by many different types of
people, with different backgrounds, cultures, and traditions from themselves.
Much is unfamiliar and they usually look for neighborhoods where they can find
people that share their own culture, background, and traditions.
185.
Cyrus McCormick –Invented the mechanical reaper.
186.
David Lloyd George187.
David Walker-He was a free African American that published the
pamphlet that used religion as the base for a blistering attack on slavery. It was
called Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, 1829. David Walker
188.
Dawes Plan189.
Dawes Severalty Act- Law that provided for Native Americans to own
reservation land privately
190.
D-Day-(Deployment Day) -Date on which Allies landed on Normandy
Beach, beginning of the final phase of World War II
191.
De facto segregation-Segregation by practice.
192.
Declaration of Sentiments193.
Deficit Spending194.
Dejure segregation- Segregation mandated by law.
195.
Democratic National Convention 1968196.
Democrat-Republicans- Original American political party headed by
Thomas Jefferson and opposed to the Federalists
197.
Department of Energy-President Jimmy Carter created the United States
Department of Energy for the purpose of coordinating federal programs designed
for finding alternative sources of energy and promoting conservation of energy.
198.
Department of Homeland Security- Created after September 11th attacks
to coordinate domestic national security
199.
Détente-relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two
major communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China.
200.
Direct Relief
201.
Disenfranchisement-To deprive an individual of the right to vote or to
hold US citizenship.
202.
Dollar diplomacy- President Taft’s policy of gaining influence over Latin
America by lending them money
203.
Domestic policy (dd)
204.
Domino Theory- Eisenhower’s belief that if one South East Asian
(Vietnam) nation fell to communist rule, so would all the others
205.
Dorothea Dix206.
Doughboys207.
Douglas MacArthur208.
Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857-the Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott
could not file a lawsuit because, as a black, he was not a citizen. The justices also
agreed that slaves were property. They also ruled that Congress did not have the
power to outlaw slavery in any territory. In 1857, the U.S. Supreme Court issued
the Dred Scott decision, settling a lawsuit in which an African American slave
named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his
master in slave states and in free states. The Court rejected Scott’s claim, ruling
that no African American––even if free––could ever be a U.S. citizen. Further, the
Court said Congress could not prohibit slavery in federal territories. Thus, the
Court found that popular sovereignty and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 were
unconstitutional. The Dred Scott decision gave slavery the protection of the U.S.
Constitution. Proslavery Americans welcomed the Court’s ruling as proof they
had been right during the previous few decades’ struggles against abolitionists. In
contrast, abolitionists convinced many state legislatures to declare the Dred Scott
decision not binding within their state borders. The new Republican party said
that if their candidate were elected president in 1860 he would appoint a new
Supreme Court that would reverse Dred Scott.
209.
Duck and Cover210.
Duke Ellington211.
Dumbbell tenements212.
Dust Bowl213.
Dwight D. Eisenhower214.
Earl Warren215.
easy credit216.
economic policy- (dd)
217.
Eddie Rickenbackeer218.
Edwin L. Drake219.
Eisenhower Doctrine220.
Election of 1800221.
Election of 1844222.
Election of 1844223.
Election of 1860224.
Election of 1876225.
Election of 1912226.
Election of 1916227.
Election of 1976228.
Election of 2000- Although Gore received a half million more votes than
Bush, he fell short of winning the 270 electoral votes needed to capture the
presidency. So did Bush. It came down to the state of Florida. The vote was so
close in Florida that a recount had to be done. The result gave Bush the victory.
Gore was unhappy and took legal action. In the case of Bush v. Gore the Supreme
court ruled in favor of George W. Bush.
229.
Elections of 1980230.
Electric Trolleys231.
Electricity232.
Elevator233.
Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts)- U.S. inventor Eli
Whitney best illustrates the rise of industrialism with his invention of the cotton
gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets. Whitney
invented the cotton gin (engine) in 1793. It is a machine that rapidly removes
cotton plant seeds from the valuable cotton fiber used to make thread and fabric.
By producing more cotton in a day than any person could working by hand, the
gin reduced the cost of processing cotton and greatly raised the profit from
growing it. To further cut costs and raise profits, unskilled slaves were often put
to work running the cotton gins in the southern states. Another industrial
improvement Whitney developed was interchangeable parts. Prior to
industrialization, a broken mechanism or machine had to be discarded and
replaced because all its parts had been handmade by skilled workers to fit only
that mechanism. Whitney introduced the practice of manufacturing identical parts
so only the broken part would need to be replaced to repair the whole machine.
He applied this process to making muskets. If one piece of the musket’s
mechanism broke, the owner could continue to use the musket after that piece was
replaced with a matching piece. Interchangeable parts made it possible for
semiskilled workers to mass-produce mechanical products.
234.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton235.
Ellis Island- Point of entry in New York for millions of immigrants
coming into the United States.
236.
Elvis Presley-
237.
Emancipation Proclamation-issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1862, it
declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free. It only
freed slaves behind Confederate lines. Lincoln used his emergency powers again
to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. It emancipated (freed) all slaves held in
the Confederate states. Lincoln did not expect Confederate slaveholders to free
their slaves, but he thought news of the proclamation would reach southern slaves
and encourage them to flee to the North. Lincoln believed one reason southern
whites were free to join the Confederate Army was because slaves were doing
war work that, otherwise, the whites would have to do. Encouraging slaves to flee
north would hurt the southern war effort. Although the Emancipation
Proclamation did not free slaves held in the North, it was warmly welcomed by
African Americans living in Union states. They understood the proclamation
announced a new goal for the Union troops––besides preserving the Union,
238.
Emancipation-setting free, as in various plans for ending slavery, finally
completely accomplished by the 13th Amendment. Freeing of the slaves
239.
Embargo Act of 1807- Legislation ending trade between the US and
foreign nations in 1807
240.
Embassy Bombings241.
Emiliano Zapata242.
Emilio Aguinaldo243.
Energy Crisis- Sharp rise in oil prices that led to bad economic times in
US during the 1970s
244.
Environmental Protection Agency245.
Equal Rights Amendment- Proposed amendment that would have
outlawed discrimination based on sex
246.
Era of Good Feelings – Time under the Monroe Administration
247.
Erie Canal -The most famous canal built in this era was the Erie Canal,
which connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. It was opened in 1825
after eight years of digging by thousands of laborers, mostly immigrants. It
stretches 363 miles from Lake Erie to the
248.
Ernest Hemingway249.
ESEA-No Child Left Behind250.
Espionage and Sedition Acts- Law that outlawed acts of treason during
World War I
251.
Eugene V. Debs252.
Exoduster- freed African Americans that moved west.
253.
F. Scott Fitzgerald254.
Fair Deal255.
Fair Labor Standards Act256.
Fall of Saigon, 1975257.
Fall of the Berlin Wall258.
Fallout Shelters- Small underground structures underground, used for
safety in case of a nuclear attack
259.
Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia260.
Farewell Address261.
Farmer’s Cooperative262.
Fascism-as a rule, fascist governments are dominated by a dictator, who
usually possesses a magnetic personality, wears a showy uniform, and rallies his
supporters with mass parades; appeals to strident nationalism; and promotes
suspicion or hatred of both foreigners and “impure” people within his own nation,
such as the JEWS in Germany. Form of government where all aspects of society
are controlled by a dictator
263.
Father Charles Coughlin264.
FDR’s “Fireside Chat” - FDR’s radio broadcasts where he spoke to
people directly about his programs and policies
265.
Federal Reserve Act-the central banking system in the United States. It
regulates money and banking in the United States.
266.
Federalists Party- Original American political party led by Hamilton and
opposed to the Democratic Republicans
267.
Fidel Castro268.
First Battle of Bull Run-The first battle of the Civil War. Took place in
July 1861. It was a southern victory. The Confederacy made a mistake by not
pursing the retreating Union army. This battle made it evident that the Civil War
would be longer than expected. It also led to Lincoln adopting the Anaconda
Plan created by General Winfield Scott.
269.
Flapper270.
Flexible Response-the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to
allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons.
follow Lee. The significance of the Battle of Antietam was that Lee’s failure to win it
encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
271.
Food Administration/Herbert Hoover272.
Foraker Act273.
Ford’s innovations- $5 day, assembly line, Model T, workers as
consumers274.
Foreign Debt275.
Foreign Policy- when dealing with other nations, the systematic collection
of practices, regulations, and rules of procedure and conduct followed by the
Federal Government.
276.
Fort Sumter, S.C. 1861277.
Four Freedoms278.
Fourteen Points- Name for Woodrow Wilson’s speech after WWI ended
laying out a plan to maintain world peace
279.
Frances Perkins280.
Francis Gary Powers
281.
Francisco “Pancho” Villa282.
Frederick Douglass- a former slave, worked for Garrison and traveled
widely, giving eloquent speeches on behalf of equality for African Americans,
women, Native Americans, and immigrants. He later published autobiographies
and his own antislavery newspaper.
283.
Frederick Jackson Turner284.
Frederick Olmstead285.
Freedmen’s Bureau-created in 1865 by congress; provided support for
the newly freed slave in the south, especially EDUCATION. Also provided things
like food, clothing, and assistance in trying to reunite families. Reconstruction
federal agency that helped recently freed slaves and poor whites in the South
286.
Freeport Doctrine- Stephen Douglas’ position that allowing slavery in a
territory or state should be left up to the will of the people
287.
Free-Soil Party- Antislavery political party organized in 1848
288.
Fugitive Slave Act- Part of the Compromise of 1850 that compelled
Northerners to assist in the return of runaway slaves runaway slaves and return
them to their owners. Those who failed to do so would be
289.
Fundamentalism- Belief that every word of the Bible is true.
Fundamentalism can be broadly defined as a strict and literal adherence to a set of
basic principles and specific beliefs. Although many, if not most forms of
fundamentalism are religious, by no means are all religious people
fundamentalists. The adherence to certain beliefs seen in fundamentalism is so
strong, that the presentation of evidence that contradicts these beliefs leads to no
reassessment of them, on the part of the fundamentalist.
290.
Gadsden Purchase- Purchase of the Southwestern territory form Mexico
291.
General John Pershing292.
General Sherman-Served under Gen. Grant during Siege of Vicksburg,
Destroyed Atlanta, ended Confederate ability to fight, Accepted surrender of all
Confederate armies in Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida
293.
General William Westmoreland294.
Geneva Accords295.
Genocide-The extermination of a cultural or racial group.
296.
Gentlemen’s Agreement297.
George A. Custer298.
George Creel/ Committee on Public Information299.
George Dewey300.
George M. Pullman301.
George McClellan- Union forces might have been able to end the war by
going after the
302.
George Patton303.
George W. Bush304.
George Wallace305.
Georges Clemenceau306.
Geraldine Ferraro-The first female vice-presidential candidate in US
history.
307.
Gettysburg Address-a famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in
November 1863 at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle
of Gettysburg. In November 1863, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address was another
event by which he shaped popular opinion in favor of preserving the Union. The
occasion was the dedication of a military cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield
four months after 51,000 people were killed in the battle there. Most of the
ceremony was performed by famous orator Edward Everett, who spoke for two
hours, as was the manner at that time for an important event. Then Lincoln rose to
speak, starting with his famous words “Four score and seven years ago.” He
spoke for just two minutes in what is now considered one of the greatest speeches
in the English language. His address helped raise the spirits of northerners who
had grown weary of the war and dismayed by southern victories over the larger
Union armies. He convinced the people that the United States was one indivisible
nation
308.
GI Bill of Rights- Package that offered veterans college scholarships and
low interest business and homeowner loans after WWII
309.
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 –the court clarified the commerce clause,
affirming congressional power over interstate commerce by overturning NY state
law that gave a monopoly of Hudson river ferry service to one company.
310.
Gilded Age- Name Mark Twain gave to the superficial lifestyle of
America’s late 18002 wealthy industrialists
311.
Gloria Steinem312.
Gold standard- A monetary standard in which a nation’s currency is
defined in terms of gold and all forms of legal tender may be redeemed for gold at
the statutory rate. Replaced bimetallism in many industrialized nations during the
19th century as a means to create uniform international trade conditions. Often
believed to favor creditors.
313.
Gospel of Wealth-a philosophy of business men, usually associated with
Andrew Carnegie’s book, The Gospel of Wealth (1901)., which states that
wealthy individuals have not only power but also responsibilities; it is their duty
to use their wealth to advance social programs. The idea of private wealth as a
trust fund for the good of the community encouraged many wealthy industrialists
to devote some of their riches to philanthropic enterprises.
314.
Graft-DD
315.
Grandfather Clause316.
Graying of America317.
Great Migration- Northern migration of African Americans during and
after the Great War
318.
Great Plains319.
Green Card-a US permanent resident card, which shows that an
individual is in the US legally even though they are not a citizen.
320.
Greenbacks-19th century name for paper money the North used during the
Civil War
321.
Grimke Sisters -Sarah and Angelina, were southern women who lectured
322.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- Act of Congress that gave the President
authority to take all necessary measures to repel any attack against the US (1963)
323.
Habeas Corpus -Not all northerners supported President Lincoln’s efforts
to preserve the Union. Some were Confederate sympathizers (just as some
southerners were Union sympathizers). Throughout the war, in some states
Lincoln suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus––the legal rule that
anyone imprisoned must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is
being legally held in custody. The Constitution allows a president to suspend
habeas corpus during a national emergency. Lincoln used his emergency powers
to legalize the holding of Confederate sympathizers without trial and without a
judge agreeing they were legally imprisoned. Over 13,000 Confederate
sympathizers were arrested in the North.
324.
Haight-Ashbury325.
Hamilton’s Economic Plan326.
Harlem Renaissance- Artistic and literary movement of African
Americans living in Harlem in the 1920s
327.
Harriet Beecher Stowe328.
Harriet Tubman329.
Harry S. Truman330.
Hartford Convention- Meeting of Federalists opposed to the War of
1812. Marks the beginning of the decline of the Federalist Party
331.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff332.
Haymarket Square Riot- Mob outburst as a labor protest in Chicago
where a bomb killed eight policemen
333.
H-bomb334.
Head Start- Preschool education program for children from low income
families
335.
Helen Hunt Jackson’s Century of Dishonor336.
Helsinki Accords337.
Henry Cabot338.
Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser)339.
Henry David Thoreau340.
Herbert Hoover/ Food Administration341.
Herbert Spencer342.
Hiram Revels343.
Hiroshima344.
Ho Chi Minh345.
Hollywood Blacklist346.
Hollywood Ten- Film producers and screenwriters attacked by the HUAC
who were jailed and blacklisted during the McCarthy era
347.
Holocaust- Name given to deliberate German massacre of 12 million plus
during WWII
348.
home rule349.
Homestead Act-Legislation designed to encourage settlement by having
the government offer free or inexpensive land. Federal law that granted 160 acres
of land to any settler who would cultivate the land for 5 years
350.
Homestead Strike- Violent labor strike against Carnegie’s in which
strikers died and union was broken
351.
Hoovervilles- Makeshift community of homeless people during the Great
Depression
352.
Horace Mann353.
Horatio Alger354.
Horizontal integration- Merger of competitors in the same industry
355.
Hot line356.
House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) - Special
committee that investigated charges of communism
357.
HUD358.
Hudson River School of the Arts- Early American painters known for
depicting nature
Hudson River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean at New York City. The Erie Canal
359.
Huey P. Long360.
Hydrogen bombs361.
ICBMs362.
Ida Tarbell363.
Ida Wells Barnett-a journalist and former slave, was removed from a
ladies coach on a train 1884. wells refused to move to the smoking car where
African Americans were to be seated. She was later given the title of being a
“muckraker” along with other journalist of the progressive era. Between 1890 and
1899 there was an average of 187 lynchings—hangings(or death by any mob
action) without proper court proceedings—each year. In 1892 a fiery young Wells
launched a fearless crusade against lynching. Although Congress during that time
rejected an anti-lynching bill, the number of lynchings decreased significantly in
the 1900s, due in great part to the efforts of activists such as Wells
364.
Idealism-DD
365.
Immigration Policy Act366.
Imperialism-the actions used by one nation to exercise political or
economic control over smaller or weaker nations.
367.
Impressment of Seamen- Done by the British and the French against
early American sailors, the practice of taking sailors from one country to work for
one’s Navy
368.
Indian Removal Act of 1830 - Allowed Jackson to send American
Indians to undesirable land in Oklahoma
369.
Industrial Workers of the World370.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)371.
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)372.
INF Treaty-US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev
signed the INF Treaty, which reduced the number of US and Soviet missiles in
Europe.
373.
Initiative374.
Injunction-A court order preventing a person or group from taking a
specific course of action; usually applied to an order preventing a union from
picketing. Court order often used to stop a strike
375.
installment plan376.
Internet377.
Interstate Commerce Act378.
Iran-Contra Affair- Illegal sale of missiles to Iran by the Reagan white
house, and illegal use of the profits to fund the Contras in Nicaragua
379.
Iranian Hostage Crisis- Standoff between Iranian militants holding
several American hostages in the US embassy in Tehran
380.
Iron curtain- Border that existed between the Soviet union an the free
nations of the West
381.
Island Hopping382.
Isolationism-the avoidance of involvement in world affairs. No
involvement in foreign alliances and wars. Belief that a nation should remain
neutral and uninvolved in foreign affairs
383.
Israel384.
Iwo Jima385.
J. Robert Oppenheimer386.
J.P. Morgan387.
Jacksonian Democracy-President Andrew Jackson and his supporters
shared a political philosophy later referred to as “Jacksonian democracy.” It
sought a stronger presidency and executive branch, and a weaker Congress. Out
of respect for the common man, it also sought to broaden public participation in
government, so it expanded suffrage (voting rights) to include all adult white
males, not just landowners.
388.
Jacob Riis389.
James Meredith390.
Jane Addams/Hull House-
391.
Japanese Internment- Detention centers used for Japanese Americans
during WWII
392.
Jay’s Treaty (1797)- Treaty between US and GB in 1794 that resulted in
British withdrawal from Northwest Territory
393.
Jazz394.
Jeanette Rankin395.
Jim Crow Laws-laws that enforced segregation by discriminating against
and suppressing black people. Post-Civil War laws segregating and restricting
African Americans in the South
396.
Jimmy Carter397.
Jingoism-A form of aggressive nationalism that called for a more a
tougher stance towards Spain. This sentiment towards Spain ignited when stories
of how terrible Spain treated the Cubans as they rebelled against Spanish rule.
Extreme Technique used to stir public sentiment into believing that their country
is the best -461
398.
Joe Lieberman-
399.
John Brown and Harper’s Ferry 1859-One famous abolitionist, John
Brown, decided to fight slavery with violence and killing. In 1856, believing he
was chosen by God to end slavery, Brown commanded family members and other
abolitionists to attack proslavery settlers in Kansas, killing five men. In 1859, he
led a group of white and black men in a raid on the federal armory at Harpers
Ferry, Virginia (in modern-day West Virginia). They seized federal weapons and
ammunition, killing seven people. Brown’s plan was to deliver the weapons and
ammunition to slaves, who would then use them in an uprising against
slaveholders and proslavery government officials, but the raid failed, and Brown
was captured by U.S. Marines led by U.S. Army Colonel Robert E. Lee.
Eventually, Brown was convicted of treason against the state of Virginia and
executed by hanging. Many Americans thought Brown was a terrorist killer.
Others thought he was an abolitionist martyr.
400.
John D. Rockefeller401.
John Dean402.
John Deere403.
John Deere404.
John F. Kennedy
405.
John Glenn406.
John Hay407.
John L. Lewis- (United Mine Workers)408.
John McCain409.
John Wilkes Booth-assassin of Abraham Lincoln.
410.
Jose Marti411.
Joseph Pulitzer412.
Joseph Smith-
413.
Joseph Stalin414.
Josiah Strong415.
Judicial Review-The power of the courts to pass judgment on the
constitutionality of acts of the legislature and actions of the executive branch.
416.
Judiciary Act of 1789-established both the United States federal court
system and the authority of the United States Supreme Court.
417.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg418.
Kaiser Wilhelm II419.
Kamikaze420.
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854- Allowed residents of Kansas and
Nebraska territories the right to decide for themselves whether or not to permit
slavery in their territory
421.
Kellog-Briand Pact422.
Kent State
423.
Knights of Labor424.
Know-Nothing Party-19th century Nativist political organization
425.
Kodak Cameras-developed by George Eastman. Cost $25.00, with 100
rolls of film. Camera helped create the field of photojournalism.
426.
Korean War427.
Korematsu v. United States 1944428.
Kristallnacht429.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)-Organized to intimidate and terrorize freed blacks
and to restore white supremacy in the post-Civil War south. Other white
southerners formed secret societies that used murder, arson, and other threatening
actions as a means of controlling freed African Americans and pressuring them
not to vote. The Ku Klux Klan was the worst of these societies. The Klan, or
KKK, was founded by veterans of the confederate Army to fight against
Reconstruction. Some southern leaders urged
430.
Laissez-Faire (le-say-FER) - the French term for “to let do.” Laissezfaire capitalism allows companies to conduct business without intervention by the
government. Political belief that the economy and business should regulate
themselves
431.
Langston Hughes432.
League of Nations- First international organization to maintain world
peace and issues of mutual concern; lacked enforcement power
433.
Lend-Lease Act-1941 act that permitted the US to send money, weapons,
and supplies to its allies involved in WWII
434.
Levittowns- Planned suburban communities of cheap, mass-produced
houses during the 1950s
435.
Lewis and Clark Expedition -Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark to explore Louisiana and the western lands all the way to the
Pacific Ocean. On their 16-month expedition, Lewis and Clark charted the trails
west, mapped rivers and mountain ranges, wrote descriptions and collected
samples of unfamiliar animals and plants, and recorded facts and figures about the
various Native American tribes and customs west of the Mississippi River.
436.
Limited Test Ban Treaty-
437.
Lincoln SteffensLincoln, Accepted surrender of Confederate Gen. Lee to end Civil War 232,259
438.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates- Historical debates over the question of
extending slavery in to the new states and territories
439.
Literacy Test 440.
Little Rock Nine- Nickname given to the students who were the first to
attend City High School after “Brown v Board of Education”
441.
Lockout-DD
442.
Louis Armstrong443.
Louisiana Purchase- Thomas Jefferson’s purchase of land in 1803 that
doubled the size of the US
444.
Lucretia Mott445.
Lusitania446.
Mail Order Catalogs447.
Make the World Safe for Democracy-This was an idealistic view held
by Woodrow Wilson during World War I. He wanted the US public to see the war
as a battle between good and evil; he wanted the people to view it as a fight
between democracy and tyranny.
448.
Malcolm X449.
Manhattan Project- Name for the development of the atomic bomb by
European and American scientists
450.
Manifest Destiny-The conviction that the United States would inevitably
expand its territory to its “continental limits” or beyond. Idea that maintains that
American expansion was part of God’s plan for the world. Manifest Destiny was
the name given to the idea that the United States would naturallyoccupy the
territory between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The word manifest means
“obvious,” and the word destiny means “fate.” According to Manifest Destiny, the
obvious fate of the United States was to expand “from sea to shining sea.”
451.
Mann Elkins Act452.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)-case in which the Supreme Court held that it
had the power of judicial review over acts of Congress.
453.
March on Washington- Mass demonstration for civil rights that
culminated in MLK’s I Have a Dream speech
454.
Marcus Garvey455.
Margaret Sanger456.
market advertising457.
Marshall Plan- Plan to rebuild Europe economically with US Aid after
WWII
458.
Martin Luther King Jr.459.
McCarthyism- Tactics that consisted of slander, accusations without
evidence, and assuming guilt by association used during the 1950s to combat the
supposed threat of communism
460.
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819461.
mechanization462.
Mediation-to come in to help settle a dispute; be a go between; act in
order to bring about an agreement between persons or sides.
463.
Medicaid- Health insurance for the poor created by President Johnson
464.
Medicare- Federally funded health care for people over 65
465.
Melting Pot- View that immigrants from different cultures should assume
the same American identity
466.
Menachem Begin467.
Mental Health Reform468.
Mercantilism-DD
469.
Merrimack
470.
Mexican-American War (Mexican War)- In 1845, the United States
took Texas into the Union and set its sights on the Mexican territories of New
Mexico and California. U.S. annexation of Texas and other factors led to war in
1846. During the conflict, the United States occupied much of northern Mexico.
When the United States eventually won the war, this region was ceded to the
United States as a part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
471.
Microsoft- Computer software giant, subject of antitrust legislation
472.
Middle Class473.
Midnight Judges- Federalist legislators in Congress passed the Judiciary
Act of 1801 shortly before their terms ended. This act created new positions in the
judicial branch. Departing president John Adams hurried to fill them with
Federalists judges. Adams worked late into the night before he left office to get
the commissions signed and delivered. Federal judges President John Adams
appointed at the very end of his term
474.
Mikhail Gorbachev475.
Militarism476.
Minorities in politics477.
Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy478.
Missouri Compromise (36’30’ parallel)- Legislation admitting Missouri
as a slave state but restricting slavery within the rest of the Louisiana Purchase.
This said Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state, Missouri would
be admitted as a slave state, and slavery would be prohibited in the northern part
of the Louisiana Purchase except for Missouri. Once again, half the states would
allow slavery while the other half did not, and the Senate would retain its equal
balance between proslavery and antislavery senators––until the next state asked to
enter the Union. would preserve the Union. Their hopes were dashed about a
decade later when the United States became engaged in a devastating civil war.
479.
mobilization480.
modernism481.
Monitor482.
Monopoly- Company so large and powerful that it stifles economic
competition
483.
Monroe Doctrine-The United States policy that warned against European
intervention/interference in the Western Hemisphere.- Foreign policy form 1823
stating that further European intervention in the Americas would not be tolerated
Monroe announced that the United States would prevent European nations from
interfering with independent American countries. Further, Monroe said the United
States would remain neutral in wars between European nations and their
American colonies, but, if battles took place in the New World, the United States
would view such battles as hostile actions against the United States. In summary,
the Monroe Doctrine defined an aspect of U.S. foreign policy to which America
still holds today.
484.
Montgomery Bus Boycotts- Protests of black residents who stopped
riding city buses until seating was desegregated
485.
Mormons486.
Morrill Land Grant Act 1862- Civil War legislation that granted land to
states loyal to the Union for agricultural and mechanical colleges
487.
Movie Camera-DD
488.
Muckraking- Investigative journalism of the Progressive Era
489.
Mugwumps- Republican reformers of the late 1800s who opposed
political machines and supported Democrats
490.
Multiculturalism-a policy that stresses respect and tolerance for cultural
differences. A social or educational theory that encourages interest in many
cultures within a society rather than in only a mainstream culture
491.
Munich Pact492.
Munn v. Illinois493.
Mustard gas494.
My Lai Incident495.
NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement –The United States,
Canada, and Mexico formed a major trading block in 1992 that removed tariffs
and other barriers to the creation of a free trade zone among the three countries.
496.
Nagasaki497.
Napalm498.
NASA499.
NASDAQ, 1990s-Following an early 90s recession that cost President
George H. W. Bush his job, the economy saw an upswing during the Clinton
presidency. The NASDAQ, which had begun in 1971 and trades more shares per
day on average than any other US stock Market, saw its highest numbers during
the mid to late 90s. Under Clinton, the nation went from having a massive budget
deficit to a budget surplus.
500.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion - Violent slave rebellion that ended antislavery
sentiment and movements in the South. Nat Turner believed his mission on Earth
was to free his people from slavery. Seeing an 1831 solar eclipse as a message
from above, he led a slave rebellion on four Virginia plantations. About 60 whites
were killed, and Turner was captured, tried, and executed. To stop such uprisings,
white leaders passed new laws to limit the activities of slaves and to strengthen
the institution of slavery
501.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)- Founded by WEB Dubois to fight discrimination and segregation
502.
National Debt503.
National Defense Education Act504.
National Energy Act-provided for taxes on cars that burn too much gas,
tax credits or loans to homeowners for using solar energy and improving
insulation, and funding to research the use of alternative energy sources such as
solar energy and synthetic fuels.
505.
National Farmer Alliances506.
National Organization for Women (NOW)- Founded by Betty Freidan
in 1966 with the purpose of lobbying the government for social and economic
equality for women
507.
National Security Act508.
Nationalism-An attitude that gives highest allegiance to the nation-state
rather than localities, member states, or the international community. The belief
that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively,
emphasizing national rather than international goals.
509.
Nationwide Lynching- lynchings—hangings(or death by any mob action)
without proper court proceedings. Between 1890 and 1899, there was an average
of 187 lynchings per year.
510.
Nativism-An attitude or policy that favors native born Americans over
immigrants, or later arrivals.- 19th century movement opposed to immigrants and
foreigners
511.
Nativists-Individuals that oppose immigration in order to protect the
interests of native born citizens. As a result, immigrants often suffered
discrimination and violence.512.
Nazism-The belief of the NAZIS that its member’s supreme devotion is to
the German government. I was a fascist party
513.
Necessary Evil- Slavery. The slave labor system defined the southern
white social structure and was increasingly defended as essential to that section’s
way of life. Thomas Jefferson’s position that slavery was wrong but necessary
514.
Negotiation-DD
515.
Neil Armstrong516.
Nelson Mandela517.
Neutrality Acts- Laws in the 1930s that banned American support or
involvement with any nation at war
518.
Neutrality-a policy that avoids favoring either belligerent (impartiality) in
a war in which your nation is not involved.
519.
New Democrat-Clinton and Gore successfully portrayed themselves as
NEW DEMOCRATS who were moderate (in between conservative and liberal)
rather than liberals.
520.
New Federalism- Nixon’s plan to limit the size and power of the federal
government by distributing a portion of federal power to state and local
governments. Belief in the transfer of power from the federal government to the
states
521.
New Frontier- Name for JFK’s domestic agenda.
522.
New Harmony523.
New immigrants versus Old immigrants524.
New Left525.
New Right Coalition- Group of fundamentalist Christians who have
supported many Republican candidates since the 1980s
526.
New York Times v. US (1971)-
527.
Newt Gingrich528.
Nez Perce- Native American nation living in Oregon but displaced to
Oklahoma
529.
Niagara Movement530.
Nikita Khrushchev531.
No Man’s Land- Narrow strip of neutral territory between Allied and
German trenches
532.
Non-aggression pact533.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- Alliance among US,
Canada, and European nations for mutual/collective military security. North
Atlantic Treaty Organization founded in 1948 to curb communist expansion.
There are nineteen member countries of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. They are: Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, `
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and United States.
534.
Northern Migration535.
Northern Securities v. US 1904536.
Nuclear power537.
Nuclear proliferation-the spread of nuclear weapons to nations that don’t
already have them.
538.
Nuremberg trails539.
OAS540.
Okinawa541.
Oliver Hudson Kelley-Founded the Grange in 1867 as a social group.
Kelley had surveyed farming conditions in the South immediately following the
Civil War, and he saw how downtrodden many farmers were. He decided to
create and organization in which farmers could support each other.
542.
Omaha Platformon northern soil. It was the deadliest one-day battle in American history, with
543.
Oneida
544.
OPEC-the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an
international cartel of thirteen nations designed to promote collective pricing of
petroleum, unified marketing policies, and regulation of petroleum extraction.
545.
Open Door Notes546.
Open Door policy- American insistence that China trade on equal terms
with all nations
547.
Operation Rolling Thunder- Name for American air offensive against
North Vietnam
548.
Oregon Trail
549.
Osama bin Laden550.
Oslo Accords551.
overproduction552.
Palmer Raids-517
553.
Panama Canal-474-75
554.
Panic of 1819- 112,118
555.
Panic of 1873-one of the biggest depressions in American history, occurs
during Reconstruction.
556.
Paris Peace Accords- Settlement of the Vietnam war 872
557.
Patriot Act-740,993
558.
Payne Aldrich Tariff 1909-442
559.
Peace Corps-823
560.
Pearl Harbor- Event that began the active participation of the US in
WWII 456,459, 657-59
561.
Pendleton Act-399
562.
Pentagon Papers- Government documents published by the NY TIMES
that revealed lies the White house had told the public about Vietnam War
871,848,850,869-70,932
563.
Persian Gulf Wars F-963-65
564.
personal liberty laws-199
565.
Pet Banks(state banks) - State banks into which Jackson deposited
federal money he withdrew form the Second Bank of the US 126
566.
Philippines-467-69
567.
Phyllis Schafly-892-93
568.
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)- Treaty between the US and Spain that granted
the US the rights to navigate the Mississippi River Pg. 68
569.
Platt Amendment-473
570.
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896-the court ruled that segregation was legal so
long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal. 389,396
571.
Political Action Committees-PACs as they are commonly referred to, are
private groups organized to support or defeat political candidates. They have
become a powerful force in US politics over the last few decades.
572. Political Machines-an organization linked to a political party that often
controlled local government. Ex: Tammany Hall in New York led by Boss Tweed.
Corrupt political organization that trade political jobs and votes for money and
support
573.
Poll Tax-charging money in order to vote; used to prevent AfricanAmericans from voting. 389
574.
Popular Sovereignty- Idea that a state should decide whether it wants
slavery or not 194
575.
Populism-19th century reform and progressive political movement that
criticized large corporations and supported farmers. A political philosophy
supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the
privileged elite. In U.S. History the populist movement first gains national
importance in the presidential election of 1892. Agrarian reform and issues
regarding bimetallism are cornerstones of the movement. 401-411
576.
Potsdam Conference, Casablanca-Meeting between Truman, Stalin and
Churchill about postwar policies. During this meeting the Allies reinforced the
idea of “unconditional surrender.” This basically meant that there would be no
negotiation of terms of surrender with enemies. The Allies would set all
conditions period.
577.
Precedence-an earlier occurrence of something that may serve as a model
for similar occurrences in the future. Precedent-A judicial decision that may be
used as a standard in subsequent similar cases: a landmark decision that set a legal
precedent.
578.
Pre-emptive strikes-a policy adopted by George W. Bush where he felt
the US could not simply sit back and defend against future attacks, but that the US
needed to strike first against terrorists or against nations the US believed were
working with terrorists.
579.
President Andrew Jackson-117-126
580.
Presidential Pardon-924
581.
Prison Reform (rehabilitation)-144
582.
Proclamation of Neutrality- George Washington’s proclamation that the
US would not take sides in European Wars
583.
Progressive/Bull Moose Party-443
584.
prohibition-545
585.
Promontory Point, Utah- Site where tracks of the transcontinental
railroad met 376
586.
Propaganda-The systematic spreading of ideas or beliefs reflecting the
views and interests of those advocating a doctrine or cause.
587.
Protectorate- A term applied to a less powerful state that has given up a
portion of its sovereignty to a stronger state. Unlike a colonial arrangement,
citizens of a protectorate do not become citizens of the protecting state. Powers
surrendered by the protectorate are often those pertaining to foreign affairs and
military matters.
588.
Public Works Administration-605
publicly throughout the northern states about the evils of slavery they had seen growing
up on a plantation
589.
Pullman Strike-First nationwide labor strike 323-25
590.
Quarantine Speech-648
591.
Queen Liliuokalani-459
592.
Rachel Carson-838,907-03
593.
Presidential vs. Congressional Reconstruction: Radical Republican
Reconstruction-To remedy the Radical Republicans’ outrage, Congress forced the
southern states to reapply for admission to the Union and to take steps to secure
the rights of the newly freed slaves. This resulted in the creation of southern state
governments that included African Americans. The key feature of the effort to
protect the rights of the newly freed slaves was the passage of three constitutional
amendments during and after the Civil War. Southern states were required to
ratify all these amendments before they could rejoin the Union. Presidential
Reconstruction-The Reconstruction plans begun by President Abraham Lincoln
and carried out by President Andrew Johnson echoed the words of Lincoln’s
second Inaugural Address, which urged no revenge on former Confederate
supporters. The purpose of Presidential Reconstruction was to readmit the
southern states to the Union as quickly as possible. Republicans in Congress,
however, were outraged by the fact that the new southern state governments were
passing laws that deprived the newly freed slaves of their rights.
594.
Radical Republicans-group members of Congress who wanted the
Federal government to PUNISH the south after the war. Powerful group of
Senators during Reconstruction who opposed Johnson’s Reconstruction plans 272
595.
Radio in 1950s596.
radio-549
597.
Ralph Waldo Emerson-140
598.
Rationing-Putting limits on consumption of goods during wartime 82
599.
Reaganomics- Nickname for Reagan’s economic policies that benefited
the wealthy but did less for the working people
600.
Rebates-a practice common during the late 19th century among railroads
competing for the business of major corporations, whereby a part of the amount
paid for a product or service was returned to the buyer.
601.
Recall-423
602.
Reconstruction Plan’s (Presidential vs. Congressional)603.
Reconstruction-Period after the Civil War when the south was re-built;
also, the Federal program to rebuild it.
604.
Red Scare-517
605.
redemption606.
Referendum-The submission of a proposed public measure or actual
statute to a direct popular vote. 423
607.
Refrigerator car608.
Regents of UC v Bakke 1978-1036
609.
Remember The Maine!!-460,462
610.
Reparations- Indemnification for damages caused. Compensation in
money or goods required from a defeated power by a victor. Example would be
the 33 billion dollars of German reparations demanded after WWI.
611.
Republican Election of 2000612.
Republican Party-208
613.
Return to Normalcy-518
614.
Reverse Discrimination- is used by some conservatives to describe what
they believe to be discrimination against white people, especially white men.
615.
Richard Allen-135
616.
Robber Barons or Captains of Industry-314
617.
Robert E. Lee- Fought larger Union armies to standoff at Battle of
Antietam, Defeated at Battle of Gettysburg, Appointed general-in-chief of
Confederate armies by Davis, Surrendered to U.S. Gen. Grant to end Civil
War229,259
618.
Robert Fulton -97
619.
Robert LaFollette-422-23
620.
Robert McNamara-821,854
621.
Roe v. Wade, (1973)-894
622.
Roger B. Taney623.
Roles of African-Americans in the late 1870s-African Americans began
a massive migration west. Some were attracted to the land, and others fled the
south because of violence and oppression. The African American settlers in
Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois areas, became know as exodusters.
624.
Roles of Chinese in the 1880s- some of the Chinese immigrants who had
come for the California gold rush or to build railroads had turned to farming,
especially in California. Those who had experience as farmers in China
introduced innovative techniques, helping to establish California’s fruit industry.
Although some Chinese farmed their own land, most ended up as farm laborers,
usually because of laws that barred Chinese from owning land.
625.
Roles of Irish-Helped a great deal with the building of the railroads.
626.
Roles of Women-Helped on the farm, with children, etc.
627.
Ronald Reagan-947-57
628.
Roosevelt Corollary- President Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe
Doctrine stating that the US would police the western hemisphere 475
629.
Rosa Parks-789-90
630.
Ross Perot-978,980
631.
Rough Riders- Cavalry regiment that included Teddy Roosevelt, led
charge up San Juan Hill in the Spanish American War 464
632.
Rugged Individualism- Phrase coined by President Hoover during the
beginnings of the Great Depression to describe the belief that people should help
themselves
633.
Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions-506
634.
Rutherford B. Hayes-the Republican that became president after the
Compromise of 1877.
635.
S.A.L.T. I and II-878-79
636.
S.N.C.C.-794,798
637.
Sacco and Vanzetti-517
638.
Saddam Hussein-963,965,977,993-4
639.
Samuel Gompers-322
640.
Samuel J. Tilden641.
Samuel Morse
642.
Samuel Morse- 100
643.
San Jaun Hill-464
644.
Sand Creek Massacre-366
645.
Sandra Day O’Connor-951
646.
Sanford B. Dole647.
Satellite nation648.
Scabs-DD
649.
Scalawag-white southern Republican who supported the north during the
civil war. Southern supporters of Reconstruction 79
650.
Schenk v. United States 1919-500,504
651.
Scopes Trial- Trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in defiance of
Tennessee law 540
652.
SEATO-727,851
653.
Secession- Separation of the southern states from the union was called
195,218
654.
Second (2nd ) New Deal655.
Second (2nd)Great Awakening
656.
Secret Ballot (Australian)-
657.
Sectionalism –giving priority to the concerns of one’s region rather than
to those of the nation as a whole.
658.
Security Council-705
659.
Selective Service Act- Law that required young men to register for the
military draft 496
660.
Selective Service System-653
661.
Self-Determination-belief that people in a territory should have the right
and ability to choose their own government. 510
662.
Senate Watergate Committee-920
663.
Seneca Falls Convention - First women’s rights convention in the US in
1848158
664.
September 11, 2001-990-91
665.
Serbia-488
666.
Settlement Houses- Urban institutions meant to help the poor and
immigrants (Jane Adams and Hull House is a good example)420
667.
Seward’s Folly-456
668.
Sewing Machines-100
669.
Shah of Iran-934
670.
Sharecropping-economic method that was used in the South after the
Civil War; did not allow African-Americans to move up in socieity. Tenant
farmer who is paid for a share of the crop- life for many ex-slaves after the Civil
War 283
671.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890-Prohibited monopolies by declaring any
business combination “in restraint of trade” illegal. It was circumvented by
corporations, which formed holding companies. The courts failed to enforce the
act. (too vaguely written, too many loop-holes)
672. Sherman’s March-General Sherman marched Union forces from Atlanta to
Savannah, GA, destroying everything in his path. “Scorched earth policy.”
673.
Shiloh674.
Silent and “talkies” films-548
675.
Sinclair Lewis-554
676.
Sitting Bull-368
677.
Skyscrapers-343,347
678.
Slave Codes- Southern laws before the Civil War regulating the lives of
the slaves
679.
Social Darwinism (extended to imperialism)- View that society and
nature advance by “survival of the fittest”. Idea was used to rationalize
Imperialism
680.
Social Darwinism- View that society and nature advance by “survival of
the fittest”. Used by big business to justify their wealth.315
681.
Social Security Act (SSA)-609
682.
Sod Houses or “Soddie”-Sod homes were the first type of homes used
out west by pioneer families> sod is a strip or block of dense grass with the roots
and soil attached> the tough roots of the prairie grasses made ideal sod> with
some effort it could be cut and stacked like bricks to make thick.
683.
Sojourner Truth-155
684.
solid south685.
soup kitchen
686.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest- Document by Calhoun than
supported SC in the nullification crisis
687.
South Carolina Nullification Crisis- Attempt by SC to not honor federal
tariffs on the grounds that they were unconstitutional. Vice President John C.
Calhoun argued with President Andrew Jackson about the rights of states to
nullify (cancel) federal laws they opposed. Trouble, known as the Nullification
Crisis, resulted when southern states sought to nullify a high tariff (tax) Congress
had passed on manufactured goods imported from Europe. This tariff helped
northern manufacturers but hurt southern plantation owners, so legislators
nullified the tariff in South Carolina. Calhoun, a South Carolinian, resigned from
the vice presidency to lead the efforts of the southern states in this crisis. His
loyalty to the interests of the southern region, or section, of the United States, not
to the United States as a whole, contributed to the rise of sectionalism. Calhoun
and the advocates of sectionalism argued in favor of states’ rights––the idea that
states have certain rights and political powers separate from those held by the
federal government that the federal government may not violate. The supporters
of sectionalism were mostly southerners. Their opponents were afraid that if each
state could decide for itself which federal laws to obey the United States would
dissolve into sectional discord or even warfare.124
688.
Southern Alliance-403-04
689.
Space Programs-829-31
690.
Speakeasies- Nightclubs that violated prohibition by selling alcohol 546
691.
spectator sports-353
692.
Speculation - Buying and selling stocks to make a quick profit without
carefully conidering the risks. 574
693.
Spheres of Influence- Region in which a specific nation has control over
industry, transportation and/or trade 469
694.
Splendid Little War- John Hay’s description of the Spanish American
War 465
695.
Spoils System- Political practices of replacing government workers with
one’s own supporters upon taking office 120
696.
Sputnik- Soviet satellite first to orbit the Earth Result for US education of
the Sputnik satellite INCREASE EMPHASIS ON MATH AND SCIENCE
733,763n820,829
697.
Stagflation-915,924
698.
Stalingrad-671
699.
Standard Oil Company- Oil company of the Gilded Age founded by
Rockefeller 312
700.
State of Texas v. Johnson1038
701.
Steel Plow-100
702.
Stephen Austin
703.
Stephen Austin -174
704.
Stokley Carmichael-809,817
705.
Stonewall Jackson- Won First Battle of Bull Run, Fought under
Confederate Gen. Lee at Antietam and Second Bull Run, Died in battle 232
706.
Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)- Missile based defense system
of Reagan’s nicknamed Star Wars 956
707.
Strike-321
708.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) - African
American student group that organized sit ins and other nonviolent protests during
the Civil Rights era
709.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)-862
710.
Suburb-DD
711.
Suffrage Requirements-white land-owning male>widened to all white
males in the era of Jackson>all males during reconstruction 15th
Amendment>women 19th Amendment
712.
Suffrage-the ballot, or right to vote.
713.
Sumner-Brooks incident of 1856-205
714.
Supply-Side Economics/Trickle-Down Economics Theory - Economic
theory that supports that helping the wealthiest will eventually help the poorest
949
715.
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall Pg. 74, 111
716.
Susan B. Anthony-157
717.
Swan v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools-1037
718.
Sweatshops- Dangerous and unhealthy factories in which many American
immigrants worked for low pay 319
719.
Swquouah-121
720.
Taft-Hartley Act-753
721.
Taliban Regime-992
722.
Tammany Hall- New York city political machine headed by Boss Tweed
398
723.
Tariff of Abominations- Protective tariff passed in 1828 and a cause of
the South Carolina nullification crisis 123
724.
Tarriff- A government-imposed tax on imports and less frequently on
exports. Customs duty or impost.
725.
Teapot Dome Scandal-535-36
726.
Tecumseh Pgs. 83-84
727.
Tehren-686-87
728.
Telephone-307
729.
Teller Amendment-466
730.
Temperance Movement-144
731.
Tenant farming-renting land out for a portion of the profit. 284
732.
Tenure of Office Act-275
733.
Terrorism-the use of violence by non-governmental groups against
civilians to achieve a political goal by instilling fear and frightening governments
into changing policies.
734.
Terrorist network-986 on
735.
Tet Offensive-863-863-64
736.
Texas Annexation -175-76
737.
Texas v. Johnson-Flag burning-1038
738.
Thaddeus Stevens739.
The 49ers -181
740.
The Alamo- 174
741.
The Big Four- UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE AND ITALY Who
were the Big Four at the Versailles Peace Conference?
742.
The Feminine Mystique743.
The Grange-19th century economic and political movement that worked
to improve situation for farmers 403
744.
The Great Steel Strike 1877- First major labor strike against the railroads
322
745.
The Jazz Singer-548
746.
The Lost Generation- Refers to writers and artists who had lost their
illusions about romance and heroism in the 1920s.
747.
The NAACP-434-35
748.
The National Highway Act-758
749.
The New Deal- The New Deal was a program initiated during FDR’s
administration to fight the Great Depression. It offered people of America relief
(help for the poor), recovery (help the economy recover and put people back to
work), and reform (change business practices for the future). The New Deal was
also nicknamed the “Alphabet Soup.” The New Deal included the following
programs: National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)-this program bolstered
industrial prices to prevent business from failing. It was later found
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court because it set price limits. National Labor
Relations Act (NLRA)-created a board to monitor unfair management practices,
and made unions legal. Owners/managers could no longer fire workers for joining
a union. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)-this was a program that built dams
throughout the Tennessee Valley area to bring electricity to this region. National
Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)-Works Progress Administration (WPA)provided jobs for unskilled workers. The main purpose of this program was to put
as many people back to work as possible. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC)-Regulates the stock market, outlawed insider trading. Agricultural
Adjustment Act (AAA)-this program stopped the overproduction of farm goods,
and basically paid farmers not to grow crops. It was later found unconstitutional
by the Supreme Court. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)-provided young men
between the ages of 17 and 23 that were unmarried jobs working on a variety of
conservation projects. Fair Labor Standards Act-this program raised minimum
wage, set the maximum number of hours one had to work, and ended child labor.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)-This program was created with
the Glass-Stegall Act. It insures money deposited into banks up to. Federal
Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)-this program gave direct relief to the
poor. Social Security Act (SSA)-provides old age pension, unemployment
benefits, and aid to families with children
750.
The Whiskey Ring751.
Third Reich-The name given by the NAZIS to their government in
Germany; Reich is German for “empire”. Adolf Hitler, their leader, believed that
he was creating a third German Empire, a successor to the Holy Roman Empire
and the German empire formed by Chancellor Bismarck in the 19th century.
752.
Thomas Alva Edison-306-07
753.
Thomas Nast-288
754.
Three Mile Island- Location of nuclear reactor failure in the late 1970s
907
755.
Thurgood Marshall-787,812
756.
Tinanmen Square-962
757.
Title IX-In 1972, congress passed an educational amendment that came to
be known as Title IX. This legislation guaranteed equality between men and
women in federally funded schools, particularly in the area of athletics.
to increased settlement, but also helped unite new regions with the Atlantic states.
758.
Totalitarian-country where a single party controls the government and
every aspect of the lives of the people
759.
Trade Unions-DD
760.
Trail of Tears- March of the Cherokee to Indian territory in which 4,000
died
761.
Transcendentalism762.
Transcontinental Railroad-375
transportation costs. This not only opened up western New York and regions further west
763.
Treaty of Fort Laramie-172, 368 (read both pages!!)
764.
Treaty of Ghent (1814)- Treaty that ended the war of 1812 Pg. 86
765.
Treaty of Greenville (1796) Pg. 67
766.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- Agreement signed in 1848 between the
US and Mexico in which Mexico gave up vast territories 179
767.
Treaty of Paris-465
768.
Treaty of Versailles-510-13
769.
Trench Warfare- Style of infantry combat during WWI that caused very
little movement in the war 489-90
770.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire- This disastrous fire in an unsafe
factory led to improvements in safety regulations 421-22
771.
Trickle-Down Economics Theory/Supply Side Economics- Economic
theory that supports that helping the wealthiest will eventually help the poorest
590
772.
Triple Alliance/Central Powers-The alliance of Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy during World War I.
773.
Triple Entente/Allied Powers-The alliance of France, Russia, Great
Britain, and later the United States during World War I.
774.
Truman Doctrine- Us foreign policy of containment under Truman 716
775.
Trust- Corporate structure that allows for price fixing because the board
of trustees is the same for many companies 313
776.
U. S. S. Maine- Mysterious explosion of this ship touched off the Spanish
American War “Remember the Maine!!”460,462
777.
U.S. Steel Company-19th century steel corporation led by Carnegie and
JP Morgan
778.
U-2 incident-
779.
U-Boat submarine warfare-492
780.
Ulysses S. Grant-was General of the Union President during the Panic of
1873, battled corruption in his cabinet. Won first Union victories, Captured
control of Mississippi River in Siege of Vicksburg, Appointed commanding
general of Union armies by
781.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin-publicly throughout the northern states about the evils
of slavery they had seen growing up on a plantation201
782.
Underground Railroad- Group of people who led slaves out of South to
freedom in the North 201
783.
Union-the Northern states during the Civil War.
784.
United Nations (UN)- International organization for the maintenance of
peace formed in 1945705
785.
United Negro Improvement Association-559
786.
United States v. Nixon (1974)-1038
787.
Upton Sinclair-419
788.
Urban Slums-419
789.
Urbanization-a process in which there is an increase in the percentage of
people living/working in cities and towns 340
790.
US invasion of Lebanon-960
791.
US. v. E.C. Knight, Co 1895-1038 (in back of book)
792.
Utopian Communities- 139
793.
Valeriano Weyler794.
Vanderbilt Family-312
795.
V-E Day-691
796.
Vertical Integration- Practice of a company buying up its suppliers and
means of transportation to get ahead in business
797.
Vicksburg- May-July 1863––Union General Ulysses S. Grant laid siege
to Vicksburg, Mississippi, because the army that controlled its high ground over a
bend in the Mississippi River would control traffic on the whole river. After a
seven-week siege, Grant achieved one of the Union’s major strategic goals: He
gained control of the Mississippi River. Confederate troops and supplies in
Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy. This Union
victory, coupled with the Union victory at Gettysburg, was the turning point of
the war.
798.
Vietcong799.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- Document by Jefferson and
Madison supporting the rights of states to nullify federal law - Pgs. 70-71
800.
Volstead Act-545
801.
Voting Rights Act of 1965- Abolished literacy tests for voters and placed
voter registration under federal control 806
802.
W.E.B DuBois-390,434
803.
Wade-Davis Bill-name for congress’ plan for reconstruction; more harsh
than presidents.’
804.
Wages-The average income of the American worker, about $500 per year,
was below the minimum required to sustain a reasonable level of comfort.
805.
War Bonds- Certificates sold by the government to fund WWII 681
806.
War Hawks- Group of western and southern nationalist congressmen who
supported the war of 1812 for territorial expansion Pg. 83
807.
War Industries Board/Bernard Baruch: Agency during WWI that set
prices and allocated goods and production schedules
808.
War of 1812: In 1812, America declared war on Great Britain, which was
already at war with France. Among the causes of this war, four stand out. First,
Americans objected to restrictions Britain was enforcing to prevent neutral
American merchants from trading with the French. Second, Americans were
outraged by the British policy of impressment. Under this policy, thousands of
American sailors were forced against their will to serve in the British navy after
their merchant ships were captured at sea. Third, Americans suspected the British
were giving military support to Native Americans so they would fight to keep
Americans from settling lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Fourth,
Americans wished to drive the British out of North America altogether by
conquering Canada while the British army was fighting the French in Europe.
Results: A major result of the War of 1812 was the end of all U.S. military
hostility with Great Britain. Never again would Britain and the United States
wage war over diplomacy, trade, territory, or any other kind of dispute. America’s
army and navy were firmly established as worthy opponents of any European
military force. The U.S. military achievements in the War of 1812 also served to
heighten nationalist sentiments.
809.
War in Iraq-993-94,963-4
810.
War Powers Act/Resolution 1973- Act that established that the President
can only commit US troops to combat for 60 days before seeking a congressional
declaration of war 875
811.
War Production Board (WPB)-660
812.
War-guilt clause-510-13
813.
Warsaw Pact-720
814.
Washington Naval Conference-537
815.
Washington’s Cabinet-President Washington set precedence by
establishing the country’s first presidential cabinet. His cabinet consisted of the
following: The Department of State (responsible to deal with foreign affairs)
led by the first Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson. The Department of the
Treasury (responsible to deal with the country’s finances) led by the first
Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. The Department of War (responsible
to deal with military matters) led by the first Secretary of War, Henry Knox. He
later added the first U.S. Attorney General (Chief lawyer of the federal
government) and appointed Edmund Randolph as the first Attorney General.
816.
Whig Party- Political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson and
his bank policies. 125
817.
Whiskey Rebellion- Uprising by western farmers; important because
Washington used federal power to put down the insurrection - The Whiskey
Rebellion resulted when, up and down areas west of the Appalachians, armed
violence broke out as farmers frightened and attacked federal tax collectors.
George Washington led a large militia force into the western counties and put
down the rebellion. Washington’s response showed his constitutional authority to
enforce the law and that if Americans did not like a law, the way to change it was
to petition
818.
Whiskey Ring Scandal819.
White Man’s Burden-a belief that white westerners have a moral
obligation to “civilize” and “help lesser peoples.”
820.
White Man’s Suffrage- 118
821.
William Jennings Bryan- 406
822.
William Lloyd Garrison- a writer and editor, was an important white
abolitionist. He founded regional and national abolitionist societies and published
823.
William McKinley-406,438,459,461-62
824.
William Randolph Hearst-461
825.
William Rehnquist-951
826.
William Seward-456
827.
Wilmot Proviso- proposed Federal law prohibiting slavery in any
territory acquired after the Mexican War. This law was never adopted. During the
Mexican-American War, Congress again debated whether slavery would be
allowed in New Mexico and California if these territories were acquired from
Mexico. The antislavery position was outlined in a proposal called the Wilmot
Proviso, but the House of Representatives failed to approve it and the issue of
whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained unresolved.180
828.
WIN (Ford)-924
829.
Windmill830.
Winston Churchill-650-51, 673, 686-87, 702-03, 716
831.
Women’s Army Corp (WAC)-660
832.
Women’s Liberation833.
Woodrow Wilson-495
834.
Woodstock-884-86
835.
Worcester v. Georgia, 1832- 121
836.
Working conditions-workplaces were often unhealthy and unsafe,
industrial accidents were frequent, and neither the government nor employers
provided worker’s compensation.
837.
World Trade Center-986,990-1
838.
Wright Brothers-300
839.
Writ of Habeas corpus- Court order requiring that the imprisonment of a
person be justified; suspended during the Civil War 243
840.
XYZ Affair- Diplomatic controversy between France and American in
1798 that increased anger against the French Pg. 70
841.
Yasser Arafat-Palestine Nationalism (PLO)-986
842.
Yellow Journalism- Newspaper giants Hearst and Pulitzer agreement to
publish the most sensational stories possible, regardless of the facts 461
843.
Yellow-Dog Contracts-an employer-employee contract in which the
employee agrees not to join a union while employed. Employment contract in
which the employee agrees not to join a union
844.
Yom Kipper War-On October 6, 1973, Egyptian and Syrian forces
attacked Israeli territories on the eve of Yom Kippur (the holiest day of the
Hebrew calendar). By mid-October, Israel had seized the upper hand in the Yom
Kippur War, pushing back the Syrians in the north and the Egyptians in the south.
Alarmed that their Arab allies were on the verge of losing yet another war with
the Israelis, the Soviet Union threatened to intervene. President Nixon responded
by putting US forces on alert worldwide, as we were allies of the Israelis. Within
24 hours, the Soviets backed down.
845.
Zimmerman Note/Telegram- Telegram sent by Germany to Mexico
suggesting an alliance against the US; helped to turn American opinion against
Germany during WWI 495