* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Microbiology 2 – Hospital Acquired Infections
History of virology wikipedia , lookup
Marine microorganism wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial cell structure wikipedia , lookup
Traveler's diarrhea wikipedia , lookup
Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces wikipedia , lookup
Gastroenteritis wikipedia , lookup
Antimicrobial surface wikipedia , lookup
Human microbiota wikipedia , lookup
Infection control wikipedia , lookup
Disinfectant wikipedia , lookup
Clostridium difficile infection wikipedia , lookup
Urinary tract infection wikipedia , lookup
Neonatal infection wikipedia , lookup
Antibiotics wikipedia , lookup
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus wikipedia , lookup
Anaerobic infection wikipedia , lookup
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial morphological plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Microbiology 2 - Hospital Acquired Infections Anil Chopra 1. Explain why patients in hospital are particularly at risk from acquiring new infections. 2. Give examples of common hospital infections acquired by airborne transmissionand by direct contact. 3. Account for the rise in infections due to MRSA. There are 5 main antibiotic resistant infections in the UK: - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram –ve) - Acinetobacter baumanii (gram –ve) - ESBL Enterobactaeciae (gram –ve) - MRSA (gram +ve) - Enterococcus faecium (gram +ve) Antimicrobial: interferes with the growth and reproduction of a microbe. Antibacterial: agents used to eliminate or reduce harmful bacteria. Antibiotic: a type of antimicrobial drug used in humans and animals. 11% of inpatients in hospitals have a hospital acquired infection at any time. These include: - clostridium difficile – 3 800 p.a - MRSA – 1629 They cause a huge burden on the NHS by increasing the length of stay for patients as well as costing 100 million pounds. Most discoveries of anti-biotics took place between 1940 and 1990 and were increasingly used which eventually lead to their resistance. MRSA – Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus The incidence of MRSA has increased dramatically in recent years and a number of different species of bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics. The reason for the resistance development stems from the frequency of mutation of the different bacteria – bacterial reproduction times range from minutes to hours. It is also attributed to the ability of bacteria to transfer DNA horizontally: NB: 10 times more antibiotics are used in agriculture than in medicine. Reasons for High Rates - Infections from lines: o Intravenous o Central o Arterial o CVP/Pulmonary artery - Chemotherapy - Catheterisation - Prophylactic antibiotics - Inappropriate prescribing - Intubation - Prosthetic material - Dissemination from patient to patient via doctors - Concentration of people on wards Clinical Syndromes Wound or line sepsis - Skin flora o S. aureus o Coagulase negative Staph. o Streptococcus spp. - Enteric bacteria o E. coli, Klebsiella o Pseudomonas o Enterococci Nonsocomical pneumonia - S. aureus - Klebsiella - Pseudomonas Urinary tract infections - E. coli, Klebsiella - Pseudomonas - Proteus mirabilis - Enterococci/ S. aureus