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Name: ___________________________ Block: ________ Minerals Notes Types of minerals: Silicate Minerals - minerals that contain a combination of silicon and oxygen. They make up 90% of the Earth's crust. Nonsilicate Minerals - minerals that do not contain a combination of the elements silicon and oxygen. There are six classes of these Six classes of nonsilicate minerals: Native elements - minerals that are composed of only one element. Carbonates - minerals that contain combinations of carbon and oxygen. Halides - compounds that are formed when atoms of the elements fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine combine with sodium, potassium, or calcium. Oxides - compounds that are formed when an element, such as aluminum or iron, combines chemically with oxygen. Sulfates - contains sulfur and oxygen. Sulfides - minerals that contain one or more elements, such as lead, iron, or nickel, combine with sulfur. MOH’S HARDNESS SCALE Hardness measures the ability of a mineral to resist scratching by another mineral or object of known hardness. The test used is called the Mohs' Hardness Scale. The scale is made up of ten minerals arranged in decreasing hardness; 1 is the softest and 10 is the hardest. Objects with higher value on the Mohs' scale are capable of scratching objects with lower values. LUSTER Either metallic or nonmetallic. Some common nonmetallic lusters are: Vitreous- glassy appearance Adamantine- diamond-like appearance Pearly- iridescence like pearls Silky- having a fibrous, silk-like luster Earthy- dull CLEAVAGE A flat split or separation of a mineral when broken. Some minerals cleave in sheets and some cleave leaving flat sides. Some minerals have cleavage in more than one direction and others have no cleavage at all. FRACTURE The way a mineral breaks when it does not have cleavage. Kinds of fracture are; Conchoidal- bowl shaped structures like the inside of a clam shell; like obsidian Fibrous or splintery- fractured surface shows fibers or splinters; like asbestos Uneven- this surface is rough and irregular; like basalt STREAK The color of powdered or crushed mineral on a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate. The streak is much more consistent than color for the purpose of identification. COLOR Metallic minerals have distinct colors. Nonmetallic minerals display a variety of colors. The use of color to identify minerals must be made cautiously because it is a subjective determination. SPECIFIC GRAVITY The ratio of its weight (or mass) to the weight (or mass) of an equal volume of water. SPECIAL PROPERTIES Reacts to hydrochloric acid (HCl) may fizz when HCl applied (only fizzes after mineral is powdered) Is magnetic Changes color under an ultra-violet light Taste Smell