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Earth’s History Chapter 4 Lesson 1 Objectives • List 5 categories of mountains and describe how each type of mountain forms. • Identify major California mountain ranges on a relief map. Main Idea • Mountains _______________from _______________ _______________. Vocabulary • _________________________ – (noun), a mountain range formed by magma that escaped from Earth’s interior, then cooled. • _________________________ – (noun), a block of crust that is pushed upward along a fault. • _________________________ – (noun), area where a magma plume rises in the mantle and erupts through a plate. • _________________________ – (noun), a dome-shaped mound that forms in Earth’s crust from magma that rises but does not break through. • _________________________ – (noun), a folded piece of crust formed where continental plates collide. Building Background A mountains form primarily at the boundaries of _______________, due to the motions that deform the crust or bring magma from the Earth’s interior to the surface. Folding and Faulting Forces • ____________________ are Earth’s tallest landforms. Because mountains are so huge you may think they are _______________. But that is not _______________. Mountains are continually being ____________________ or ____________________. The actions of ____________________ ____________________ build up mountains, while ____________________ and ____________________ wear them down. • Most ____________________ form near plate boundaries, especially where two _______________ push together. In these zones, _______________ ____________________ are common. 1 • Over time, _______________wears down and softens the _______________. That is why some mountains have _______________ peaks. In other cases, stress on the crust causes it to _______________ instead of _______________. This creates _______________, or _______________, in the crust. _______________ ____________________ may form wherever faulting occurs. This type of mountain forms from a block of _______________ that is pushed ____________________ or ____________________ along a fault. • In most cases, ____________________ ____________________ form when stress splits the crust. Land on one side of the _______________ is raised, while the other side drops ____________________. • As with _______________ ____________________, erosion helps shape ____________________ _____________________. _______________ mountains have softer edges. Many valleys near the ____________________ are partly filled with material that has _______________ from nearby mountainsides. • California’s Death Valley is a block of land that has dropped between _______________ _______________. It dropped so far that _______________ _______________ is the lowest point in the United States. • What are the 5 categories into which mountains are classified? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Volcanic Forces • Volcanic activity often happens at ____________________ ____________________, when the edge of one plate _______________ _______________ another. The edge of the sinking plate melts into _______________ deep underground. If it bursts through the _______________, it can build up over time to form a ____________________ ____________________. • At ____________________ ____________________, magma rises up in the gap between the two plates that are pulling apart. Recall that _______________ _______________ form in 2 this way at divergent boundaries on the ocean floor. The buildup of cooled magma under the sea has created the world’s longest _______________ _______________. • Volcanic mountains can form away from _______________ _______________ as well. Magma plumes rising from the _______________ create _______________ _______________ under some areas of the crust. As a plate moves over a hot spot, _______________ _______________ can erupt through the plate, creating ____________________ ____________________. • Sometimes, _______________ rises toward the surface but doesn’t break through the _______________. It may push up _______________, creating a _______________ _______________. • What are the steps in the formation of a mid-ocean ridge? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Erosion Mountains • Weathering and _______________ continually shape Earth’s ____________________. Although mountains can be affected by these forces, a few _______________ were formed entirely by them. These are called _______________ ____________________. The _______________ in New York State are one example. The Catskills were once a _______________, or raised area of flat land. Mountains began forming during the last _______________ _______________, when glaciers carved the plateau into peaks and valleys. Later, _______________ _______________ further sculpted the land. • Erosion has shaped other kinds of _______________ after they formed originally. The results are _______________ _______________ and valleys. California’s largest mountain, range the _______________ _______________, was also shaped by _______________. Glaciers shaped some of the _______________ and _______________ out bowls, now filled with small lakes. _______________ also widened V-shaped mountain valleys into _______________ _______________ now seen in parts of the Sierras. 3 • How are dome mountains different from most other mountains? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ California Mountains • Most of California is on the _______________ ____________________ _______________. Some of western California is on the _______________ _______________. The movements of these plates have helped _______________ the mountains of California. • The Sierra Nevada chain is a huge range of ____________________ ____________________. The mountains are a block of _______________ tilted _______________ from a fault that runs along their edge. • Other mountain ranges in California are the result of _______________ forces that _______________ and _______________ Earth’s crust. _______________ mountains form as a result. About 30 million years ago, the interaction between the _______________ and _______________ ____________________ _______________ pushed up the _______________ _______________. These include the _______________ and _______________ _______________ ____________________. As the plates slipped past each other, the ocean floor _______________ and _______________ to form the mountains. • Mount Shasta and _______________ _______________ are _______________ mountains that are part of the Cascades. The Cascade Range is a chain of _______________, formed where several smaller tectonic plates are _______________ beneath the North American Plate. 4