Download Evolution

Final Exam Checklist
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What should you know??
Evolution
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Know that evolution is defined by “a change over time”
What is descent with modification?
o The idea that as organisms descend over generations, they are modified, or “changed” due to
mutations and natural selection – Darwin.
The four tenants of natural selection
o Genetic variation, overproduction of offspring, survival of the fittest, differential survival and
reproduction (over time, the populations share the most fit trait)
How are Lamarck’s view different than Darwin’s?
o Lamarck use/disuse, changes in a lifetime that are useful are passed on.
o Darwin  Natural selection – the best traits survive, based on environment, and are passed on
through inheritance (DNA)
Why is overproduction of offspring important?
o The better chance of some surviving
What is the difference between “adapted” and “acclimated?”
o Adaptation – genetic inheritance
o Acclimation – a change to help survival, but happens in the lifetime of the organism
Homologous, analogous, vestigial structures
o Homologous – recent ancestry, result of divergent evolution
o Analogous – No recent ancestry, but similar functionality due to similar environments.
o Vestigial – shows recent common ancestry, but no longer needed
What do deeper fossils mean, compared to fossils found in more shallow ground?
o Older and simpler
What do similar embryos between organisms indicate?
o Show evidence of common ancestry
How to read a cladogram
o Look for shared derived trait via tick marks; the closer the connections, the more related.
5 assumptions to Hardy-Weinberg
o No mutations, no migration, large population, no genetic variation, random mating
How to calculate p2 given q2 (Hardy-weinberg)
o Ex) if 50 / 200 show a recessive trait, then q2 = .25. Once you know q, solve for p using (P+q =
1). Once you know q and p, then you can plug and chug into p2 +2pq+q2 = 1)
Convergent vs Divergent evolution
o Convergent – 2 unrelated organisms showing similar functioning due to environment
o Divergent – 2 closely related organisms resulting from a common ancestor
Photosynthesis
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What is an autotroph? What is a heterotroph?
a. Autotroph – makes own energy through photosynthesis
b. Heterotroph – consumes to gain energy
How are autotrophs and heterotroph linked?
a. Both are essential to the food web
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
a. To generate glucose and convert sun’s energy to useable energy by organisms
What is the equation for photosynthesis? (know the reactants and the products)
a. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy  6O2 + C6H12O6
Where does photosynthesis occur?
a. In the chloroplasts (even more specific - thylakoids) in plant cells
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Where does the light reaction occur?
a. Thylakoid membrane
What goes into light reactions? What comes out?
a. IN  Water is taken in and split, energy from the sun excites electrons
b. OUT  Oxygen as a result of water splitting
Where does the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) occur?
a. In the stroma of the thylakoid (open space)
What goes into dark reactions? What comes out?
a. IN  CO2
b. OUT  glucose
Which pigment is directly involved with photosynthesis? (The primary pigment)
a. chlorphyll
What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
a. Light intensity, amount of CO2, and temperature
Does photosynthesis occur in the roots, leaves or stems?
a. Leaves mostly
What is an aerobic pathway? Give an example.
a. Set of reactions taken when oxygen IS AVAILABLE; i.e. cellular respiration
When does aerobic respiration occur?
a. When oxygen is available
What is an anaerobic pathway? Give 2 examples.
a. Set of reactions taken when oxygen IS NOT AVAILABLE; i.e. fermentation
What is cellular respiration?
a. When the mitochondria use glucose and oxygen to produce ATP for work in the cells.
What organisms go through cellular respiration?
a. ALL things with cells 
Which is the equation for cellular respiration? (know the reactants and the products)
a. 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Where does aerobic respiration occur in a eukaryotic cell? In a prokaryotic cell?
a. Mitochondria (prokaryotes – cell membrane)
Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration reciprocal parts of a cycle? (How are they linked to each
other?)
a. the products of photo become the reactants for CR
Ecology
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List the levels of organization from smallest to largest. Understand the differences.
a. Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
What are abiotic factors? List at least four examples.
a. Non-living factors; i.e. rock, oxygen, sunlight, water
What are biotic factors? List at least four examples.
a. Living factors; plants, cat, bird, insect
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
a. Primary succession – the growth of an ecosystem to include the building of soil layers
b. Secondary – regrowth of an ecosystem, without needing to build soil
In primary succession what is the first species to start to grow? Why?
a. Pioneer species, they can easily grow on rock and do not need soil; ex) lichens and moss
What is a symbiotic relationship?
a. Relationship between two organisms
Compare and Contrast Mutualism, Commensalisms, and parasitism.
a. Mutualism- both benefit
b. Commensalism – one benefits, the other is unharmed, but doesn’t gain anything
c. Parasitism – one benefits, the other is harmed (requires a host)
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What is a biome?
a. A region that generally have the same precipitation, flora, and fauna, and temperature range
What defines different biomes? Essentially the same as the last one
a. A region that generally have the same precipitation, flora, and fauna, and temperature range
What factors influence the growth of human population?
a. Amount of resources available, but not as limited since we can alter our environment to suit our
needs (not necessarily a benefit in the long run)
What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity?
a. The population generally crashes or takes a big decline due to too much competition.
What is the relationship between population and resources?
a. The larger the population, the less resources per organism – leads to competition
What is the relationship between predators and prey?
a. Predator eats prey – gains about 10% available energy
What are the parts of the Water cycle? Carbon Cycle? Nitrogen Cycle?
a. Know that precipitation is rain 
b. Know that carbon is released into the atmosphere through cellular respiration, and taken out of
the atmosphere from photosynthesis
How is a food web different from a food chain?
a. A web is multiple chains all considered together in one relationship
What happens to the energy level as you go from one trophic level to the next?
a. A loss of 90% ; a gain of 10%
Classification
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What are the SIX kingdoms?
a. Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Plantae, fungi, Animalia
How are the kingdoms different?
a. Eubacteria – unicaellular prokaryotes
b. Archaebacteria – unicellular prokaryotes – extreme environments
c. Protista – single cells eukaryotes
d. Plantae – multiceullular photosynthesize
e. Fungi – multicellular eukaryotes; absorption of nutrients
f. Animalia – multicellular eukaryotes; consume to gain energy
What are the distinguishing characteristics of each animal phyla: Annelida, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes,
Mollusca, Cnidaria, Arthropoda, Porifera, Chordata, Echinodermata
o Annelida – segmented worms
o Nematoda – round worms
o Platyhelminthes flat worms
o Mollusca – soft-bodied; squid, octopus
o Cnidaria – stinging cells; radial symmetry, jelly fish
o Arthropoda – jointed-legs, exoskeleton; bee, spider, crab
o Porifera –pourous; sponges
o Echinodermata – only marine – radial symmetry; starfish, sea cucumber
o Chordata – notochord; most complex ; human, fish, bird
What are examples of each animal phyla? (see above)
Body Systems
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What are the major structures and functions of the 4 body systems: Circulatory, Respiratory
Urinary, Digestive
STUDY all images to be able to label the parts of the systems; including know the flow of blood, air and
urine through the tracts
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Understand the relationship between the lungs and heart.
a. Heart rate influences breathing rate. So as heart rate increases, breathing rate increases to keep up
with the demands of the body.
What is the main function of the kidney?
a. Filter the blood; keep the resusable parts and rid of wastes
What forces are behind the movement of molecules throughout the body?
a. Osmosis; diffusion
List the pathway of air flow through the respiratory tract
a. External nares; nasal cavity; pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
What are alveoli?
a. Microscopic air sacs in the lungs for gas exchange
List the pathway of urine through the urinary tract
a. Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
What is a nephron?
a. Microscopic filters in the kidneys
What is the function of the Loop of Henle?
a. To reabsorb water and salts
List the pathway of food through the digestive tract (FOR HUMANS)
a. Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine
(cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anus)
What are villi?
a. Microscopic projections found lining the small intestine to give it more surface area for
reabsorption
What is peristalsis?
a. Muscular contraction to move food through the GI tract
How do the digestive tracts of different animals vary? Why is this so?
a. Carnivores- shorter, small cecum
b. Herbivores – Very long, large cecum
c. Omnivores - in between; reduced cecum
List the flow of blood through the heart
a. Sup / inf vena cavas, RA, tricuspid, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries (lungs) pulmonary
veins, LA, mitral, LV, aortic valve, aorta
Why is the left side of the heart bigger than the right?
a. Pumps further – to body (compared to right side pumps to the lungs)
What type of circulatory systems and # of hearts do the 4 organisms have? (frog, worm, , pig)
a. Frog – 3 chambered heart – closed circulatory
b. Worm – 5 aortic arches- closed circulatory
c. Pig – 4 chambered- heart; closed circulatory
*Don’t worry about squid – removing from final exam
Frog: What is a tympanic membrane for? What is the nictitating membrane for?
a. Tympanic – hearing
b. Nictitating – vision
Worm: How do worms “breathe?” What is their digestive tract like?
a. They diffuse oxygen from the moist environment; they have a full digestive tract – Mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, crop/gizzard, and intestines