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Two hominid patterns as proposed by Leakey and others SoAn 101 Human Origins, Winter 2005 Genus Australopithecus Genus Homo (coexisted for a time with Homo) (Ttransitional characteristics may be seen in Homo habilis, H. rudolfensis ) Few if any stone tools Brain size close to apes Mainly vegetarian diet, little processing Sex dimorphism 100% Males in group unrelated; leave group at time of sexual maturity Males competitive Humerofemural index 85-95% Bipedalism + arboreal capability; intermediate body shape Gestation period correlates with brain size as in other primates Doubling of brain size from birth to adulthood Apelike dental growth pattern “Ape grade” life history (age of weaning, sexual maturity, life span, etc.) Lack of home base Estrus, visual and olfactory sexual cues Hand-to-mouth food consumption Stone tools Brain size much larger than apes Meat + high-end plant foods Sex dimorphism 10-20% Males related; stay in group Apelike intelligence Apelike vocal tract; flat basicranium Apelike call systems Males relatively less competitive Humerofemural index 70-75% Humanlike body shape and fully dedicated bipedalism Gestation period less than half that predicted by general primate pattern Tripling of brain size from birth to adulthood Humanlike dental growth pattern “Human grade” life history: long childhood, adolescent growth spurt, prolonged life span Home base Continuous sexual receptivity and pairbonding Food sharing, economic exchange, provisioning Increasingly abstract thought (narrative binding) Increasing basicranial flexion Language: gestures, mimesis, invented lexicon (eventually, syntax)